新标准大学英语综合教程3课后练习答案-Unit-2

Unit2Activereading(1)Languagepoints1...Icanrecallthechangingcolorsofthosedays,clearanddefiniteasapatternseenthroughakaleidoscope.(Para1)Akaleidoscopeisatoythatshowschangingpatterns.Itismadeofatubewithmirrorsandcoloredpiecesofglassinside.Theglasspiecesmoveasyouturnthekaleidoscope.Asametaphor,kaleidoscopemeansaview,situationorexperiencethatkeepschangingandhasmanydifferentaspects.2…andlookoverthelightsofBostonthatblazedandblinkedfaroffacrossthedarkeningwater.(Para2)Toblazemeanstoburnstronglyandbrightly.Thelights...thatblazedandblinkedmeansthelightswerebrightandwentonandoffcontinuously,liketheblinkingofeyes.3Thesunsetflaunteditspinkflagabovetheairport,andthesoundofwaveswaslostintheperpetualdroningoftheplanes.(Para2)Toflauntmeanstodeliberatelytrytomakepeoplenoticesomething,egyourpossessions,beauty,abilitiesetc,becauseyouwantthemtoadmireyou.Thesunsetflaunteditspinkflagmeansthepinkcolorofthesettingsunwaslikeaflagwhichthesunwasusingtotrytomakeeveryonenoticeandadmireit.Todronemeanstomakeacontinuouslowsound.BecauseLoganisaninternationalairport,thenoiseoftheplanescontinuedallthetime.Soitwasperpetual.4Imarveledatthemovingbeaconsontherunwayandwatched,untilitgrewcompletelydark,theflashingredandgreenlightsthatroseandsetintheskylikeshootingstars.(Para2)Abeaconisabrightlightthatshinesinthedarkandisusedasasignaltowarnpeopleofdangerortoshowthemthewaytosomewhere.Beaconsareusedinairportstoshowapproachinganddepartingplanesthepositionoftherunwaystohelpthemlandandtakeoffsafely.Ashootingstarisameteor,alargepieceofrockinspacethatfallsthroughtheearth’satmosphereandmakesabrightlineoflightinthesky.Whenyouseeashootingstar,itissaidtobelucky,andsomepeoplemakeawish.5OutbytheparkinglotDavidandIfoundtheperfectalcoveforourSupermandramas.(Para5)AparkinglotistheAmericanequivalentofacarpark,BritishEnglish.AlotinAmericanEnglishreferstoasmallareaoflandusedforaparticularpurpose.6Duringrecess,DavidandIcameintoourown.(Para6)Tocomeintoone’sownmeanstohavetheopportunitytoshowhowgoodorusefulsomeoneis.HerethetwochildrenaregoodatimaginativeplaywithSupermangames.7Weignoredtheboysplayingbaseballonthegravelcourtandthegirlsgigglingatdodge-ballinthedell.(Para6)Dodge-ballisagameplayedbychildrenstandinginacircleoronoppositesidesofanarea.Arubberballisthrownbythoseoutside,whotrytohitthoseinthecircle.Thechildreninthecircletrytododgetheballtoavoidbeinghit.8OurSupermangamesmadeusoutlaws…(Para6)Anoutlawisacriminal,especiallyonewhomovesfromplacetoplacetoavoidbeingcaught.TherearemanyfamousstoriesofoutlawsinWesternculture,egRobinHood,BillytheKid,ButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,NedKellyetc.Here,thetwochildrenareoutlawsbecausetheyplaytheirimaginativegamesagainstthecustomofothergameslikedodge-ball.9…thesallowmamma’sboyonourblockwhowasleftoutoftheboys’games...andskinhisfatknees.(Para6)Mamma,mama,momma,mummyarechildren’snamesformother(mum).Amamma’sboyisonewhodependstoomuchonhismotherandisnotindependentwhenheshouldbe.Toskinone’skneesmeanstohurtone’skneesbyfallingonaroughsurfaceinawaythatcausessomeskintoberemoved.10AtthetimemyUncleFrankwaslivingwithuswhilewaitingtobedrafted…(Para8)Thedraftmeansconscriptionintothearmedforcesformilitaryservice.Peoplewhoaredraftedaremadetojointhearmy,navyetc;theyareconscriptsordrafteesnotvolunteers.Readingandunderstanding3Answerthequestions.1WhatwereSylviaPlath’smostimportantmemories?Sherememberedwinningaprize,PaulaBrown’snewsuitandtheviewfromherwindow.2Wheredidsheliveandwhatcouldsheseefromherbedroomwindow?Theywerevery(2)definiteandstillrealtoherasanadult.Sheimaginedshecouldflyand(3)whirlthroughtheairlikeSuperman.ComingfromthehighwaysaroundBostonwasthe(4)perpetualsoundoftraffic.Inthedistanceaplanewastakingoff,itslights(5)blazingintothenightsky.Sherememberedthesoundof(6)gigglingwhichcamefromthegroupofgirls.SadlyinherlaterlifeitseemedasifSupermanhad(7)tumbledtoearth.7Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.1Thelightsattheairportwentonandoffalldayandnight.(blinked)2Theplaygroundwaslikeadesert.Itwaswithoutanyinterestingorpositivefeaturesandunfriendly.(barren)3Theboyswereplayingachildren’sgameinwhichtheplayerschaseandtrytotoucheachotherandthegirlsweregossipingandgiggling.(tag)4Pullingthelegsoffinsectsisaformofactioncausingextremephysicalpainbysomeoneasapunishment,andisextremelycruel.(torture)5Thesimilarityinappearancebetweenthetwinswasstriking.(resemblance)6Hewouldcovercandywithapieceofclothusedforcleaninglipsandhands,andmakeitdisappear.(napkin)8Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifyoulookthroughakaleidoscope,areyoulikelytosee(a)changingcolouredpatterns,or(b)asinglecolouredpattern?2Ifyouflauntsomething,doyou(a)deliberatelytrytomakepeoplenotice,or(b)trytohideit?3Ifyoumarvelatsomething,doyoufindit(a)boring,or(b)surprisingandfascinating?4Areshootingstarslikelyto(a)movebrightlythroughthenightsky,or(b)standstill?5Isthetwilightlikelytobe(a)attheendof,or(b)inthemiddleoftheday?6Ifyoudriftofftosleep,areyoulikelytofallasleep(a)quickly,or(b)slowly?7Ifsomeoneisbookish,aretheylikelytobe(a)more,or(b)lessinterestedinreadingbooksthandoingotheractivities?8Ifyoumakeupsomething,doyou(a)inventit,or(b)borrowitfromsomeoneelse?9Ifyoucomeintoyourown,areyoulikelytoshow(a)howeffectiveanduseful,or(b)ineffectiveanduselessyoucanbe?10Isavillainlikelytobea(a)good,or(b)badperson?11Ifyouareleftoutofsomething,areyoulikelytobe(a)included,or(b)excluded?Activereading(2)Languagepoints1Thesechangingideasaboutchildrenhaveledmanysocialscientiststoclaimthatchildhoodisa“socialconstruction”.(Para4)Asocialconstructionreferstotheprocessorresultofcreatinganideaorsystemofbehaviourinsocialcontexts,ieitiscreatedanddevelopedbetweenpeopleandisnotsomethingnaturalorgenetic.2Socialanthropologistshaveshownthisintheirstudiesofpeoples...(Para5)Socialanthropologistsarescholarsandresearcherswhostudyhumansocieties,customsandbeliefsfromasocialperspective,whichmaybedistinctfromthefocusofphysicalanthropologistsorlinguisticanthropologists.3Becausetheycan’tbereasonedwith,anddon’tunderstand,parentstreatthemwithagreatdealoftoleranceandleniency.(Para5)Toleranceistheattitudeofsomeonewhoiswillingtoacceptotherpeople’sbeliefsorwayoflifewithoutcriticizingthemeveniftheydisagreewiththem.Thewordleniencymeansgivingapunishmentoractinginawaythatisnotassevereorharshasitcouldbe.4Theyareseenasbeingclosertomadpeoplethanadultsbecausetheylackthehighlyprizedqualityofsocialcompetence…(Para6)Somethingisprizedifitisconsideredtobeveryimportantorvaluable.Theexamplesinthepassageemphasizehowdifferentculturalcommunitiesmaygiveimportancetoquitedifferentqualitieswhichtheyexpectfromchildren,sothechildrenarebroughtupverydifferently.5Theyareregularlytoldoffforbeingclumsyandachildwhofallsovermaybelaughedat,shoutedat,orbeaten.(Para6)Totellsomeoneoffmeanstocriticizesomeoneangrilyfordoingsomethingwrong.Ifyouaretoldofffordoingsomethinginaseriousorofficialway,youarereprimanded.6Lookingatitfromacross-culturalperspectiveshowsthewidevarietyofchildhoodsthatexistacrosstheworld…(Para11)Across-culturalperspectiveisaviewwhichconsidersdifferentculturesseparatelyorindependentlyandthenmakescomparisons.Aninterculturalperspectivewouldlookattherelationsandinteractionsbetweendifferentculturesorcommunities,takinginsideviewsofeachcultureintoaccount.Atransculturalperspectivewouldlookatdifferentculturesusingknowledge,skillsandinsightswhicharethoughttoapplytoawiderangeofculturalcontextsandwhichwouldhelppeopleininterculturalcontexts.Readingandunderstanding3Readthepassageagainandcompletethetable.Teachingtips•WhenSshavecompletedthetableontheirown,dividetheclassintosevengroups,eachgroupbeingresponsibleforonerowinthetable.Theyhavetosummarizethecharacteristicsofchildhoodofthisethnicgroup,andalsoincludeanexample.Thentheyreporttotheclass.Eachgroupshouldalsoaddrelatedinformationtheylearnedfromthepassage,andthelanguageandculturenotes.Thepresentationofeachgroupcouldbegivenfromthatexactrolesofparentsfromthatexactculturalorethnicgroup.Ifthisisdifficult,Tmaygiveeachgroupacopyoftheexamplebelow,andaskthemtopractiseandpresentittotheclass.•Asawaytofollowthisup,Tcanaskeachgroup,onebyone,tocomparetheirresultwiththatofanothergroup,withoutlookingattheirbooks.Analternativefollow-upisfortheT,togetherwithoneortwoSs,totaketherolesofTVreporterswhomeeteachgroupandaskthem“oncamera”tocomparethemselveswithanothergroup,andtalkabouthowtheyunderstandtheothergroupfromacross-culturalperspective.1WeareAmericancolonialpeople.Welivedinthe17thand18thcenturiesontheeastcoastofAmericaandourfamiliessettledherefromEurope.Inourtime,childrenwereexpectedtobegoodandindustrious.Thatwasthemaincharacteristicofchildhood.Forexample,whenourgirlswerefourtheyknittedstockingsandmittens;whentheyweresixtheyspunwool.Wecalledthem“Mrs”toshowthegirlsourappreciation.2WeareInuitpeoplefromtheArcticregions.SomeofusarefromCanadaandGreenland,Denmark,othersfromRussiaandAlaskaofUS.Forus,childrenneedtogetihuma–youwouldcallthistheprocessofacquiringthought,reasonandunderstanding.That’sthemaincharacteristicofchildhood.Forexample,asparentswearetolerantandlenientwithchildrenuntiltheyareoldenoughtodevelopihuma,thenwecanteachthemanddisciplinethem.3WearefromTonga,akingdomofabout170islandsinthesouth-westPacificOcean.Asparents,wemayregularlybeatourchildreniftheyhaven’tyetdevelopedpoto.Youwouldthinkofpotoassocialcompetence.Forus,it’sthemainqualitythatourchildrenneedtodevelop.Sowetreatthemwithdisciplineandphysicalpunishmentwhentheyaremischievousorwilful.4WearetheBengpeople.WeliveindifferentpartsofWestAfrica.Themaincharacteristicofchildhoodisthatyoungchildrenarethoughttobeincontactwiththespiritworld.Theycometotheworldreluctantlybecauselifeinthespiritworldissopleasant.Asparents,wehavetolookafterourchildrenproperly,ortheymayreturntothespiritworld.Wehavetotreatthemwithcareandreverence.Theycanknowandunderstandeverythingwetellthem,whateverlanguagesweuse.5WeareparentsfromtheWesternworldtoday.SomeofusarefromEurope,othersfromNorthAmerica,Australiaandotherplaces.Themaincharacteristicofchildhoodinourcountriesisthatchildrenareincompetentanddependent,sotheyshouldplay,bepartofthefamilyandgotoschool.Childrenshouldnotwork.Forexample,achildunder14can’tlookafterayoungerchildunsupervisedbecausetheyaren’tcompetentorresponsibleyet.Ifwefoundachildof12workinginafactoryorinamarket,thesocialservicescouldinterveneandthefamilycouldbeprosecuted.6WeareFulanipeople.MostofusliveinWestAfrica.Forus,themaincharacteristicofchildhoodisthatchildrenarecompetentandresponsible.Sobytheageoffourourgirlscancarefortheiryoungersiblings;bysixtheycanpoundgrainorproducemilkandbutterwhichtheycansellinthemarketalongsideus.7WearetheYanamamöpeoplefromtheAmazonianrainforest.WeliveamongthehillswhereyouprobablycalltheborderbetweenBrazilandVenezuela.Themaincharacteristicofchildhoodisthatchildrenareresponsibleandcompetent.Ourgirlshelptheirmothersfromayoungageandbytheageoftentheywillberunningthehouse.Thisisimportantbecausetheywillprobablybemarriedat12or13.Ourboyshavefewerresponsibilities.Theycanplaybecausetheydon’tgetmarrieduntillater.Culture/EthnicgroupCharacteristicsofchildhoodAmericancolonialexpectedtobegoodandindustriousInuitdevelopaprocessofacquiringthought,reasonandunderstandingTongaregularlybeatenandtoldoffbyparentsandoldersiblings,seenasbeingverynaughty,untiltheydevelopsocialcompetenceBengtreatedwithgreatcareandreverence,believedthattheyareincontactwiththespiritworldChildhoodmemoriesUnit255Culture/EthnicgroupCharacteristicsofchildhoodWesternworldtodayseenasincompetentandirresponsible;playingnotworking,goingtoschoolnotlabouring,consumptioninsteadofproductionFulanicompetentandresponsible;expectedtoworkYanamamöcompetentandresponsible;girlsexpectedtoworkfromayoungage,bemarriedandhavechildrenat12or13;boyshavingfewerresponsibilitiesandgettingmarriedlater4Choosethebestwaytocompletethesentences.1Thecharacteristicsofchildhoodahundredyearsago(d).(a)wouldhaveinterferedintheireducation(b)aresimilartothoseoftoday(c)wouldbeillegaltoday(d)meantthatchildrenweretreatedmorelikeadults2Theideathatchildhoodisasocialconstructionsuggeststhat(a).(a)childrenexperiencechildhoodindifferentwaysaccordingtothesocietyinwhichtheylive(b)enormoustransformationshavetakenplacewithinarelativelyshorttime(c)childreninthepastworkedharder(d)allchildrenaredifferentfromadults3BothInuitandTonganparentsunderstandthat(b).(a)theirchildrenneedtobetreatedinawaywhichwouldbeconsideredharshbyoutsiders(b)theirchildrendon’tyetpossesscertainprizedqualities,suchasreasoningandsocialcompetence(c)growingupisaprocessofacquiringthought,notsocialskills(d)bringinguptheirchildrenrequirestoleranceanddiscipline4ParentsofBengchildrentreatthemwithgreatcarebecausethey(d).(a)thinkchildrenknowallhumanlanguagesandunderstandallcultures(b)thinklifeintheearthlyworldisunpleasant(c)believethechildrenstillliveinaspiritworld(d)fearthechildrenmaychoosetoreturntothespiritworldwheretheylivedbeforetheywereborn5Westernchildcarepractices(c).(a)includeallowingeight-year-oldgirlstoworkand12-year-oldgirlstomarry(b)treatthechildinabizarreandpossiblyharmfulway(c)seethechildasbeingincompetent,dependentontheparents,andincapableoflookingafterotherchildren(d)areonlysimilartoYanamamöchildcarepracticesinthatgirlshelpoutathome,andboysareallowedtoplaywellintotheirteens6Themainideaofthepassageisthat(c).(a)historyshowsushowourperceptionofchildhoodhaschanged(b)childhoodisviewedindifferentwaysaccordingtothechild’sculturalandsocialupbringing(c)bothhistoryandsocietycanaffectourperceptionofchildhood(d)Westernnotionsofchildhoodareoutdatedandnotinformed(continued)Dealingwithunfamiliarwords5Readthepassageagainandfindthewordsinthebox.Choosethebestdefinitioninthecontextofthepassage.1consumption(a)theprocessofbuyingorusinggoods(b)theprocessofeating,drinking,orsmokingsomething2colonial(a)relatingtoasystemorperiodinwhichonecountryrulesanother(b)madeinastylethatwascommoninNorthAmericainthe18thcentury3knit(a)tomakesomethingsuchasapieceofclothingusingwoolandstickscalledknittingneedles(b)tojointogetherorworktogetherasonegrouporunit4harsh(a)unpleasantanddifficulttolivein(b)strict,unkind,andoftenunfair5contact(a)communicationbetweenpeople,countries,ororganizationseitherbytalkingorwriting(b)asituationinwhichpeopleorthingstoucheachother6impose(a)toforcesomeonetohavethesameopinion,beliefasyou(b)tocauseextraworkforsomeonebyaskingthemtodosomethingthatmaynotbeconvenientforthem7perspective(a)awayofthinkingaboutsomething(b)asensiblewayofjudginghowgood,bad,importantetcsomethingisincomparisonwithotherthings6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsandexpressionsinthebox.Our(1)knowledgeandunderstandingofchildhoodisundergoingaprocessof(2)nonstopchange.IntheWestweseechildrenasbeing(3)inneedofadultcontrol.However,amongother(4)socio-culturalgroupswithsimilartraditionschildrenare(5)mainlyconsideredtobecapableofassuminggreaterresponsibilities.Sothereisa(6)strongdesirefor(7)someonewhodoesnotbelongtothisgrouptothinkthatsuchpracticesmightbeoddorevenharmful.Butwhilemostethnicgroupsmayatfirstshow(8)hesitationaboutintegratingothertraditionsandcustomswiththeirown,(9)outsidepressuresusuallymakethemchangetheirtraditionalviewofchildhood.Key:(1)notion(2)continual(3)dependenton(4)ethnic(5)largely(6)temptation(7)anoutsider(8)reluctance(9)external7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Isprosecutionlikelytobe(a)theactofaccusingsomeoneofacrime,or(b)theprocessofsupervisionbythesocialservices?2Isintricatelikelytobe(a)verybasic,or(b)verydetailedindesign?3Isleniencylikelytoinvolve(a)kindnessandunderstanding,or(b)strictdiscipline?4Ifsomeonetellsyouoff,arethey(a)criticizing,or(b)praisingyou?5Isamischievouschildlikelyto(a)bewellbehaved,or(b)enjoyhavingfunbycausingtrouble?6Ifachildiswilful,aretheylikelytocausedamageorharm(a)deliberately,or(b)bymistake?7Whenachildisunsupervised,aretheylikelytobe(a)lookedafterbyadults,or(b)withoutanadultlookingafterthem?8Issomethingbizarrelikelytobe(a)strangeanddifficulttoexplain,or(b)veryusual?Languageinuseunpackingcomplexsentences1LookatthesentencesfromthepassageSupermanandanswerthequestions.1MyflyingdreamswerebelievableasalandscapebyDali,sorealthatIwouldawakewithasuddenshock,abreathlesssenseofhavingtumbledlikeIcarusfromtheskyandcaughtmyselfonthesoftbedjustintime.(a)Whatwerebelievable?Herdreamsaboutflyingwerebelievable.(b)Howrealwerethey?Theywereveryreal.Unit2Childhoodmemories60(c)WhohadthesenseofhavingtumbledlikeIcarus?Thewriter,SylviaPlath.(d)Whywouldshewakeupwithabreathlesssense?Becauseshefeltshewasreallyflying.(e)Whatdidthebreathlesssensefeellike?Itfeltlikeasuddenshock.(f)Whydidshecatchherselfonthesoftbedjustintime?Becauseshefeltshewasfalling.2Weevenfoundastand-inforavillaininSheldonFein,thesallowmamma’sboyonourblockwhowasleftoutoftheboys’gamesbecausehecriedwheneveranybodytaggedhimandalwaysmanagedtofalldownandskinhisfatknees.(a)Whatdidwefind?Wefoundsomeonewhocouldbeavillain.(b)Whowasthestand-inforavillain?SheldonFein.(c)Whatwashelike?Hewassallowandamamma’sboy.(d)Wheredidhecomefrom?Hecamefromtheirblock.(e)Whywasheleftoutoftheboys’games?Becausehealwayscriedandfellover.(f)Whathappenedwhenhealwaysmanagedtofalldown?Heskinnedhisknees.2RewritethesentencefromthepassageCulturalchildhoodsinadiagrambelow.HehaswrittenhowaYanamamögirlisexpectedtohelphermotherfromayoungageandbytheageoftenwillberunningahouse.3Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofsuitableexpressionsfromthecollocationbox.Sometimesmorethanonecollocationispossible.1TheAustralianbushfiresblazedforseveraldaysbeforetheywerebroughtundercontrol.2AsachildRuth’slongdarkhairtumbleddownherback.3Hecomesfromaveryclose-knit/tight-knitfamilywiththreebrothersandtwosisters.4Iremembermyfatherusedtoknithisbrows/eyebrowstogetherwhenhewasthinkinghardaboutsomething.5Itwasextremelyhotandthesunwasblazing.HehaswrittenhowaYanomamögirlfromayoungageandwillberunningahouseisexpectedtohelphermotherbytheageoften6Didyouknitthatjumper/hatyourself?It’sreallybeautiful!7I’mwatchingthefinancialmarkets–Ithinkthepricesofstockswilltumblequitesoon.4TranslatetheparagraphsintoChinese.1MyflyingdreamswerebelievableasalandscapebyDali,sorealthatIwouldawakewithasuddenshock,abreathlesssenseofhavingtumbledlikeIcarusfromtheskyandcaughtmyselfonthesoftbedjustintime.ThesenightlyadventuresinspacebeganwhenSupermanstartedinvadingmydreamsandteachingmehowtofly.Heusedtocomeroaringbyinhisshiningbluesuitwithhiscapewhistlinginthewind,lookingremarkablylikemyUncleFrankwhowaslivingwithmotherandme.InthemagicwhirlingofhiscapeIco