2023年考研外语冲刺密卷12

考研外语冲刺密卷12

一、UseofEnglish

1>Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmost

unknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In(1)world

duringthefifteenthcenturytheterm“reading"(2)meant

readingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilent

readingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewary,however,of

(3)thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereading

aloudisa(n)(4)toothers.Examinationoffactors

relatedtothe(5)_____developmentofsilentreadingreveals

thatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreading

tasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin(6).

Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein(7)and

thusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreased,thenumber

ofpotentiallisteners(8)_____,andthustherewassome

(9)intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefit

oflistenersgrewlesscommon,socametheflourishingof

readingasa(10)activityinsuchpublicplacesas

libraries,railwaycarriagesandoffices,wherereadingaloud

would(11)distractiontootherreaders.

Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill(12)

argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationor

treated(13),andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterial

suchasnewspaperswasinsomeway(14)weakening.Indeed

thisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.(15)_____its

virtues,theoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas

(16)bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooks

andperiodicalsfora(17)readershipontheother.

Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedto

adoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhich

wereinappropriate,(18)notimpossible,fortheoral

reader.Thesocial,cultural,andtechnologicalchangesinthe

centuryhadgreatly(19)whattheterm"reading"(20)

A.contemporary

B.modem

C.medieval

D.western

2、(2)

A.undoubtedly

B.really

C.absolutely

D.accordingly

3、⑶

A.assuming

B.consuming

C.resuming

D.imagining

4、(4)

A.interruption

B.distraction

C.bother

D.pressure

5、(5)

A.historical

B.historic

C.history

D.historian

6>(6)

A.quality

B.character

C.personality

D.distinctiveness

7、(7)

A.literate

B.illiterate

C.literacy

D.literature

8、(8)

A.receded

B.declined

C.increased

D.expanded

9、(9)

A.limitation

B.necessity

C.reduction

D.shrink

10、(10)

A.private

B.overt

C.public

D.secret

11、(11)

A.cause

B.effect

C.produce

工4

D.realize

12、(12)

A.considerable

B.considerate

C.moderate

D.immoderate

13、(13)

A.respectively

B.honorably

C.respectfully

D.relatively

14、(14)

A.largely

B.intelligently

C.mentally

D.physically

15、(15)

A.However

B.Whatever

C.Whichever

D.Wherever

16、(16)

5

A.replaced

B.taken

C.followed

D.distinguished

17、(17)

A.specific

B.special

C.specified

D.specialized

18、(18)

A.and

B.if

C.but

D.or

19、(19)

A.translated

B.differed

C.shifted

D.altered

20、(20)

A.inferred

B.advised

6

C.induced

D.implied

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.Butin

noothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeable

aboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHome

Officedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld'sbiggestforensic

DNAdatabase,whichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%ofthe

entirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestothe

rulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyhold

profilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.

OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitis

hardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.Whenthe

NationalDNADatabase(NDNAD)wassetup,in1995,samplescould

onlybetakenfromthosechargedwith"recordable“offences.

Ifasuspectwasnottried,orwasfreed,thesamplehadtobe

destroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.

Thatlawwasabandonedin2022,aftertwomenwhohadbeen

convictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedon

appeal—theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimesthey

hadnotbeepconvictedof,andsooughttohavebeenremoved

fromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround

200,000samplesthatworldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some

7,591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfrom

crimescenes,includingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.

AndsinceApri12022,policehavebeenabletotakeandkeep

samplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffence,evenif

chargesdonotensue.

ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinother

countriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasan

investigativetool.Sonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmore

DNAsamples,butithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheer

powerofalargedatabase.z，Everyothercountrythatdoes

databasingwillgettowhereBritainisnow,“saysChrisAsplen,

aconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNA

technology.

TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguing

newcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethatthey

candetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.

JohnSwain,abarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistry,

recentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.The

defendant'sDNAwasonthegunthatwasused,butthedefence

arguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeen

tothegym,andthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountfor

thepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.He

wasdeclarednotguilty.

Thetextmainlytalksabout

A.morepopulouscountrieshavemorecrime.

B.BritishcitizensarequiteknowledgeableaboutDNA.

C.Britain，sforensicDNAdatabaseistheworld'sbiggest,and

growingfast.

D.thedevelopmentofDNADatabases.

2、

AstheNDNADwasestablishedin1995,

A.itwasdifficultforittoexpandthecollection.

B.itheldsamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulation.

C.manypeoplefromEnglandandWalesoffendedit.

D.itcollectedsamplesonlyfromthoseoffencesthatmaylead

tojailterms.

3、

Thecaseoftwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrape

inparagraph3

A.provedthattheformerruleofNDNADshouldbeabolished.

B.ledtothedestroyof200,000samplesinNDNAD.

C.resultedinthetwomenbeingconfinedinprison.

D.showedtheimportanceoftheDNAevidence.

4、

TheNDNADhasmoreDNAsamplesthanothercountriesinthat

A.itisholdingprofilesfrommorethan20%ofalladults.

B.policeareabletotakesamplesfromanyonearrestedfor

arecordableoffence.

C.BritainistheearliesttotakeDNAasaninvestigativetool.

D.othercountriesarenoteagertododatabasing.

5、

Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.DNAevidenceshouldbeusedmorewidely.

B.JohnSwaindefendedthemansuccessfullybyDNAtechnology.

C.DNAtestsaretoosensitivetobereliable.

D.Thedefendantlefthisfingerprintontheweaponofthe

robbery.

6、OnSeptember30thstudentsattheUniversityof

Massachusettsthrewatoga(aceremonialgown)party.Thecops

showedup,uninvited.Theychargedthehost,JamesConnolly,

withunderagedrinking,makingtoomuchnoise,andhavingakeg

withoutalicence.Forpunishment,hehadtoputonhistoga

againandstandinfrontofthepolicestationforanhour.

DanMarkelofFloridaStateUniversityreckonsthatsuch

“shamingpunishments"areontherise.In2022acoupleof

teenagerswhodefacedanativitysceneinOhiohadtoparade

throughtownwithadonkey.

“Thepunishmentmustfitthecrime,“explainedthejudge,

MichaelCicconetti.Severalcitieshaveairedthenamesofmen

caughtsolicitingprostituteson"JohnTV”.In2022,afederal

appealscourtagreedthatamailthiefcouldbemadetostand

outsideaCaliforniapostofficewearingasandwichboard."I

stolemail,“itread."Thisismypunishment."InVirginia,if

youfailtopaychildsupport,youmayfindyourcar

wheel-clamped:pinkifyouareneglectingagirl,bluefora

boy.

Manysupportshamingpunishments.AmitaiEtzioniofGeorge

WashingtonUniversityhasarguedthattheyareagoodwayto

expresscommunalvalues.Fines,incontrast,implythatyoucan

buyaclearconscience.Andshameseemstobeapowerful

deterrent.Mr.Cicconettisaysheseesfewrepeatoffenders.

CheerfulHobbesiantypeswanteveryonetoknowwhothebadguys

are,sothatdecentcitizenscanavoidthem.

Othersaredoubtful.AccordingtoMr.Markel,shaming

punishmentsunderminehumandignity.Hesuggestsalternative

punishmentsthatomitthepublic-humiliationfactor.A

landlordwhofloutsthehealthcode,forexample,couldbemade

tostayinoneofhisownslums.Anditistruethatthereis

somethingunpleasantaboutthedesiretoseeotherpeople

humiliated.RememberthematronwhoobjectstoHesterPrynne's

scarletletter:"Why,lookyou,shemaycoveritwithabrooch,

orsuchlikeheathenishadornment,andsowalkthestreetsas

braveasever!”

Butvotersappeartobecomfortableonthehighhorse.TedPoe,

aformerdistrictjudgefromTexas,madehisreputationby

issuingastringofembarrassingsentences.Hecalledthis

“Poeticjustice.Once,hesentencedamanwhostolepistols

fromtheLoneRangertoshovelmanureintheHoustonpolice

stables.In2022Mr.PoewaselectedtotheHouseof

Representativesathisfirstattempt.

Whichofthefollowingexampleshowsthatthepenaltyis

suitableforthecrime?

A.Amaninvolvedinsexualserviceshastoparadethroughcity

withadonkey.

B.Aletterthiefisforcedtostandoutsideapostofficeto

admithiswrongdoing.

C.ApersonnotpayingchildsupportisairedonTV.

D.Astudentdrinkingalcoholmuststandinfrontof

schoolgateforanhour.

7、

Alotofpeopleapprove"shamingpunishments，zbecause

A.theyareawaytobuyaclearconscienceinsteadoffines.

B.theycanbettershowpeople*scommonvalues.

C.shameisapowerfultooltomakecriminalssurrender.

D.theytellotherswhothebadguysareandhelpthemto

correct.

8、

Thosewhosuspect"shamingpunishments"arguethat

A.theycanimpairself-respectofthosecriminals.

B.theymayleadtounpleasantoutcome.

C.theyarenotenoughpenaltyforthosecriminals.

D.theywillencouragepeopletocommitfurthercrime.

9、

Mr.PoebecametheHouseofRepresentativesmainlybecause

A.hecanmakevotersliveacomfortablelife.

B.heisafamousdistrictjudgeforwritinggreatpoems.

C.hesetaseriesofcourtjudgementtoshamecriminals.

D.hepunishedathiefbyforcinghimtoshovelmanure.

10、

Thebesttitleforthetextis

A.Poeticjustice.

B.Avogueforshamingwrongdoers.

C.Doubtfulpunishments.

D.Criminalsshouldbeshamed.

11、Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynews,people

areturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:

meditation.Atmeditationcenters,prayergroupsandyoga

studiosaroundtheUnitedStates,moreandmorearefinding

peaceofmindbybeingquiet.Someusemeditationtohelpdeal

withlifechanges;others,toprocessthepainfulrealityof

politicalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethat

hasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember

11terroristattacksisprobably"about70percent"ofthe

reasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyoga

withhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthathe

realizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasses

hetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.This“quiettime"helps

himfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.

Thefactis,though,thatheisnotalone.

Acrossthecountry,manyareturningtomoremeditative

exerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiological

relief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstress,

theseclassesbringpeopletogether,inthesamewaythat

religiousServicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedonein

thepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticular

techniques,buttheyshareacommonbasis-focusingattention

onsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.This

maybetherhythmofbreathing,anobjectsuchasacandleflame,

orarepetitivemovement,asinwalkingortaiji.

Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowed,

meditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearch

indicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivity,

reducedmuscletension,slowerbreathing,andashiftfrom

fasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves,italsoreduceshighblood

pressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgood

forhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody.

Forages,meditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroups

meetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.However,let's

notforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.So,forthose

peoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditation

center,thereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguided

meditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvarious

religioustraditions.Atanother,Jesuitpriestspost

meditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseveryday,andat

stillanother,BuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusic

andvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsites'allow

anyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.The

factisthatwhetheronline,atyogaclasses,oratlocal

spiritualcenters,morepeopleareturningtothepracticeof

meditation.

Theincreasingpopularityofmeditationresultsfrompeople's

needfor

A.copingwithgrowingstresses.

B.seekingrefugefromsocialunrest.

C.escapingpainfulexperiences.

D.maintainingemotionalhealth.

12、

TheChicagomanisintroducedtoshow

A.thepsychologicalbenefitsofyogaexercises.

B.theseriousimpactofterrorismonU.S.people.

C.theimmediateeffectofyogaandmeditation.

D.thephysicaladvantageofmeditativepractice.

13、

Variousmeditativetechniquesallrequires

A.modesidenticaltoreligiousservices.

B.restlessrepetitionofacertainprayer.

C.continuousmovementsoftaiji.

D.agreatdealofmentalconcentration.

14、

Fromthepassage,weknowthatmeditation

A.willbeusedinthepracticeoftaiji.

B.hasbeenidentifiedbyofficialdepartment.

C.maychangethespeedofbrainwaves.

D.cancurehighbloodpressurebetterthanmedicines.

15、

Inthisnewera,meditationischaracterizedby

A.lotsofprayergatherings.

B.availabilityofonlineresources.

C.awidevarietyofitsprocedures.

D.forcefulevidenceofitsbenefits.

16^Wehavetorealizehowold,howveryold,weare.Nations

areclassifiedas"aged"whentheyhave7percentormoreof

theirpeopleaged65orabove,andbyabout1970everyoneof

theadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereally

ancientsocieties,withover13percentabove65,allarein

NorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolder,

andthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulation

growth,theolderitspopulationislikelytobe一atleast,for

anyfuturethatconcernsusnow.

Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybe

added,someofthemonlyrecentlyrecognized.Thereisthe

apparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehigh

proportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeath.Thereisthe

economicprinciplethatthedependencyratio—thedegreeto

whichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewho

can一ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanin

theyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworld,becauselotsof

dependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersofthe

inactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistorical

truththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasudden

change.

If"revolution“isarapidresettlementofthesocialstructure,

andiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasavery

importantaspectofthatsocialstructure,thentherehasbeen

asocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWestern

Europeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.©Taken

together,thesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonly

beginningtobeacknowledged.Thesefactsandcircumstanceshad

aleadingpositionataworldgatheraboutagingasachallenge

toscienceandtopolicy,heldatVichyinFrance.

Thereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethe

birthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethan

elsewhere,ratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathrate,

thatwehavegrownsoold.Butthisiswhatelementary

demographymakesclear.Longlifeisalteringoursociety,of

course,butinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuch

greaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythat

hasprecededusanywhere,andthiswillcontinue.Buttoomuch

ofthatlengtheningexperience,eveninthewealthyWest,will

beexperienceofpovertyandneglect,unlesswedosomething

aboutit.

Ifyouareinyourthirties,yououghttobeawarethatyoucan

expecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeafter

theageof60.Theolderyouarenow,thegreaterthisproportion

willbe,andgreaterstillifyouareawoman.

Fromparagraph1,weknowthatreallyagedsocietiesmay

include

A.alldevelopednationswithoutexception.

B.everyoneofWesternEuropeancountries.

C.countriesinNorthwesternEurope.

D.someEuropeanandAmericannations.

17、

Theauthorarguesthatthemaincauseofagedsocietiesis

A.theincreaseinbirthrate.

B.thedropindeathrate.

C.asmuchthegrowthinbirthrateasthedeclineindeathrate.

D.notsomuchthedecreaseindeathrateasthefallin

birthrate.

18、

Youngersocietiesaredisadvantageouscomparedwitholder

onesinthat

A.oldpeoplearemoredependentthanbabies.

B.childrenarelessactivethantheaged.

C.theinactiveagedaremorereliablethanchildren.

D.Infantsaremoreofahandicapthantheelderly.

19、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.anadvancedsocietyistosufferagradualchangefromyoung

toold.

B.peopleunder60inEuropeallwitnessedsocialreshaping.

C.theworldconferenceaboutagingwasheldasachallenge

tocurrentpolicy.

D.amanagedthirtycanexpectto1iveuptoninety,anda

womanstilllonger.

20、

Itcanbeinferredthat

A.thegrowthinnumberoftheoldisliableforthefallin

thatoftheyoung.

B.theseeminglyimpossiblestatementaboutthemaincauseof

agedsocietiesisquitevalid.

C.thegreaterdependencyofbabiesissubjecttothechange

insocialstructure.

D.thefavorableconditionsforcontinuedlivingareperfect

inmodernsocieties.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabout

parentingandresponsibility.Choosethemostsuitableheading

foreachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstparagraphofthetext

isnotnumbered.

Therearestillsignificantgapsbetweenwomenandmeninterms

oftheirinvolvementinfamilylife,thetaskstheyperform,

andtheresponsibilitiestheytake.Yet,atleastindeveloped

Westerncountries,bothwomenandmenexpressadesirefor

greaterequalityinfamilylife.Itisevidentthatinterms

ofattitudesandbeliefs,theproblemcannotsimplybethought

ofintermsofwomenwantingmentosharemoreequallyandmen

beingreluctanttodoso.Thechallengenowistodevelop

policiesandpracticesbasedonapresumptionofshared

responsibilitybetweenmenandwomen,andapresumptionthat

therearepotentialbenefitsformenandwomen,aswellasfor

familiesandthecommunity,ifthereisgreatergenderequality

intheresponsibilitiesandpleasuresoffamilylife.Theseare

becomingkeyconcernsofresearchers,policymakers,community-

workersand,moreimportantly,familymembersthemselves.

(41).

Despitethesignificantincreaseinthenumberofwomenwith

dependentchildrenwhoareinthepaidworkforce,Australian

researchstudiesoverthelast15yearsareconsistentin

showingthatdivisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareveryrigid

indeed(Watson1991).Intermsoftime,womenperforin,

approximately90percentofchildcaretasksand70percentof

allfamilywork,andonly14percentoffathersarehighly

participantintermsoftimespentonfamilywork(Russell1983).

DemoandAcock(1993),inarecentUSstudy,alsofoundthat

womencontinuetoperform,aConstantandmajorproportionof

householdlabour(68percentto95percent)acrossallfamily

types(firstmarriage,divorced,step-familyornevermarried),

regardlessofwhethertheyareemployedornon-employedinpaid

work.

(42).

Divisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareparticularly

problematicinfamiliesinwhichbothparentsareemployed

outsidethehome(dual-workerfamilies).Employedmothers

adjusttheirjobsandpersonallivestoaccommodatefamily

commitmentsmorethanemployedfathersdo.Mothersareless

likelytoworkovertimeandaremorelikelytotaketimeoff

worktoattendtochildren1sneeds(VandenHeuvel1993).Mothers

spendlesstimeonpersonalleisureactivitiesthantheir

partners,afactorthatoftenleadstoresentment(Demoand

Acock1993).

(43).

Theparentalroleiscentraltothestress-relatedanxiety

reportedbyemployedmothers,andamajorcontributortosuch

stressistheirtakingagreaterroleinchildcare(Vanden

Henvel1993).EdgarandGiezer(1992)foundthatcloseto90

percentofbothhusbandsandwivesagreedthatthemanshould

shareequallyinchildcare,yet55percentofhusbandsand

wivesclaimedthatthemenactuallydidthis.(Theseclaimsare

despitethefindingsmentionedearlierthatpointtoamuch

lowerparticipationratebyfathers.)Amother5swantingher

partnertodomorehouseworkandchildcareisabetter

predictorofpoorfamilyadjustmentthanisactualtimespent

byfathersinthesetasks(DemoandAcock1993).Itisthis

desire,togetherwithitslackoffulfillmentinmostfamilies,

thatbringaboutstressinthefemaleparent.

(44).

Familytherapistsandsocialworkresearchersareincreasingly

definingfamilyproblemsintermsofalackofinvolvementand

supportfromfathersandareconcernedwithdifficulties

involvedinhavingfatherstakeresponsibilityforthesolution

offamilyandchildbehaviourproblems(EdgarandGlezer1986).

Yet,afatheracceptingresponsibilityforbehaviourproblems

islinkedwithpositiveoutcomes.

(45).

Research

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedse