说明此本用于记录学生作业内容进步情况同学们妥善利用及保管07prep h

PracticeTest#1ReadingComprehension

(18Essays,61Questions)

Essay#1. 019(21201-!-item-!-188;#058&00019-00)

Duringthenineteenthcentury,occupationalinformationaboutwomenthatwasprovidedbytheUnitedStatescensus--apopulationcountconductedeachdecade--becamemoredetailedandpreciseinresponsetosocialchanges.Through1840,simpleenumerationbyhouseholdmirroredahome-basedagriculturaleconomyandhierarchicalsocialorder:theheadofthehousehold(presumedmaleorabsent)wasspecifiedbyname,whereasotherhouseholdmemberswereonlyindicatedbythetotalnumberofpersonscountedinvariouscategories,includingoccupationalcategories. Likefarms,mostenterpriseswerefamily-run,sothatthecensusmeasuredeconomicactivityasanattributeof

theentirehousehold,ratherthanofindividuals.

The1850census,partlyrespondingtoantislaveryandwomen'srightsmovements,initiatedthecollectionofspecificinformationabouteachindividualinahousehold.Notuntil1870wasoccupationalinformationanalyzedbygender:thecensussuperintendentreported1.8millionwomenemployedoutsidethehomein"gainfulandreputableoccupations."Inaddition,hearbitrarilyattributedtoeachfamilyonewoman"keepinghouse."Overlapbetweenthetwogroupswasnotcalculateduntil1890,whentherapidentryofwomenintothepaidlaborforceandsocialissuesarisingfromindustrializationwerecausingwomen'sadvocatesandwomenstatisticianstopressfor

morethoroughandaccurateaccountingofwomen'soccupationsandwages.

Question#1.019-01(21247-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-01)

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

explainandcritiquethemethodsusedbyearlystatisticians

compareandcontrastahistoricalsituationwithacurrent-dayone

describeandexplainahistoricalchange

discusshistoricaloppositiontoanestablishedinstitution

tracetheoriginofacontemporarycontroversy

Question#2.019-02(21293-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-02)

Eachofthefollowingaspectsofnineteenth-centuryUnitedStatescensusesismentionedinthe

passageEXCEPTthe

yearinwhichdataonoccupationsbegantobeanalyzedbygender

yearinwhichspecificinformationbegantobecollectedonindividualsinadditiontotheheadofthehousehold

yearinwhichoverlapbetweenwomenemployedoutsidethehomeandwomenkeepinghousewasfirstcalculated

wayinwhichthe1890censusmeasuredwomen'sincomelevelsandeducationalbackgrounds

wayinwhichhouseholdmemberswerecountedinthe1840census

Question#3.019-04(21339-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-04)

Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthe"women'sadvocatesandwomenstatisticians"

mentionedinthehighlightedtext?

Theywantedtocallattentiontothelackofpayforwomenwhoworkedinthehome.

TheybelievedthatpreviouscensusinformationwasinadequateanddidnotreflectcertaineconomicchangesintheUnitedStates.

Theyhadbeguntopressforchangesincensus-takingmethodsaspartoftheirparticipationintheantislaverymovement.

Theythoughtthatcensusstatisticsaboutwomenwouldbemoreaccurateifmorewomenwereemployedascensusofficials.

Theyhadconductedindependentstudiesthatdisputedtheofficialstatisticsprovidedbyprevious

UnitedStatescensuses.

Essay#2. 066(21346-!-item-!-188;#058&00066-00)

Thegeneraldensitydependencemodelcanbeappliedtoexplainthefoundingofspecialistfirms(thoseattemptingtoserveanarrowtargetmarket).Accordingtothismodel,specialistfoundingshingeontheinterplaybetweenlegitimationandcompetitiveforces,bothofwhicharefunctionsofthedensity(totalnumber)offirmsinaparticularspecialistpopulation. Legitimationoccursasanewtypeoffirmmovesfrombeingviewedasunfamiliartobeingviewedasanaturalwaytoorganize.Atlowdensitylevels,eachfoundingincreaseslegitimation,reducingbarrierstoentryandeasingsubsequentfoundings.Competitionoccursbecausetheresourcesthatfirmsseek--customers,suppliers,andemployees--arelimited,butaslongasdensityislowrelativetoplentifulresources,theadditionofanotherfirmhasanegligibleimpactontheintensityofcompetition. Athighdensitylevels,however,competitiveeffectsoutweighlegitimationeffects,discouragingfoundings.Themore

numerousthecompetitors,thefiercerthecompetitionwillbeandthesmallerwillbetheincentivefor

newfirmstoenterthefield.

Whileseveralstudieshavefoundasignificantcorrespondencebetweenthedensitydependencemodelandactualpatternsoffoundings,otherstudieshavefoundpatternsnotconsistentwiththemodel.Apossibleexplanationforthisinconsistencyisthatlegitimationandcompetitiveforcestranscendnationalboundaries,whilestudiestypicallyrestricttheiranalysistothenationallevel. Thusanational-levelanalysiscanunderstatethetruelegitimationandcompetitiveforcesaswellasthenumberoffoundingsinanindustrythatisinternationallyintegrated.Manyindustriesareorarebecominginternational,andsincemediaandinformationeasilycrossnationalborders,soshouldlegitimationanditseffectsonoverseasfoundings. Forexample,ifatypeoffirmbecomesestablishedintheUnitedStates,thatinformationtranscendsborders,reducesuncertainties,andhelpsfoundingsofthattypeoffirminothercountries.Evenwithinnationalcontexts,studieshavefoundmoresupportforthedensitydependencemodelwhentheyemploybroadergeographicunitsofanalysis--forexample,findingthatthemodel'soperationisseenmoreclearlyatthestateandnational

levelsthanatcitylevels.

Question#4.066-02(21392-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-02)

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmayaccountfortheinconsistencybetweenthe

generaldensitydependencemodelandtheevidenceprovidedbycertainstudiesoffoundings?

Suchstudieshaveoveremphasizedtheimpactofpreexistingfirmsontheestablishmentofnewfirms.

Suchstudieshavenotfocusedstronglyenoughontheroleofcompetitionamongnewlyestablishedfirmsoperatingatthecityandstatelevels.

Suchstudiesfailtodifferentiateamongspecialistfirmswithregardtothedegreetowhichtheydeviatefromfamiliarformsoforganization.

Suchstudieshavenottakenintoaccountthefactthatmanyindustriesareinternationallyintegrated.

Suchstudieshaveneglectedtoinvestigatefirmsthatattempttoserveonlyanarrowtarget

market.

Question#5.066-04(21438-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-04)

Inthesecondparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

notingvariousexceptionstoacertaingeneralfinding

examiningtheimpactofonetypeofindustryonanother

proposingapossibleexplanationforaninconsistency

providingspecificexamplesofaparticularphenomenon

defendingthevalidityofaparticularstudy'sconclusions

Question#6.066-06(21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-06)

Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenapopulationofspecialistfirmsreachesahighdensitylevel,whichof

thefollowingislikelytooccur?

Foundingswilldeclinedespitelegitimationthathasoccurredintheseindustries.

Increasingcompetitionwillencouragemanyfirmstobroadentheirtargetmarket.

Competitionforresourceswillbecomestabilizedandthusfoundingswillbeencouraged.

Manycustomerswillabandontheirloyaltytoolderfirmsasmoreinnovativefirmsenterthemarket.

Firmswillbegintocrossnationalbordersinanattempttogainacompetitiveadvantage.

Question#7.066-08(21530-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-08)

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

questionthevalidityofaneconomicmodel

pointoutsomeinconsistencieswithinaneconomicmodel

outlineaneconomicmodelandsuggestrevisionstoit

describeaneconomicmodelandprovidespecificexamplestoillustrateitsuse

explainwhyaneconomicmodelremainsvaliddespiteinconsistentresearchresults

Essay#3. 075(21535-!-item-!-188;#058&00075-00)

Inits1903decisioninthecaseofLoneWolfv.Hitchcock,theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtrejectedtheeffortsofthreeNativeAmericantribestopreventtheopeningoftriballandstonon-Indiansettlementwithouttribalconsent.InhisstudyoftheLoneWolfcase,BlueClarkproperlyemphasizestheCourt'sassertionofavirtuallyunlimitedunilateralpowerofCongress(theHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate)overNativeAmericanaffairs. Buthefailstonotethedecision'smorefar-reachingimpact:shortlyafterLoneWolf,thefederalgovernmenttotallyabandonednegotiationandexecutionofformalwrittenagreementswithIndiantribesasaprerequisitefortheimplementationoffederalIndianpolicy.Manycommentatorsbelievethatthischangehadalready

occurredin1871when--followingadisputebetweentheHouseandtheSenateoverwhichchamber

shouldenjoyprimacyinIndianaffairs--CongressabolishedthemakingoftreatieswithNativeAmericantribes.Butinrealitythefederalgovernmentcontinuedtonegotiateformaltribalagreementspasttheturnofthecentury,treatingthesedocumentsnotastreatieswithsovereignnationsrequiringratificationbytheSenatebutsimplyaslegislationtobepassedbybothhousesofCongress.TheLoneWolfdecisionendedthiseraofformalnegotiationandfinallydidawaywith

whathadincreasinglybecometheemptyformalityofobtainingtribalconsent.

Question#8.075-03(21581-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-03)

Accordingtothepassage,thecongressionalactionof1871hadwhichofthefollowingeffects?

NativeAmericantribalagreementsweretreatedaslegislationthathadtobepassedbybothhousesofCongress.

ThenumberofformalagreementsnegotiatedbetweenthefederalgovernmentandNativeAmericantribesdecreased.

TheproceduresforcongressionalapprovalandimplementationoffederalIndianpolicyweremademoreprecise.

ItbecamemoredifficultforCongresstoexerciseunilateralauthorityoverNativeAmericanaffairs.

TheroleofCongressintheratificationoftreatieswithsovereignnationswaseventuallyundermined.

Question#9.075-06(21627-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-06)

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingresultedfromtheLoneWolfdecision?

TheSupremeCourttookonagreaterroleinNativeAmericanaffairs.

NativeAmericantribeslosttheirlegalstandingassovereignnationsintheirdealingswiththefederalgovernment,buttheirownershipoftriballandswasconfirmed.

ThefederalgovernmentnolongerneededtoconcludeaformalagreementwithaNativeAmericantribeinordertocarryoutpolicydecisionsthataffectedthetribe.

Thefederalgovernmentbegantoappropriatetriballandsfordistributiontonon-Indiansettlers.

NativeAmericantribeswerenolongerabletochallengecongressionalactionsbyappealingtotheSupremeCourt.

Question#10.075-07(21673-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-07)

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

identifyingsimilaritiesintwodifferenttheories

evaluatingaworkofscholarship

analyzingthesignificanceofahistoricalevent

debunkingarevisionistinterpretation

exploringtherelationshipbetweenlawandsocialreality

Essay#4. 094(21680-!-item-!-188;#058&00094-00)

SomehistorianscontendthatconditionsintheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWargaverisetoadynamicwartimealliancebetweentradeunionsandtheAfricanAmericancommunity,analliancethatadvancedthecauseofcivilrights.Theyconcludethatthepostwardemiseofthisvitalallianceconstitutedalostopportunityforthecivilrightsmovementthatfollowedthewar.Otherscholars,however,haveportrayedorganizedlaborasdefendingallalongtherelativelyprivilegedpositionofWhiteworkersrelativetoAfricanAmericanworkers.Clearly,thesetwoperspectivesarenoteasily

reconcilable,butthehistoricalrealityisnotreducibletooneortheother.

Unionsfacedachoicebetweeneithermaintainingtheprewarstatusquoorpromotingamoreinclusiveapproachthatsoughtforallmemberstherighttoparticipateintheinternalaffairsofunions,accesstoskilledandhigh-payingpositionswithintheoccupationalhierarchy,andprotectionagainstmanagement'sarbitraryauthorityintheworkplace.Whileunionrepresentativesoftenvoicedthisinclusiveideal,inpracticeunionsfarmoreoftenfavoredentrenchedinterests.TheacceleratingdevelopmentofthecivilrightsmovementfollowingtheSecondWorldWarexacerbatedtheunions'

dilemma,forcingtradeunioniststoconfrontcontradictionsintheirownpractices.

Question#11.094-01(21726-!-item-!-188;#058&000094-01)

The"unions'dilemma"mentionedinthehighlightedtextcanbestbedescribedasthequestionof

whetherornotto

pressuremanagementtocreatemoreskilledandhigh-payingpositions

fightforgreaterunionparticipationinmanagementdecisions

includeminorityworkersintheirmembership

extendfullrightsandbenefitstoalltheirmembers

emphasizetherecruitmentofnewmembersoverservingtheneedsofcurrentmembers

Question#12.094-02(21772-!-item-!-188;#058&000094-02)

Accordingtothepassage,thehistoriansmentionedinthefirsthighlightedportionoftextandthe

scholarsmentionedinthesecondhighlightedportiondisagreeaboutthe

contributionmadebyorganizedlabortothewareffortduringtheSecondWorldWar

issuesthatunionmembersconsideredmostimportantduringtheSecondWorldWar

relationshipbetweenunionsandAfricanAmericansduringtheSecondWorldWar

effectoftheSecondWorldWarontheinfluenceofunionsintheworkplace

extenttowhichAfricanAmericansbenefitedfromsocialandpoliticalchangesfollowingtheSecondWorldWar

Question#13.094-06(21818-!-item-!-188;#058&000094-06)

Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

providingacontextwithinwhichtoevaluateopposingviewpointsaboutahistoricalphenomenon

identifyingaflawedassumptionunderlyingoneinterpretationofahistoricalphenomenon

assessingthemeritsandweaknessesofacontroversialtheoryaboutahistoricalphenomenon

discussingthehistoricalimportanceofthedevelopmentofawartimealliance

evaluatingevidenceusedtosupportaparticularinterpretationofahistoricalphenomenon

Essay#5. 118(21825-!-item-!-188;#058&00118-00)

HistorianshaveidentifiedtwodominantcurrentsintheRussianwomen'smovementofthelatetsaristperiod."Bourgeois"feminism,socalledbyitsmoreradicalopponents,emphasized"individualist"feministgoalssuchasaccesstoeducation,careeropportunities,andlegalequality."Socialist"feminists,bycontrast,emphasizedclass,ratherthangender,astheprincipalsourceofwomen'sinequalityandoppression,andsocialistrevolution,notlegalreform,astheonlyroadtoemancipation

andequality.

However,despiteantagonismbetweenbourgeoisfeministsandsocialistfeminists,thetwomovementssharedcertainunderlyingbeliefs.Bothregardedpaidlaborastheprincipalmeansbywhichwomenmightattainemancipation:participationintheworkplaceandeconomicself-sufficiency,theybelieved,wouldmakewomensociallyusefulandthereforedeservingofequalitywithmen.Bothgroupsalsorecognizedtheenormousdifficultieswomenfacedwhentheycombinedpaidlaborwithmotherhood. Infact,attheFirstAll-RussianWomen'sCongressin1908,mostparticipantsadvocatedmaternityinsuranceandpaidmaternityleave,althoughtheintensehostilitybetweensome

socialistsandbourgeoisfeministsattheCongressmadeitdifficultforthemtorecognizetheseareas

ofagreement.Finally,socialistfeministsandmostbourgeoisfeministsconcurredinsubordinatingwomen'semancipationtowhattheyconsideredthemoreimportantgoalofliberatingtheentire

Russianpopulationfrompoliticaloppression,economicbackwardness,andsocialinjustice.

Question#14.118-03(21871-!-item-!-188;#058&000118-03)

ThepassagesuggeststhatsocialistswithintheRussianwomen'smovementandmostbourgeois

feministsbelievedthatinRussia

womenwouldnotachieveeconomicequalityuntiltheyhadpoliticalrepresentationwithinthegovernment

theachievementoflargerpoliticalaimsshouldtakeprecedenceovertheachievementofwomen'srights

theemancipationofwomenwouldultimatelybringabouttheliberationoftheentireRussianpopulationfrompoliticaloppression

women'soppressionwasmorerootedineconomicinequalitythanwasthecaseinothercountries

thewomen'smovementwasmoreideologicallydividedthanwerewomen'smovementsinothercountries

Question#15.118-05(21917-!-item-!-188;#058&000118-05)

Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

identifyingpointsofagreementbetweentwogroups

advocatingoneapproachtosocialreformoveranother

contrastingtwoapproachestosolvingapoliticalproblem

arguingthattheviewsespousedbyonepoliticalgroupweremoreradicalthanthoseespousedbyanothergroup

criticizinghistoriansforoverlookingsimilaritiesbetweentheviewsespousedbytwosuperficially

dissimilargroups

Question#16.118-06(21963-!-item-!-188;#058&000118-06)

Accordingtothepassage,Russiansocialistswithinthewomen'smovementandmostbourgeois

feministsdisagreedaboutwhichofthefollowing?

Whetherlegalreformwascentraltotheachievementoffeministgoals

Whetherpaidemploymentwasimportantfortheachievementofequality

Whethermaternityinsurancewasdesirableforworkingmothers

Whetherworkingmothersfacedobstacles

Whetherwomen'semancipationshouldbesubordinatedtotheliberationoftheRussianpopulation

Essay#6. 145(21972-!-item-!-188;#058&00145-00)

ColonialhistorianDavidAllen'sintensivestudyoffivecommunitiesinseventeenth-centuryMassachusettsisamodelofmeticulousscholarshiponthedetailedmicrocosmiclevel,andisconvincinguptoapoint.AllensuggeststhatmuchmorecoherenceanddirectcontinuityexistedbetweenEnglishandcolonialagriculturalpracticesandadministrativeorganizationthanotherhistorianshavesuggested.However,heoverstateshiscasewiththedeclarationthathehasproved"theremarkableextenttowhichdiversityinNewEnglandlocalinstitutionswasdirectlyimitativeof

regionaldifferencesinthemothercountry."

Suchanassertionignorescriticaldifferencesbetweenseventeenth-centuryEnglandandNewEngland.First,Englandwasovercrowdedandland-hungry;NewEnglandwassparselypopulatedandlabor-hungry.Second,EnglandsufferedthenormalEuropeanrateofmortality;NewEngland,especiallyinthefirstgenerationofEnglishcolonists,wasvirtuallyfreefrominfectiousdiseases.Third,Englandhadanall-embracingstatechurch;inNewEnglandmembershipinachurchwasrestrictedtotheelect.Fourth,ahighproportionofEnglishvillagerslivedunderpaternalisticresidentsquires;nosuchclassexistedinNewEngland.Bynarrowinghisfocustovillageinstitutionsandignoringthesecriticaldifferences,whichstudiesbyGreven,Demos,andLockridgehaveshowntobesoimportant,Allenhas

createdasomewhatdistortedpictureofreality.

Allen'sworkisaratherextremeexampleofthe"countrycommunity"schoolofseventeenth-centuryEnglishhistorywhoseintemperateexcessesinremovingallnationalissuesfromthehistoryofthatperiodhavebeenexposedbyProfessorCliveHolmes.Whatconclusioncanbedrawn,forexample,fromAllen'sdiscoverythatPuritanclergywhohadcometothecoloniesfromEastAngliawereone-thirdtoone-halfaslikelytoreturntoEnglandby1660aswerePuritanministersfromwesternandnorthernEngland?Wearenottoldinwhatway,ifatall,thisdiscoveryilluminateshistoricalunderstanding.Studiesoflocalhistoryhaveenormouslyexpandedourhorizons,butitisamistakefortheirauthorstoconcludethatvillageinstitutionsareallthatmattered,simplybecausetheir

functionsareallthattherecordsofvillageinstitutionsreveal.

Question#17.145-03(22018-!-item-!-188;#058&000145-03)

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwastrueofmostvillagesinseventeenth-century

England?

Theresidentsquirehadsignificantauthority.

Churchmemberswereselectedonthebasisoftheirsocialstatuswithinthecommunity.

Lowpopulationdensityrestrictedagriculturalandeconomicgrowth.

Therewaslittlediversityinlocalinstitutionsfromoneregiontoanother.

Nationaleventshadlittleimpactonlocalcustomsandadministrativeorganization.

Question#18.145-05(22064-!-item-!-188;#058&000145-05)

ThepassagesuggeststhatProfessorCliveHolmeswouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowing

statements?

Anunderstandingofseventeenth-centuryEnglishlocalinstitutionsrequiresaconsiderationofnationalissues.

The"countrycommunity"schoolofseventeenth-centuryEnglishhistorydistortshistoricalevidenceinordertoestablishcontinuitybetweenoldandnewinstitutions.

Mosthistoriansdistortrealitybyfocusingonnationalconcernstotheexclusionoflocalconcerns.

Nationalissuesarebestunderstoodfromtheperspectiveofthoseatthelocallevel.

Localhistoriesofseventeenth-centuryEnglishvillageshavecontributedlittletotheunderstandingofvillagelife.

Question#19.145-07(22110-!-item-!-188;#058&000145-07)

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorofthepassageconsidersAllen's"discovery"(see

highlightedtext)tobe

alreadyknowntoearlierhistorians

basedonalogicalfallacy

improbablebutneverthelessconvincing

anunexplained,isolatedfact

anew,insightfulobservation

Question#20.145-08(22156-!-item-!-188;#058&000145-08)

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)substantiatingaclaimaboutahistoricalevent

reconcilingtwoopposingideasaboutahistoricalera

disputingevidenceascholarusestosubstantiateaclaimaboutahistoricalevent

analyzingtwoapproachestoscholarlyresearchandevaluatingtheirmethodologies

criticizingaparticularstudyandtheapproachtohistoricalscholarshipitrepresents

Essay#7. 146(22165-!-item-!-188;#058&00146-00)

TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthasalong-standingpolicyofusingfederalfundstokeepsmallbusinessviable.TheSmallBusinessActof1953authorizedtheSmallBusinessAdministration(SBA)toenterintocontractswithgovernmentagencieshavingprocurementpowersandtoarrangeforfulfillmentofthesecontractsbyawardingsubcontractstosmallbusinesses. Inthemid-1960's,duringthewaronpovertyyears,Congresshopedtoencourageminorityentrepreneursbydirectingsuchfundingtominoritybusinesses.Atfirstthisfundingwasdirectedtowardminorityentrepreneurswithverylowincomes.A1967amendmenttotheEconomicOpportunityActdirectedtheSBAtopayspecialattentiontominority-ownedbusinesseslocatedinurbanorruralareascharacterizedbyhighproportionsofunemployedorlow-incomeindividuals.Sincethen,theanswergiventothefundamentalquestionofwhotherecipientsshouldbe--themosteconomicallydisadvantagedorthosewiththebestprospectsforbusinesssuccess--haschanged,andthesocialgoalsoftheprogramshave

shifted,resultinginpolicychanges.

Thefirstshiftoccurredduringtheearly1970's. Whilethegoalofassistingtheeconomicallydisadvantagedentrepreneurremained,anewgoalemerged:toremedytheeffectsofpastdiscrimination.Infact,in1970theSBAexplicitlystatedthattheirmaingoalwastoincreasethenumberofminority-ownedbusinesses.Atthetime,minoritiesconstitutedseventeenpercentofthenation'spopulation,butonlyfourpercentofthenation'sself-employed. Thisownershipgapwasheldtobetheresultofpastdiscrimination.Increasingthenumberofminority-ownedfirmswasseenasawaytoremedythisproblem.Inthatcontext,providingfundingtominorityentrepreneursin

middle-andhigh-incomebracketsseemedjustified.

Inthelate1970's,thegoalsofminority-businessfundingprogramsshiftedagain.AttheMinorityBusinessDevelopmentAgency,forexample,thegoalofincreasingnumbersofminority-ownedfirmswassupplantedbythegoalofcreatingandassistingmoreminority-ownedsubstantivefirmswithfuturegrowthpotential.Assistingmanufacturersorwholesalersbecamefarmoreimportantthanassistingsmallservicebusinesses.Minority-businessfundingprogramswerenowjustifiedasinstrumentsforeconomicdevelopment,particularlyforcreatingjobsinminoritycommunitiesofhigh

unemployment.

Question#21.146-01(22211-!-item-!-188;#058&000146-01)

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

discusshistoricalchangesinagovernmentpolicy

describetheroleofCongressinregulatingtheworkoftheSBA

contrasttypesoffundingsourcesusedbyminoritybusinesses

correctamisconceptionaboutminorityentrepreneurship

advocateanalternativeapproachtofundingminorityentrepreneurs

Question#22.146-05(22257-!-item-!-188;#058&000146-05)

Itcanbeinferredthatthe"ownershipgap"(seehighlightedtext)wouldbenarrowedifwhichofthe

followingweretooccur?

Minorityentrepreneursreceivedapercentageofgovernmentcontractsequaltothatreceivedbynonminorityentrepreneurs.

Middle-andhigh-incomeminorityentrepreneursgavemoreassistancetotheirlow-incomecounterpartsinthebusinesscommunity.

Minorityentrepreneurshiredapercentageofminorityemployeesequaltothepercentageofminorityresidentsintheirowncommunities.

Thepercentageofself-employedminoritypersonsrosetomorethantenpercentofallself-employedpersons.

Seventeenpercentofallpersonsemployedinsmallbusinesseswereself-employed.

Question#23.146-06(22303-!-item-!-188;#058&000146-06)

Accordingtothepassage,in1970fundingtominorityentrepreneursfocusedprimarilyonwhichofthe

following?

Alleviatingchronicunemploymentinurbanareas

Narrowingtheownershipgap

Assistingminority-ownedbusinesseswithgrowthpotential

Awardingsubcontractstobusinessesthatencouragedcommunitydevelopment

Targetingthemosteconomicallydisadvantagedminority-ownedbusinesses

Question#24.146-09(22349-!-item-!-188;#058&000146-09)

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesecondparagraphinthepassageasa

whole?

Itnarrowsthescopeofthetopicintroducedinthefirstparagraph.

Itpresentsanexampleofthetypeofchangediscussedinthefirstparagraph.

Itcitesthemoststrikinginstanceofhistoricalchangeinaparticulargovernmentpolicy.

Itexplainstherationaleforthecreationofthegovernmentagencywhoseoperationsarediscussedinthefirstparagraph.

Itpresentstheresultsofpoliciesadoptedbythefederalgovernment.

Essay#8. 147(22358-!-item-!-188;#058&00147-00)

Interrestrialenvironments,gravityplacesspecialdemandsonthecardiovascularsystemsofanimals.Gra