A-Street-Car-Named-Desire-高等教育出版社-美国文学选读课件

AbriefintroductiontoliteratureFiction:novels,shortstories,plays,PoemsFictioniscreativeorfigurativenonfiction/essay:description,narration,exposition,argumentation.

Nonfictionisliteralexpressionoflifeorexpressionofdiscursive（推论）writingAbriefintroductiontolitera1AbriefintroductiontoliteratureWhatisnovel?Novelsharessomecharacteristicswithshortstory,forinstance,plotandcharacter.Buttheyalsohavedifference.Novelisthemostinclusiveandflexibleformofliterature.Thecontentofthenovelisofafictitious(虚构)nature;thefirstpurposeofanovelistoentertain,thatis,peoplereadnovelsnottoimprovethemind,buttomakeitrelax.Abriefintroductiontolitera2AbriefintroductiontoliteratureKindsofthenovel:ByLength-----1)full-lengthnovel(considerablethickness,fulldevelopment)2)shortnovel(anarrativeinlengthbetweenashortstoryandanovel,focusesonjustoneortwocharacters,3)trilogy（三部曲asequenceofthreenovels）4)tetralogy(.四部曲asequenceoffournovels)Abriefintroductiontolitera3A-Street-Car-Named-Desire--高等教育出版社-美国文学选读课件4A-Street-Car-Named-Desire--高等教育出版社-美国文学选读课件5Abriefintroductiontoliterature3)Bildungsroman（教育小说/成长小说，描写主人公成长过程）aboutayoungperson’sgrowing–upItisfrequentlyautobiographical,forinstance,Maugham’sOfHumanBondage,Dickens’sGreatExpectations,RalphEllison’sInvisibleMan

Abriefintroductiontolitera6Abriefintroductiontoliterature4)Psychologicalnovel:dealswithacomplexpsychologicaldevelopmentandpresentmuchofthenarrationthroughtheinnerworkingsofthecharacter’smindCrimeandPunishment,MadameBovary,TheRedBadgeofCourage

Abriefintroductiontolitera7Abriefintroductiontoliterature5)sociologicalnoveltreatssocial,politicalorreligiousproblems,callattentiontocertainsocialproblemsandsometimesoffersolutions.JohnSteinbeck’sTheGrapesofWrath,MrsStowe’sUncleTom’sCabin,

RalphEllison’sInvisibleman

Abriefintroductiontolitera8Abriefintroductiontoliterature6)proletariatnovel:presentthemiseriesandstrugglesoftheworkingclasses.JackLondon’sIronHeel

Mrs.Gaskell’sMaryBarton

Abriefintroductiontolitera9Abriefintroductiontoliterature6)novelsofthesoil:concentrateoncountrylife,usuallyonitshardshipsPearlBuck’s(赛珍珠，美国女小说家，1938年获诺贝尔文学奖)TheGoodEarthAbriefintroductiontolitera10Abriefintroductiontoliterature7）Romanticnovel：tellsaboutcharacterswholiveinacourtly(典雅的)worldremotefromeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Itplacestheprimaryfocusontherelationshipandromanticlovebetweentwo

people,andmusthavean"emotionallysatisfyingandoptimisticending”.JaneAusten:PrideandPrejudice

Abriefintroductiontolitera11Elementsofthenovel1.storyisthebasisofthenovel2.characters→fellowbeings(humanbeingsandotherbeings,suchasanimals)heroes/heroines(protagonists),maincharacters(incloseanddynamicrelationwiththeheroorheroine),minorcharacters(inremoteandstaticrelationwiththehero),foils（陪衬helptoenhancetheintensityoftheherobystrengtheningorcontrasting）Elementsofthenovel1.story12Elementsofthenovel2.Characters:Bythedegreeofdevelopment:roundcharacter(fullydeveloped,readerscangointotheinnerlifeoftheroundcharacterandlearnaboutmanysidesoftheroundcharacter)andflatcharacter(aclosedcharacterwhoseinnerthoughtsthereadersaredeniedtoaccess,usuallyjustonesideisshowninthenovel)Elementsofthenovel2.Charac13Elementsofthenovel3.Setting:thebackgroundagainstwhichacharacterisdepictedoraneventisnarrated.Ithelpstomakepossibletheeventsinthenovel.Itgoesalongwitheveryeventinthenovel.Elementsofthenovel3.Settin14Elementsofthenovel4.plot:

Aplotisthedeliberatelyarrangedsequenceofinterrelatedevents/happeningswhichconveythenovelist’sideasandconstitutethebasicnarrativestructureofanovelorashortstory.Sometimesitiscalledastoryline.Veryoftenaplotstartsfromasignificantconflict.Thisconflictsetstheplotofastoryinmotion.Itretainsthereader’sattention,buildsthesuspenseoftheworkandarousestheexpectationfortheeventsthataretofollow.TheplotofElementsofthenovel4.plot:15thetraditionalshortstorycontainsthreeparts:beginning,middleandend.Itoftenmovesthroughfivestages:exposition(explanation,description),risingaction,crisis(climax),fallingactionandresolution.Theexpositionisthebeginningsectioninwhichtheauthorprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformation.Inthesecondstage,theconflictdevelopedgraduallyandintensified.Thecrisis,alsoreferredtoasclimax,isthatmomentatwhichtheplotreachesitspointofgreatestemotionalintensity.thetraditionalshortstoryco16Oncetheclimaxisreached,thetensionsubsidesandtheplotmovestowarditsconclusion.Thefinalsectionoftheplotisitsresolution;itrecordstheoutcomeoftheconflictandestablishessomenewstability.Whenwereadastory,oneofthefirstthingsthatdrawourattentionistheplot.However,afinelyworkedoutplotismorethanjustasequenceofhappenings.Oncetheclimaxisreached,th17Elementsofthenovel5.Theme:

Afterreadingastoryweoftenaskourselvesquestionslike“whatisthestoryabout?’“whatdoesthestorymean”or“whatistheauthortryingtosay?”Thenweareconsideringthethemeofthestory.Thethemeofastoryisdifferentfromtheplot.Whiletheplottellswhathappensinthestory,thethemeshowswhatthestoryisabout.Thethemeofastoryisthegeneralmeaning,thecentralanddominatingideathatunifiesandcontrolsthetotalwork.Elementsofthenovel5.Theme:18Insomecases,thereareseveralsubthemestothemaintheme.Usuallyitiseasiertosummarizetheeventsthantostatethethemeinone’sownwords.

Themeisalsodifferentfromsubject.Themeisanideawhilethesubjectisamatteroranaffair.“Loveisinvincible”maybeathemewhile“love”isonlyasubject.Soasubjectmaybeuniversal.E.gTheScarletLetter,Womenin