低温胁迫对茶树叶片SOD、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响

低温胁迫对茶树叶片SOD、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle茶树作为一种重要的经济作物，其生长发育过程受到多种环境因素的影响。其中，低温胁迫是茶树生长过程中常见的非生物胁迫之一，对茶树的生理代谢和产量品质产生显著影响。为了深入了解低温胁迫对茶树叶片生理特性的影响，本文研究了低温胁迫下茶树叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的变化。通过对这些生理指标的分析，旨在揭示低温胁迫对茶树叶片的生理响应机制，为茶树的抗逆性育种和栽培管理提供科学依据。Asanimportanteconomiccrop,thegrowthanddevelopmentofteatreesareinfluencedbyvariousenvironmentalfactors.Amongthem,lowtemperaturestressisoneofthecommonabioticstressesinthegrowthprocessofteatrees,whichhasasignificantimpactonthephysiologicalmetabolism,yieldandqualityofteatrees.Inordertogainadeeperunderstandingoftheeffectsoflowtemperaturestressonthephysiologicalcharacteristicsoftealeaves,thisstudyinvestigatedthechangesinsuperoxidedismutase(SOD)activity,solubleproteinandsolublesugarcontentintealeavesunderlowtemperaturestress.Byanalyzingthesephysiologicalindicators,theaimistorevealthephysiologicalresponsemechanismoftealeavestolowtemperaturestress,andprovidescientificbasisforteatreestressresistancebreedingandcultivationmanagement.本文首先介绍了低温胁迫对茶树叶片SOD活性的影响。SOD作为一种重要的抗氧化酶，能够清除细胞内产生的活性氧自由基，从而保护细胞免受氧化损伤。在低温胁迫下，茶树叶片中SOD活性的变化反映了植物对氧化胁迫的响应和适应能力。本文通过实验测定不同低温胁迫下茶树叶片的SOD活性，分析其与低温胁迫之间的关系，并探讨其可能的生理作用。ThisarticlefirstintroducestheeffectoflowtemperaturestressonSODactivityintealeaves.SOD,asanimportantantioxidantenzyme,caneliminatereactiveoxygenspeciesproducedwithincells,therebyprotectingcellsfromoxidativedamage.Underlowtemperaturestress,thechangesinSODactivityintealeavesreflecttheplant'sresponseandadaptabilitytooxidativestress.ThisarticledeterminestheSODactivityoftealeavesunderdifferentlowtemperaturestressesthroughexperiments,analyzesitsrelationshipwithlowtemperaturestress,andexploresitspossiblephysiologicaleffects.本文研究了低温胁迫对茶树叶片可溶性蛋白含量的影响。可溶性蛋白是植物细胞内重要的渗透调节物质，对维持细胞内外渗透压平衡具有重要作用。在低温胁迫下，茶树叶片中可溶性蛋白含量的变化有助于细胞适应低温环境，维持正常的生理功能。本文通过测定不同低温胁迫下茶树叶片的可溶性蛋白含量，分析其变化趋势，并探讨其在茶树抗寒性中的作用。Thisarticlestudiedtheeffectoflowtemperaturestressonthesolubleproteincontentoftealeaves.Solubleproteinsareimportantosmoregulatorysubstancesinplantcells,playingacrucialroleinmaintainingthebalanceofintracellularandextracellularosmoticpressure.Underlowtemperaturestress,changesinsolubleproteincontentintealeaveshelpcellsadapttolowtemperatureenvironmentsandmaintainnormalphysiologicalfunctions.Thisarticleanalyzesthetrendofsolubleproteincontentintealeavesunderdifferentlowtemperaturestresses,andexploresitsroleinthecoldresistanceofteaplants.本文探讨了低温胁迫对茶树叶片可溶性糖含量的影响。可溶性糖作为植物细胞内的另一种渗透调节物质，在低温胁迫下能够通过调节细胞内渗透压来保持细胞的稳定性。可溶性糖还是植物体内的重要能量来源和信号分子，对植物的生长发育和逆境响应具有重要调控作用。本文通过测定不同低温胁迫下茶树叶片的可溶性糖含量，分析其与低温胁迫之间的关系，并揭示其在茶树抗寒性中的潜在作用。Thisarticleexplorestheeffectoflowtemperaturestressonthesolublesugarcontentintealeaves.Solublesugars,asanotherosmoticregulatorwithinplantcells,canmaintaincellstabilitybyregulatingintracellularosmoticpressureunderlowtemperaturestress.Solublesugarsarealsoanimportantsourceofenergyandsignalingmoleculesinplants,playingacrucialregulatoryroleintheirgrowth,development,andstressresponse.Thisarticleanalyzestherelationshipbetweensolublesugarcontentintealeavesunderdifferentlowtemperaturestressesandlowtemperaturestress,andrevealsitspotentialroleinthecoldresistanceofteaplants.本文通过研究低温胁迫对茶树叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响，旨在深入了解茶树在低温环境下的生理响应机制，为茶树的抗逆性育种和栽培管理提供科学依据。本文的研究结果也有助于丰富植物逆境生物学领域的相关知识，为其他作物的抗寒性研究提供借鉴和参考。ThisarticleaimstoinvestigatetheeffectsoflowtemperaturestressonSODactivity,solubleproteinandsolublesugarcontentintealeaves,inordertogainadeeperunderstandingofthephysiologicalresponsemechanismofteaplantsinlowtemperatureenvironmentsandprovidescientificbasisforstressresistancebreedingandcultivationmanagementofteaplants.Theresearchresultsofthisarticlealsocontributetoenrichingtherelevantknowledgeinthefieldofplantstressbiology,andprovidereferenceandguidanceforthestudyofcoldresistanceinothercrops.二、文献综述Literaturereview随着全球气候变暖，极端天气事件频发，低温胁迫对茶树生长的影响逐渐受到人们的关注。茶树作为一种典型的亚热带植物，其对温度的适应性直接关系到茶叶的产量和品质。近年来，许多学者围绕低温胁迫下茶树的生理响应机制进行了深入研究，其中，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖作为重要的生理指标，受到了广泛关注。Withglobalwarmingandfrequentoccurrenceofextremeweatherevents,theimpactoflowtemperaturestressonthegrowthofteatreeshasgraduallyattractedpeople'sattention.Asatypicalsubtropicalplant,theadaptabilityofteatreestotemperaturedirectlyaffectstheyieldandqualityoftea.Inrecentyears,manyscholarshaveconductedin-depthresearchonthephysiologicalresponsemechanismofteaplantsunderlowtemperaturestress.Amongthem,superoxidedismutase(SOD),solubleprotein,andsolublesugar,asimportantphysiologicalindicators,havereceivedwidespreadattention.超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）是生物体内一种重要的抗氧化酶，能够清除活性氧自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。在低温胁迫下，茶树叶片中的SOD活性往往发生变化，以适应或抵抗外界环境压力。一些研究表明，随着低温胁迫的加剧，茶树叶片中的SOD活性先升高后降低，表现出一定的适应性变化。这种变化有助于茶树在低温环境下维持正常的生理功能。Superoxidedismutase(SOD)isanimportantantioxidantenzymeinlivingorganismsthatcaneliminatereactiveoxygenspeciesandprotectcellsfromoxidativedamage.Underlowtemperaturestress,theSODactivityintealeavesoftenchangestoadaptorresistexternalenvironmentalpressures.Somestudieshaveshownthatwiththeintensificationoflowtemperaturestress,theSODactivityintealeavesfirstincreasesandthendecreases,exhibitingcertainadaptivechanges.Thischangehelpsteatreesmaintainnormalphysiologicalfunctionsinlowtemperatureenvironments.可溶性蛋白是植物体内重要的渗透调节物质，对维持细胞内外渗透压平衡具有重要作用。在低温胁迫下，茶树叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量通常会增加，以提高细胞的保水能力，防止细胞因过度失水而受损。这种变化有助于茶树在低温环境中保持细胞的稳定性。Solubleproteinsareimportantosmoregulatorysubstancesinplants,playingacrucialroleinmaintainingthebalanceofintracellularandextracellularosmoticpressure.Underlowtemperaturestress,thesolubleproteincontentintealeavesusuallyincreasestoimprovethewaterretentionabilityofcellsandpreventdamagecausedbyexcessivewaterloss.Thischangehelpsteatreesmaintaincellstabilityinlowtemperatureenvironments.可溶性糖作为植物体内的重要能源物质，在低温胁迫下也发挥着重要作用。一方面，可溶性糖可以作为能量来源，支持茶树在低温环境下的正常生理活动；另一方面，可溶性糖还可以作为渗透调节物质，参与维持细胞内外渗透压平衡。研究表明，低温胁迫下茶树叶片中的可溶性糖含量通常会上升，以增强茶树的抗寒能力。Solublesugars,asimportantenergysubstancesinplants,alsoplayanimportantroleunderlowtemperaturestress.Ontheonehand,solublesugarscanserveasanenergysourcetosupportthenormalphysiologicalactivitiesofteatreesinlowtemperatureenvironments;Ontheotherhand,solublesugarscanalsoserveasosmoregulatorysubstances,participatinginmaintainingthebalanceofintracellularandextracellularosmoticpressure.Researchhasshownthatunderlowtemperaturestress,thesolublesugarcontentintealeavesusuallyincreasestoenhancethecoldresistanceofteaplants.低温胁迫对茶树叶片SOD、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响是复杂而多样的。这些生理指标的变化反映了茶树在低温环境下的生理响应机制和适应策略。通过深入研究这些指标的变化规律及其调控机制，可以为茶树的抗寒育种和栽培管理提供理论依据和技术支持。TheeffectsoflowtemperaturestressonSOD,solubleprotein,andsolublesugarcontentintealeavesarecomplexanddiverse.Thechangesinthesephysiologicalindicatorsreflectthephysiologicalresponsemechanismsandadaptationstrategiesofteatreesinlowtemperatureenvironments.Byconductingin-depthresearchonthechangesandregulatorymechanismsoftheseindicators,theoreticalbasisandtechnicalsupportcanbeprovidedforthecoldresistancebreedingandcultivationmanagementofteatrees.三、材料与方法MaterialsandMethods本研究采用的主要材料为不同品种的茶树，包括龙井、铁观音、碧螺春等。这些茶树均种植在相同的茶园环境中，且树龄相近，以减少其他环境因子的影响。Themainmaterialsusedinthisstudyaredifferentvarietiesofteatrees,includingLongjing,Tieguanyin,Biluochun,etc.Theseteatreesareallplantedinthesameteagardenenvironmentandhavesimilaragestoreducetheimpactofotherenvironmentalfactors.低温胁迫处理：选择晴朗的冬季日，将茶树置于-5℃、-10℃、-15℃的低温环境下，分别处理2小时、4小时、6小时。对照组茶树则置于正常生长温度（约25℃）下。Lowtemperaturestresstreatment:Selectaclearwinterdayandplacetheteatreeinalowtemperatureenvironmentof-5℃,-10℃,and-15℃for2hours,4hours,and6hours,respectively.Thecontrolgroupofteatreeswasplacedatanormalgrowthtemperature(about25℃).样品采集：在处理结束后，迅速采集茶树的健康叶片，用液氮速冻后，存储于-80℃的超低温冰箱中，以备后续实验分析。Samplecollection:Afterprocessing,quicklycollecthealthytealeaves,freezethemwithliquidnitrogen,andstoretheminanultra-lowtemperaturerefrigeratorat-80℃forsubsequentexperimentalanalysis.SOD活性测定：采用氮蓝四唑（NBT）光还原法，测定叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性。该方法基于超氧阴离子自由基（O2-）对NBT的还原作用，通过测量NBT的还原程度来反映SOD的活性。SODactivitymeasurement:Theactivityofsuperoxidedismutase(SOD)inleaveswasmeasuredusingthenitrogenbluetetrazole(NBT)photoreductionmethod.Thismethodisbasedonthereductioneffectofsuperoxideanionradicals(O2-)onNBT,andreflectstheactivityofSODbymeasuringthedegreeofreductionofNBT.可溶性蛋白含量测定：采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法，通过测定叶片中蛋白质与考马斯亮蓝的结合程度，来推算可溶性蛋白的含量。Solubleproteincontentdetermination:TheCoomassieBrilliantBlueG-250stainingmethodisusedtocalculatethecontentofsolubleproteinbymeasuringthedegreeofproteinbindingtoCoomassieBrilliantBlueinleaves.可溶性糖含量测定：采用蒽酮比色法，通过测定叶片中糖与蒽酮试剂的反应产物在特定波长下的吸光度，来计算可溶性糖的含量。Solublesugarcontentdetermination:Theanthronecolorimetricmethodisusedtocalculatethecontentofsolublesugarsbymeasuringtheabsorbanceofthereactionproductsbetweensugarsandanthronereagentsinleavesataspecificwavelength.数据处理：所有数据均进行三次重复测定，结果以平均值±标准差（Mean±SD）表示。使用SPSS软件进行单因素方差分析（ANOVA），以比较不同处理组之间的差异。Dataprocessing:Alldataweresubjectedtothreerepeatedmeasurements,andtheresultswereexpressedasmean±standarddeviation(Mean±SD).Performone-wayanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)usingSPSSsoftwaretocomparethedifferencesbetweendifferenttreatmentgroups.本研究旨在探究低温胁迫对茶树叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响，以期为茶树的抗寒育种和茶园管理提供理论依据。Thisstudyaimstoinvestigatetheeffectsoflowtemperaturestressontheactivityofsuperoxidedismutase(SOD),solubleproteinandsolublesugarcontentintealeaves,inordertoprovidetheoreticalbasisforcoldresistantbreedingandteagardenmanagementofteaplants.四、结果与分析ResultsandAnalysis为了深入研究低温胁迫对茶树叶片的影响，我们着重探讨了其对超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响。本实验通过设置不同低温处理条件，观察并记录了茶树叶片在上述生理指标上的变化。Inordertofurtherinvestigatetheeffectsoflowtemperaturestressontealeaves,wefocusedonexploringitseffectsonsuperoxidedismutase(SOD),solubleprotein,andsolublesugarcontent.Thisexperimentobservedandrecordedthechangesinphysiologicalindicatorsofteatreeleavesbysettingdifferentlow-temperaturetreatmentconditions.随着低温胁迫的加剧，茶树叶片中的SOD活性呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。在轻度低温胁迫下，茶树叶片中的SOD活性显著增强，这可能是由于低温刺激了叶片中的抗氧化防御系统，使SOD活性增加以清除由低温产生的过量活性氧。然而，随着低温胁迫的进一步增强，SOD活性开始下降，这可能是由于茶树叶片受到严重低温伤害，其生理功能受到抑制，导致SOD的合成和活性降低。Withtheintensificationoflowtemperaturestress,theSODactivityintealeavesshowsatrendoffirstincreasingandthendecreasing.Undermildlowtemperaturestress,theSODactivityintealeavesissignificantlyenhanced,whichmaybeduetothestimulationoftheantioxidantdefensesystemintheleavesbylowtemperature,increasingSODactivitytoclearexcessreactiveoxygenspeciesproducedbylowtemperature.However,withthefurtherenhancementoflowtemperaturestress,SODactivitybeginstodecrease,whichmaybeduetotheseriouslowtemperaturedamagetotealeaves,whichinhibitstheirphysiologicalfunctionsandleadstoadecreaseinSODsynthesisandactivity.在低温胁迫下，茶树叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量也发生了变化。随着温度的降低，可溶性蛋白含量逐渐增加，这可能是由于低温条件下茶树叶片通过增加可溶性蛋白的合成来抵抗低温伤害。可溶性蛋白在维持细胞结构和功能稳定性方面起着重要作用，其含量的增加可能有助于提高茶树叶片的抗寒性。Underlowtemperaturestress,thesolubleproteincontentintealeavesalsochanges.Asthetemperaturedecreases,thecontentofsolubleproteingraduallyincreases,whichmaybeduetotheincreasedsynthesisofsolubleproteinintealeavesunderlowtemperatureconditionstoresistlow-temperaturedamage.Solubleproteinsplayanimportantroleinmaintainingcellularstructureandfunctionalstability,andanincreaseintheircontentmayhelpimprovethecoldresistanceoftealeaves.与可溶性蛋白类似，茶树叶片中的可溶性糖含量在低温胁迫下也呈现出增加的趋势。可溶性糖是植物体内的重要渗透调节物质，其含量的增加有助于降低细胞内的冰点，防止细胞内结冰，从而保护细胞免受低温伤害。可溶性糖还参与植物体内的能量代谢和信号传导等过程，对维持茶树叶片的正常生理功能具有重要意义。Similartosolubleproteins,thesolublesugarcontentintealeavesalsoshowsanincreasingtrendunderlowtemperaturestress.Solublesugarsareimportantosmoregulatorysubstancesintheplantbody,andanincreaseintheircontenthelpstolowerthefreezingpointinsidecells,preventintracellularfreezing,andprotectcellsfromlow-temperaturedamage.Solublesugarsalsoparticipateinenergymetabolismandsignaltransductionprocesseswithinplants,whichareofgreatsignificanceformaintainingthenormalphysiologicalfunctionsoftealeaves.低温胁迫对茶树叶片的生理指标产生了显著影响。在轻度低温胁迫下，茶树叶片通过提高SOD活性和增加可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖的含量来抵抗低温伤害。然而，随着低温胁迫的进一步增强，茶树叶片的生理功能受到抑制，导致相关生理指标的下降。因此，在实际生产中，应根据气候变化和茶树生长状况采取相应的防寒措施，以减轻低温胁迫对茶树生长的负面影响。Lowtemperaturestresshasasignificantimpactonthephysiologicalindicatorsoftealeaves.Undermildlowtemperaturestress,tealeavesresistlowtemperaturedamagebyincreasingSODactivityandincreasingthecontentofsolubleproteinsandsugars.However,withthefurtherenhancementoflowtemperaturestress,thephysiologicalfunctionsoftealeavesareinhibited,leadingtoadecreaseinrelevantphysiologicalindicators.Therefore,inactualproduction,correspondingcoldpreventionmeasuresshouldbetakenaccordingtoclimatechangeandthegrowthstatusofteatreestoreducethenegativeimpactoflowtemperaturestressonteatreegrowth.五、讨论Discussion本研究探讨了低温胁迫对茶树叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明，随着低温胁迫的加剧，茶树叶片中SOD活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均呈现出一定的变化规律。Thisstudyinvestigatedtheeffectsoflowtemperaturestressonthecontentofsuperoxidedismutase(SOD),solubleprotein,andsolublesugarintealeaves.Theresultsshowedthatwiththeintensificationoflowtemperaturestress,theSODactivity,solubleprotein,andsolublesugarcontentintealeavesshowedcertainchanges.低温胁迫下，茶树叶片的SOD活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势。这可能是由于在轻度低温胁迫下，茶树叶片通过提高SOD活性来清除体内产生的活性氧，从而减轻低温对细胞的损伤。然而，随着低温胁迫的进一步加剧，茶树叶片的SOD活性可能受到抑制，导致活性氧清除能力下降，进而加重细胞损伤。Underlowtemperaturestress,theSODactivityoftealeavesshowsatrendoffirstincreasingandthendecreasing.Thismaybeduetothefactthatundermildlowtemperaturestress,tealeaveseliminatereactiveoxygenspeciesproducedinthebodybyincreasingSODactivity,therebyreducingthedamageoflowtemperaturetocells.However,withthefurtherintensificationoflowtemperaturestress,theSODactivityoftealeavesmaybeinhibited,leadingtoadecreaseintheabilitytoclearreactiveoxygenspeciesandexacerbatingcelldamage.可溶性蛋白含量在低温胁迫下也呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。这可能与茶树叶片在应对低温胁迫时，通过合成更多的蛋白质来增强细胞的抗逆性有关。然而，随着低温胁迫的加剧，蛋白质的合成可能受到抑制，导致可溶性蛋白含量下降。Thesolubleproteincontentalsoshowedatrendoffirstincreasingandthendecreasingunderlowtemperaturestress.Thismayberelatedtothefactthattealeavesenhancecellstressresistancebysynthesizingmoreproteinsinresponsetolowtemperaturestress.However,aslowtemperaturestressintensifies,proteinsynthesismaybeinhibited,leadingtoadecreaseinsolubleproteincontent.可溶性糖含量在低温胁迫下呈现出持续上升的趋势。这可能是由于在低温胁迫下，茶树叶片通过提高可溶性糖含量来降低冰点，从而防止细胞内结冰造成的损伤。可溶性糖还可以作为渗透调节物质，维持细胞的正常代谢活动。Thesolublesugarcontentshowsacontinuousupwardtrendunderlowtemperaturestress.Thismaybeduetothefactthatunderlowtemperaturestress,tealeaveslowertheirfreezingpointbyincreasingsolublesugarcontent,therebypreventingdamagecausedbyintracellularfreezing.Solublesugarscanalsoserveasosmoregulatorysubstancestomaintainnormalcellularmetabolicactivity.低温胁迫对茶树叶片的生理特性具有显著影响。在轻度低温胁迫下，茶树叶片通过提高SOD活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量来应对胁迫，减轻细胞损伤。然而，随着低温胁迫的加剧，这些生理指标的变化可能导致茶树叶片的抗逆性降低，进而影响茶树的正常生长和产量品质。因此，在茶树种植过程中，应采取有效的措施减轻低温胁迫对茶树的影响，以保障茶树的正常生长和产量品质。未来的研究可以进一步探讨茶树叶片在低温胁迫下的分子机制和生理响应，为茶树抗寒育种和栽培管理提供理论依据。Lowtemperaturestresshasasignificantimpactonthephysiologicalcharacteristicsoftealeaves.Undermildlowtemperaturestress,tealeavesrespondtostressbyincreasingSODactivity,solubleproteinandsolublesugarcontent,reducingcelldamage.However,withtheintensificationoflowtemperaturestress,changesinthesephysiologicalindicatorsmayleadtoadecreaseinthestressresistanceoftealeaves,therebyaffectingthenormalgrowth,yield,andqualityofteaplants.Therefore,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoreducetheimpactoflowtemperaturestressonteaplantsduringtheplantingprocess,inordertoensurethenormalgrowth,yieldandqualityofteaplants.Futureresearchcanfurtherexplorethemolecularmechanismsandphysiologicalresponsesoftealeavesunderlowtemperaturestress,providingtheoreticalbasisforteatreecoldresistancebreedingandcultivationmanagement.六、结论Conclusion本研究通过对低温胁迫下茶树叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的变化进行探究，得出以下Thisstudyinvestigatedthechangesinthecontentofsuperoxidedismutase(SOD),solubleprotein,andsolublesugarintealeavesunderlowtemperaturestress,andobtainedthefollowingresults:在低温胁迫条件下，茶树叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈现出显著的上升趋势。这一结果表明，茶树叶片在遭受低温胁迫时，通过提高SOD活性来清除细胞内产生的过量活性氧自由基，从而减轻氧化损伤，保持细胞的正常生理功能。Underlowtemperaturestressconditions,theactivityofsuperoxidedismutase(SOD)intealeavesshowsasignificantupwardtrend.Thisresultindicatesthatwhentealeavesaresubjectedtolowtemperaturestress,theycaneliminateexcessreactiveoxygenspeciesproducedwithinthecellsbyincreasingSODactivity,therebyreducingoxidativedamageandmaintainingnormalphysiologicalfunctionsofthecells.同时，本研究还发现，随着低温胁迫的加剧，茶树叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。这可能是因为低温胁迫初期，茶树叶片通过增加可溶性蛋白的合成来提高细胞的抗寒性；然而，随着胁迫的持续，叶片细胞受到损伤，导致可溶性蛋白含量下降。Meanwhile,thisstudyalsofoundthat