英国文学总结一览表

英国的文学复习资料1Oldandmedievalperiod中古时期的文学1TheAnglo-Saxonperiod(449-1066)TheStoryofBeowulf《贝奥武甫》：thepoetryrepresentsthehighestachievementoftheoldenglish.2TheAnglo-Normanperiod(1066-1350)Canto诗章romance传奇文学代表作：《SirGawainandtheGreenKnight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗3GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟1、thefatherofEnglishpoetryandenglishfiction英国诗歌之父2、heroiccouplet英雄双韵体averseunitconsistingoftworhymed(押韵)linesiniambicpentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：《theCanterburyTales》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：thepilgrimsarepeoplefromvariouspartsofEngland,representativesofvariouswalksoflifeandsocialgroups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：eachofthenarratorstellshistaleinapeculiarmanner,thusrevealinghisownviewsandcharacter.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。小说观点：hebelievesintherightofmantoearthlyhappiness.Heisanxioustoseemanfreedfromsuperstitions(迷信)andablindbeliefinfate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。4PopularBallads大众民谣astoryholdin4-linestanzaswithsecondandfourthlinerhymed(笔记)Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：BishopThomasPercy托马斯.帕希主教RobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔TheRenaissance文艺复兴时期的文学(14世纪到16世纪中期)（GreekandRoman）戏剧drama诗章canto总述：ThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciences.EnglishliteraturedevelopedwithagreatspeedinElizabethanperiod.Themostdistinctiveachievementisthedrama.thelyricalpoetry(抒情诗)alsodevelopsandisremarkableforitsvarietyandfreshnessandromanticfeelings.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。戏剧发展最为明显，抒情诗也发展较快以其多样，新鲜和浪漫的感情著称。(文艺复兴，斯宾塞诗体，夸饰文体p104)1、keywork:humanism人文主义：admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement代表作家诗歌poem1)ThomasWyatt托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人heisthemostinterestingpoetofthefirsthalfof16thventuryandthefirsttointroducethesonnetintoenglishliterature.sonnet(十四行诗)：formofpoetryintricatelyrhymed(间隔押韵)in14linesiambicpentameter2)sirPhilipSidney菲利普锡德尼爵士1554-1586英格兰诗人《Astrophelandstella》爱星者与星《apologyforpoetry》诗辩3)EdmundSpenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’spoet(诗人中的诗人)poetlaureate桂冠诗人《TheFairyQueen》仙后(epicpoem史诗)《theShephearde'scalendar》牧羊人日历散文prose1)ThomasMore托马斯莫尔1478-1535《utopia》乌托邦：idealsociety2)FrancisBacon佛朗西斯培根，1561-1626HewasEngland'sfirstessayist,hisessaysarethefirsttrueenglishproseclassic,他是第一为英国散文作家，他的散文是第一个真正的英国散文经典《essays》随笔3)JohnLyly约翰黎里英国1553-1606《eupheus》尤弗伊斯euphuism夸饰文体戏剧drama1)ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛blankverse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。HewasthegreatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeareandthemostgiftedofthe"universitywits"大学才子，hefirstmadeblankversetheprincipleinstrumentofenglishdrama.hisworkspavedthewayfortheplaysofthegreatestenglishdramatist:Shakespeare2）WilliamShakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚1564-1616莎士比亚是英国文学史上最具影响力的作家，也是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家，他将英国戏剧创作推向顶峰，他主张戏剧不受三一律：thethreeunities束缚，他的十四行诗代表着伊丽莎白时期诗歌创作的最高成就，围绕友情和爱情两个方面，采用抑扬格五音部lambicpentameter.在他22年创作生涯中，共有37戏剧，154十四行诗和两首长诗。四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，KingLear(李尔王)，TheTragedyofMacbeth(麦克白)四大戏剧《amidsummernight'sdream》仲夏夜之梦《asyoulikeit》皆大欢喜《merchantofVenice》威尼斯商人《thetwelfthnight》第十二夜3)benJohnson本琼森1572-1637《Volpone》狐狸3theperiodofRevolutionandRestoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权复辟文学特点：thePuritans(清教徒)believedinsimplicityoflife、disapprovedofthesonnetsandthelovepoetry、breakingupofoldideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。玄学metaphysical和骑士派cavalierpoets代表人物：诗人1)、JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿agreatpoet诗人（poem诗歌blankverse无韵诗stylist文体作家）《DefensefortheEnglishPeople》为英国人辩护《ParadiseLost》失乐园：贝奥武夫之后最伟大的英国史诗《ParadiseRegained》复乐园《samsonagonistes》力士叁孙、2)、JohnDonne约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)的创始人物sonnet十四行诗《Deathbenotproud》死亡你别骄傲《avalediction:forbiddingmourning》分别：莫忧伤3）GeorgeHerbert乔治赫伯特1593-1633Heis"thesaintofthemetaphysicalschool",adevoutAnglicanclergymanwhobelievedthatapoetshouldsingthegloryofgod它被称为玄学派圣人，最虔诚的英国国教牧师，认为诗人应该歌颂神的荣耀《thealtar》祭坛《easterwings》复活节的翅膀散文家1）JohnBunyan约翰.拜扬agreatprosewriter“giveustheonlygreatallegory(寓言)”HeisthemostimportantoneinthefieldofprowritingofthePuritanage,heisknownforhissimpleandlivelyprosestylewhichismoldedaftertheBible,hislanguageiseasytoread,colloquial,andconcise.theformofhiswritingisallegorical,realisticandtruetolife班扬是清教徒时期地位最高的散文家，文风仿照圣经，简单生动，语言口语化，简洁易懂，写作采用寓言的形式，忠于生活《thePilgrim’sProgress》天路历程该书采用的写作手法“writtenintheold-fashioned(旧体形式),medievalformofallegory(比喻)anddream”主旨：everyChristianhastotakeinhisinnerheartajourneyinordertobesaved.4TheAgeofEnlightenment(18世纪)启蒙运动1特点、Emphasizedformalityorcorrectnessofstyle,towriteproselikeAddison,orverselikePope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。TheEnlightenmentwasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。abouttheviciousnessofhumannature,andprovethatmanisbornkindandhonest,andifhebecomesdepraved,itisonlyduetotheinfluenceofcorruptedsocialenvironment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。Contrarytoallreasoning,socialinjusticestillheldstrong,foundthepowerofreasontobeinsufficient,andthereforeappealedtosentimentasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjustice.无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。2、18thcentury文学的三个方面：Classicism(古典主义)、revivalofromanticpoetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginningsofthemodernnovel(刚启萌的现代派小说)3、代表人物：1)、alexanderpope亚历山大蒲柏1688-1744新古典主义作家Heisregardedasthegreatestpoetofthe18thcentury,bestknownforhissatiricalverseandforhistranslationofhomer.asarepresentationoftheEnlightenmentandtherepresentativewriteroftheneo-classicalschool,popewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalism理性主义toEngland.他是18世纪最伟大的诗人，以讽刺诗体以及对荷马史诗的翻译而闻名，作为英国启蒙运动和新古典主义的代表，他首次把理性主义带入英国。2）、DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福1661-1731realisticnovel现实主义作家Defoewasanovelistwhohasbeenregardedasthediscovererofthemodernnovel.hisstrongcreativespiritinnovelwritingwonhimthetitle"fatherofenglishandEuropeannovels"笛福是现代小说的发明者，他的创造力给她赢得了英国小说至欧洲小说之父的称号。Novel：《RobinsonCrusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《JonathanWild》乔纳森.威尔德《MollFlanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯3)、JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特1《Gulliver’sTravels》格列佛游记novel反讽作品特点：novisiblesignofanger,norraisingthevoice;thetoneiscold,restrained,ironic,variedonlybysomeflashesoffoolingwhenSwift’ssenseoftheridiculousgetsthebetterofhim.努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。2《AModestProposal》一个温和的建议:theauthordenouncesthecruelandunjusttreatmentofIrelandbytheenglishgovernmentandstiruptheIrishpeopletofight.3Intheformofletters书信体小说：《theDrapier'sletter》给麻布商的信4)HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁fatherofmodernfiction(现代小说之父)《JosephAndrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯：散文体滑稽史诗（acomicepicpoeminprose）,《TheHistoryofTomJones,afoundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事thebestnovelofhimSentimentalism感伤主义nobelief没有信仰Therepresentativesofsentimentalismcontinuedtostruggleagainstfeudalismbuttheyvaguelysensedatthesametimethecontradictionsofbourgeoisprogressthatbroughtwithitenslavementandruintothepeople.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。代表人物：ThomasGray托马斯.格雷《Elegy,WritteninaCountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌1）SamuelRichardson塞缪尔.理查森《Pamela》帕美勒Themethodofpsychologicalanalysis心理分析的方法aseriesletters2)LaurenceSterne劳伦斯斯特恩1713-1768《Tristramshandy》项狄传itisthemostfamousbookwhichhasanunusualandqueerartisticform3)olivergoldsmith奥利佛戈德史密斯1728-1774散文作家essayistheisanoutstandingrepresentativeoftheenglishsentimentalistschool他是感伤主义最杰出的代表《TheVicarofWakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel《SheStoopstoConquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollickingcomedy《TheDesertedVillage》荒村，诗歌poems4）ThomasGray托马斯格雷1716-1771heistheleaderofthesentimentalpoetry,especially"thegraveyardschool"他是感伤主义诗歌特别是“墓地派”的诗人《Elegy,WritteninaCountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌5）Edwardyoung爱德华杨1683-1765《fromnightthoughts》夜思“墓地派”的诗人18世纪英国戏剧1）johngay约翰盖伊1685-1732《thebagger'sopera》乞丐歌剧in1728itachievedoneofthemostconspicuous显著地stagetriumphsinenglishdramatichistory2)、RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德.布林斯里.谢尔丹《SchoolforScandal》造谣学校，喜剧comedy莎士比亚之后最好的戏剧5heRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)浪漫主义散文prosePre-RomanticismwasgreatlyinfluencedbytheIndustrialRevolutionandtheFrenchRevolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。前浪漫主义代表人物：WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克诗人poetRobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人教育意义Educational：liberty,equalityandfraternity自由，平等，博爱开始的标志：beginningwiththepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’s《LyricalBallads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"前浪漫主义诗人：1）jamesThomson詹姆斯汤姆森1700-1748《theseasons》四季歌hischieffamerestsuponthispoem,thispoemonthethemeofnatureandwritteninblankversehasoftenbeenconsideredasepoch-making,thefirstsignificantpoeminthetraditionofpre-romanticism.他的名望得益于本诗，以自然为主题，是一部无韵诗，是浪漫主义前期第一部优秀的作品2)Williamcollins斯科林威廉1721-1759《odetoevening》黄昏颂3）Williamcollins威廉布莱克英国浪漫主义诗人漫画家1757-1827《songsofinnocence》天真之歌《songsofexperience》经验之歌《themarriageofheavenandhell》天堂和地狱的婚姻4)Robertburns罗伯特彭斯1759-1796heisthe"nationalpoetofScotland"苏格兰民族诗人。Burnsandhisworkswereasourceofinspirationtothepioneersofliberalism,socialismandthecampaignforScottishself-government.《ared,redrose》一朵红红的玫瑰lakepoets(湖畔诗人)第一代浪漫主义诗人1)、WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯poet-laureate(桂冠诗人)《ThePrelude》序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographicalpoetry浪漫主义开始的标志：《LyricalBallads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"作品特点：simplicityandpurityofthelanguage,fightingagainsttheconventionalformsofthe18thcenturypoetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的2）SamuelBaylorColeridge塞缪尔泰勒柯勒律治1772-1834heisagreatpoetandliterarycritic.HeandWordswortharetwogreatestprogenitor先驱ofenglishromanticspirit.《therimeoftheancientmariner》古舟子咏itishismasterpieceandalsooneofthemasterpiecesofromanticpoetry3)RobertSouthey罗布特骚塞1774-1843《Joanofarc》圣女贞德第二代浪漫主义诗人GeorgeGordonByron乔治戈登拜伦1788-1824Hemadeagreatcontributiontotheenglishliterature,whichis"Byronichero"拜伦式英雄hewrotealoyoflyricalpoems.theydealwithnatureandlove.《ChildeHaroldPilgrimage》查尔德.哈罗德游记cantos诗章成名作《DonJuan》唐璜poem诗satiricmasterpiece讽刺的杰作《HoursofIdleness》闲散时刻poem诗thefirstvolumeofpoem首卷诗3)、PercyByssheShelley伯西比西雪莱1792-1822《PrometheusUnbound》解放的普罗米修斯：ishismasterpiece,alyricaldramainacts.《OdetotheWestWind》西风颂poem诗《odetoaskylark》云雀颂、JohnKeats约翰济慈1795-1821poet诗人原则：beautyistruth,truthisbeauty"purepoetry""artdorart'ssake"济慈试图在他的所有诗歌中表达美，他的原则是“美就是真，真就是美”他是抒情诗歌的大师，纯诗大师，为艺术而艺术，对政治和社会毫不关心，只沉浸在诗歌的美好世界《TheEveofSt.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜poem《OnaGreeianUrn》希腊古瓮颂poem《ToaNightingale》致夜莺poem浪漫主义时期的散文家浪漫主义时期的小说1)、WalterScott沃特.斯科特11771-1823Heisthecreatorandagreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel.他是创造者和历史小说大师《theconfessionodanenglishopium-eater》一个鸦片人的自由2)、JaneAusten简.奥斯丁女《PrideandPrejudice》傲慢与偏见《SenseandSensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛写作特点：thelove-makingofheryoungpeople,thoughseriousandsympathetic,issubduedbyhumortotheordinaryplaneofemotiononwhichmostofuslive.Shewasthefounderofthenovelwhichdealswithunimportantmiddleclasspeople.她是中产阶级小说的发起人。十九世纪散文的特点：InthefirstofthesetwoperiodsAddisonandSteelesocializedtheessay,sotospeak;theybroughtitintoeverydaylifeandmadeitfamiliaranddelightfultothemultitude.在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Earlyinthenineteenthcenturyitbecamemoredefinitelyameansofintimateself-expression.在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、VictorianPeriod维多利亚时期CriticalRealism批判现实主义，humanism人文主义1、意义：ChartismsignifiedthefirstgreatpoliticalmovementoftheproletariatinEnglishhistory.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。2、代表人物：1)、CharlesDickens狄更斯《HardTimes》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《OliverTwist》雾都孤儿《ATaleofTwoCities》双城记(描述了法国大革命FrenchRevolution)特点：describingthemiseryandsufferingsofcommonpeople.描述苦难和苦难的群众。2)、CharlotteBronte夏洛特.勃郎特女《Shirley》雪利《JaneEyre》简.爱EmilyBronte艾米丽.勃郎特《WutheringHeights》呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr.Heathcliff）特点：broughttothenovelanintrospectionandanintenseconcentrationontheinnerlifeofemotionwhichbeforethemhadbeentheprovinceofpoetryalone.3)、Mrs.Gaskell《MaryBarton,NorthandSouth》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方4)、WilliamMakepeaceThackeray《VanityFair》名利场—thistitlewasborrowedbyThackerayfromThePilgrim’sProgressbyBunyan.Thackeraydrawsabroadpanoramaofsociallifeinhisnovel,ruthlesslycriticizingmoneyworship,crueltyandunscrupulousness.在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：RebeccaSharp—aperfectembodimentofthespiritofVanityFairasheronlyaspirationinlifeistogainwealthandpositionbyandmeans.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特点：novelsmainlycontainasatiricalportrayaloftheupperstrataofsociety。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。5)、GeorgeEliot乔治.艾略特女《AdamBede》novel《Themillonthefloss》《Middlemarch》Herpreoccupationwasalwayswiththeseriousconsiderationofthemoralpositionoftheindividualintheuniverse,butherpsychologicalinsightintothedevelopmentofcharacter她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。特点：thesignificanceofG.Eliot’sworkliesintheportrayalofthepettinessandstagnancyofEnglishprovinciallife艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)：1)、AlfredTennyson2)、RobertBrowning《Mylastduchess》已故的公爵夫人Jealousy(嫉妒)Stingy(小气)贡献：Dramaticmonologues戏剧独白dramaticlyrics戏剧抒情诗dra