田里的守望者主人公霍尔顿人物形象分析

-4-ChapterOneIntroductionJ.D.SalingerisanoutstandingrepresentativeofAmericancriticalLiteraryrealisminthe20thcentury.Heisconsideredasa"geniusandinterestingwriter"TheCatcherintheRyewrittenbythefamousAmericanwriterJ.D.Salinger,tellsofaninfluentialinitiationstoryontheexplorationofHolden’sloneliness,depressionandhelplessnessingrowthandoffersakeytothedooroftheyouthinitiation.Thenovelreflectsthecommonhesitation,melancholyandpainoftheyoungergenerationintheUnitedStatesafterthesecondWorldWar.Inthenovel,thehero,Holden,isatypicalrepresentative.Heisrebelliousandcynical,buthisnatureisstillpureandkind.Onthesurface,TheCatcherintheRyeisastoryaboutayoungmanwhoisoutofplaceinhisownsocialenvironment,butinreality,itisSalinger'scritiqueofAmericansocialconditions.Inasense,SalingeristheprototypeofHolden.1.1IntroductionoftheAuthorJ.D.SalingerSalingerisanAmericanwriterborninNewYorktoaJewishimporter.Attheageof15,hewasenrolledinamilitaryacademyandobtainedadiploma,in1942,hebeganamilitarycareer,afterretiringfromthearmyin1946,hewasofficiallyputintoliterarycreation.HisfamousnovelTheCatcherintheRye,publishedin1951,isconsideredtobeoneoftheclassicworksofAmericanliteratureinthetwentiethcentury,causingaworldwidesensation,especiallybyAmericanstudents.HispublishedworksalsoincludeFrannyandZooey,RaiseHightheRoofBeam,CarpentersandSeymour:anIntroduction,andashortstorycollectionNineStories,inaddition,therearestillsomeunpublishedworks.Salingerexcelsinshapingtheimageofprecociousandoutstandingteenagers.AfterthesuccessofTheCatcherintheRye,Salingerbecameevenmoreisolated.Heboughtmorethan90acresoflandneartheriversidehillsinruralNewHampshire,builtahutonthetopofthehill,andlivedareclusivelife.Althoughhenevergaveupwriting,herarelypublishedhisworkspubliclyafter1951.HislaterworksaremoreandmoreinclinedtoEasternphilosophyandZen.OnJanuary27,2010,J.D.SalingerdiedathishomeinNewHampshireattheageof91.1.2IntroductiontoTheCatcherintheRyeTheCatcherintheRye,Knownasthe"ModernClassic"of20th-centuryAmericanliterature,isanovelpublishedbythefamousAmericanreclusivewriterJeromeDavidSalingerin1951.Assoonasitwaspublished,itwasdeeplylovedbyteenagers."MillionsofAmericanyoungpeoplefeelclosertoSalingerthananyotherwriter".Thenoveldescribestheprotagonist'sgrievingteenagecrisis,hishelplessnessinexploringandpursuing,aswellastheultimatesolutiontotheproblemofcompromise.ItvividlyportraysthecontradictoryandcomplexstateofHolden,therepresentativefigureofadolescence,whoissearchingforhimselfandhisownposition,butisoutofplaceintheadultworld.Adolescenceisanimportantturningpointinhumandevelopment.Physicaldevelopmentcausespsychologicalchangesandrolechanges.Adolescentsneedtoprepareforaseriesofchangestorealizethetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthood.Teenagershavecommonpsychologicalcharacteristics,butalsofacechallengestodifferentsocialenvironments.Inthispaper,ItrytoanalyzeHolden'sgrowthprocessoftwoaspects:thesocialsituationoftheUnitedStatesafterthesecondWorldWarandthepsychologyofteenagers.EricErickson,afamousAmericansocialpsychologist,pointedoutinhistheoryofpsychologicaldevelopmentbasedonFreud'stheoryofpsychologicalandsexdevelopment,thesocialandmentaldevelopmentofthehumanbodyisdividedintoeightphases,eachofwhichisconfrontedwithagreatconflict.Asforteenagers,themainconflictisthatofself-realizationandself-loss.Teenagersareconfrontedwithtwoquestions:whoIamandwhatIwillbe.Theyyearnfortheirfamiliarinnocentchildhood,andfearthattheywillstepintoanunfamiliarworldofadults,andstrugglingbetweenchangeandchangelessness,sufferingfromwhatEricksoncalls"thepostponementperiod".Ericssonemphasizedtheinfluenceofsocialcultureandenvironmentonselfformation.ThesocialenvironmentofHoldenisthatoftheSecondWorldWarintheUnitedStates:thematerialcivilizationhasadvancedgreatly,theinterestsofthepeopleareconcentratedonthematerialpursuitandmaterialenjoyment,traditionalvaluesandcodesofconducthavebeendestroyed,andlifestylehasundergonedramaticchanges.People'ssenseoflonelinessisenhancedandtheyaredeeplyconfusedabouttheirself-worthandfuture.Thesocialvariabilityandspeculationmakeitmoredifficultforteenagerstogrowandtransform.ThepurposeofthispaperistorevealtherootofHolden'sspiritualcrisisnotonlybecauseoftheparticularityofadolescentpsychologicaldevelopment,butalsobecauseofthecoldandcruelsocialrelationshipbetweenpeopleinpostwarAmericansocietybyanalyzingHolden'sprocessofseekingloveandselfandhispsychologicalprocessfromresistancetocompromise..ChapterTwoAnalysisofHolden'sImageHoldenisdepressed,melancholy,decadentandcontradictory,hecannotacceptthethoughtoftheadultworldandinsistonbeingachildofinnocence.Heisincompatiblewitheverythingaroundhim,tryingtochangesomething,butunabletobreakthroughthedifficultiesofreality.Finally,hehadtocirclethethoughtsinanarrowspacewithangerandanxietytoreplacethegrowthofrestlessemotions.Holdenwaskindandhedonatedmoneytothenuns.Seeingthenunswearingsimpleclothesandhavingsimplemeals,theyfeltashamedandhadafullmeal.Heisacontradictoryperson,allthetimeintheperformanceoftwocontradictorythemselves.2.1StrugglingImageHoldendislikesthissocietyandhypocriticalanduglypeople.Hewantstoescapefromsuchasocietytoautopianworldandpursuepureideals.2.1.1ConfrontingNon-HumanSocietyHoldenwasrebelliousatfirst.Hewasborninawealthymiddle-classfamilyandwasaheadtallerthantheaverageperson.Hewearsaraincoatandahat,smokesandwandersaroundeveryday.Heiscompletelyboredwiththeteachers,classmatesandparentsintheschool.HebelievedthathisteachersandparentsforcedhimtostudyhardinordertogetaheadinordertobuyaCadillacinthefuture.Whathedidinschoolalldaylongwastalkingaboutwomen,alcoholandsex.Hecouldn'tstandeverythingaroundhimanddidn'twanttostudyhard,sohewasalwayspunished.Hehadbeenexpelledfromthreeschoolsthreetimesinsuccession.TheprivateschoolinPennsylvaniawasthefourthschoolheattended.Anothersemesterwasover.Hefailedinfourofthefivesubjectsandreceivedthenoticethathewouldbedismissed.Hewasnotashamedatall.AlthoughHoldenwasborninarichfamily,heneverfeltproudofhisfamilyorwasclosetohisparents.Ashesaid,IfItalkaboutmyparents'personalaffairsindetail,theywillbeangry.Theyaremostlikelytogetangryaboutthiskindofthings,especiallymyfather.Theyareverynicepeople-Idon'twanttosaybadthingsaboutthem-buttheyarereallyeasytogetangry.Theprotagonist'sidiosyncraticuseoflanguage,whichrepresentshissupposedly"rebellious"individualityinatransitorystageofhislife,playsacrucialpartindelineatinghisroleinthenovel.ThegreatestsupportthatHolden'sfamilycangivehimismoney.Becauseofthelackoffamilycareandguidancesincechildhood,Holdenhasformedastrangecharacter.Inlife,hehasnoobjecttoconfidein.Evenafterhedroppedoutfromschool,hehadlittlecontactwithhisparents.Infact,healsoknewaboutit,andhisparentssaiditwasuseless.Hisparentsjustmadehimfeelthattheywouldbeathimuphardoncehewasfired.So,Holdenhadtorunaway.Intheschool,Holdenhatedthecomplicatedandtrivialaffairsoftheschoolandwasnotinterestedinthecurriculum.Inhiseyes,theteachersintheschoolwerealsosmallpeoplewithmasks,soHoldenoftenskippedclasses.Inschool,thereshouldhavebeenmanypeerswiththesameideas,butotherwise,Holdencouldnotfindarealgoodfriend,becausehefeltthateveryonewasnotlikeanormalperson,butlikeacting.Holdenenvisionshimselfasacatcher,onewhosavesinnocencefrombeingcorruptedintowhathecallsthe"phony"worldwithout.AsHoldensaidinthenovel,themorearistocratictheschoolis,themorethievesthereare,sohisuniquepersonalitymakeshimincompatiblewiththosewhoareintheschool.Atthebeginning,heportrayedsuchastrongrebelliousteenagerforus.2.1.2PursuingSelfEssenceWhileHoldenfoughtagainsttheuglinessoftheworld,hewasdisappointedwiththecorruptandhypocriticalsociety.HewouldliketoentertherealGardenofEden.There,hewouldbeabletoliveapureandhonestlife.Holden'sidealEdenisapureandnaiveplaceforchildren.Theworldhelivesinisfullofevilandcruelthings.Therefore,hewouldratherisolatehimselffromthehatedworldandpeople.Forhim,beingwithhischildrenisveryimportanttohim,andhisdreamofchildhoodisofgreatsignificancetohim.Thechildren'sworldisasclearascrystal.Itisaworldfullofloveandwarmthcanbefoundeverywhere.Holdenmaintainshisideal.HebelievesthattheGardenofEdenshouldprotectchildrenfrominterference,sothattheycanmaintainhumanpurityandtruenature.TheidealEdenmakesHoldenaprotectorofchildren'sgoodnature.InHolden'smind,onethingworthdoingistodohisbesttoprotectchildrenfrombeingaffectedandtotrytomaintaintheirinnocence.Hisgreatestwishistodefendpurityandchildren.Hebelievesthatpeoplearenaiveandpurebeforetheygrowup.Thisnaughtyandrebelliousteenager,butthereisapureandkindheart.Hewasalwaysveryhelpful.Althoughhisparentswerenotverykindtohim,thefamilythathewasbornwasnotveryharmonious.Buthehadgreatrespectandlovedhisparents.Helongedtolivemeaningfully.Holdensaid,Childrenhaveallkindsofannoyingbehaviorbecausetheyhadcontactwithadultsocietyataveryearlyage.SoHoldenwantedtobeacatcherinthewheatfield,sothathecouldsavemoreinnocentchildren.Thenovel'sprotagonist,Holden,isasuperficiallydecadentandsociallyalienfigure.Fromthenovel,wecanseethatHoldenhasanobledreamofpursuinguniversalloveandspirit.Althoughheisasocialrebel,itisimportantthathetrytoprotectpurechildrenfromtheeviladultworld.ThereisnodoubtthatHoldendeservesthegreatestpraisetosomeextent.Becausethepurityofchildrenisoneofthenoblestnaturesofmankind.2.2ContradictoryImageTheprotagonistHoldenappearscynicalandopposessociety,disgustedbyitshypocrisyandugliness,andwantstoescapeeverythingaroundhim.Butheisacontradictorypersonbecausehissistergaveuptheideaofrunningawayfromhomeandcompromisedwithreality.2.2.1FightingAgainstMainstreamCultureHolden,oneoftheearliestanti-herocharactersintheUnitedStates,isarebelagainstthemainstreamculture.Holdenwasaskedtodothebesthecouldwithhislife,butHoldenrefusedto"gowithit".HoldenwasexpelledbyPansyforfailingfoursubjects.Holdendidn'tdropoutofschool,butleftearly.Notonlydidhefailhishomework,buthealsogotfiredbecausehedidn'tworkhard.Holdenisnotqualified.Helikesthinkingandreading.Hedidnotwishtobecomeapuppetoftheworld,likehisbrother,hisparents,histeacherandhisclassmates.Hewantedtochange,buthisstrengthwasinsignificant.Hehadnochoicebuttoleave.Holdenhasaredhunterhat,whichhelikesverymuch.Hewillselectivelywearahatoutside.Hedoesn'twanttobeseenasaweirdooraghost.Inprivate,Holdentakesgreatcareofthehat.Hewillchoosevariouspositionstowearthehat.Holden'sfeelingsaboutthehat,infact,impliedthathewasaself-consciousmanwithasenseofchoice,andhewasunwillingtocompromisewiththemainstream.Holdenhatesthesocietyofhypocrisyandvanity.Hewantstoliveareallife.Healsowantspeopletolivelikethis,butthiscanonlybehisideal.Nothingcanbechangedbyhimself.2.2.2ComplyingwithRealismHoldenstruggledinthegapbetweenidealanddisplay.Hewantedtoseedifferent.Hewantedtochange.Butintheend,hestillsawhisowninsignificance.Herealizedthathecoulddonothing.Hechosetobecomeapsychoticandhechosetobecomeanuncompromisingrealitycompromiser.That'sthetragedyofsmallmeningoodsociety.Infact,Holdenhasbeendescribedasatimidman,whichalsoindicatesthathewaslaterinclinedtocompromise.Holdendoesn'twanttoarguewithothers.Evenifithappens,heistheonewhovoluntarilyconcedesdefeat.Heisalwayswillingtohandleallsortsofproblemsina"peacefulway".Holdenhasatoleranceforothers'pains.Holdenisalwayspassionateaboutcommunicatingandlookingforwardtocompanionship.Hejustdoesn'tlikethethingsthatmakepeopledegenerateandthebehaviorsofthosedegeneratepeople.Hehopedthathecouldhaveapersontotalkto.Hehopedtogetrealfriendship.Hesympathizedwithprostitutesandwomenwhoenduredviolence.Hewantedtospendmoretimewiththenuns.Holdensympathizedwiththebrainwashedpeople,buttherewasnoplaceforhimtogo.Holden'scowardiceandthestrengthoftherealsocietymakeHolden'scompromiseinevitable.2.3TheImageofGoodBelieversItcontendsthatdespiteHolden'sbitingcomplaintsagainstChristians,hemanifestsanaffinityforChristandanattractiontoChristianformsofreligiouslife.Althoughhewasborninacomfortablemiddle-classfamily,hedidnotshowanysuperiority.Instead,hewasahelpfulperson.Hewasnotinterestedinreligion,evendisgusted,becausehedidnotlikethehypocrisyofpriestsandmonks.Butheusesactualbehaviortopracticebelieverbehavior.2.3.1HatingHypocrites"Phoniness",perhapsthebest-knownlineinTheCatcherintheRyeisoneofHolden'sfavouritephrases.It'saphrasethatHoldenfrequentlyusestodescribetheshallow,hypocritical,hypocritical,andshallow.Hefeltthathewassurroundedbydishonestyandfalsepretenses.InChapter22,PhoebetellsHoldenthatshethinkshisplantogotoColoradoisfoolishandaskswhyhefailsoutofyetanotherschool.HedeclaredthatPancywasfulloffraudsters.HetoldherthatallbutRobertAckleyhadtestifiedastohowhypocriticalthestudentswere.Holdenadmittedthatthereweresomegoodteachers,includingSpencer,buthelamentedtheVeterans'Dayceremony.AftertheSecondWorldWar,theunprecedentedeconomicprosperityoftheUnitedStates,infact,isanillusion,thespirituallifeoftheAmericanpeoplewasgreatlyaffected.Holdenisaveryrebelliousguy,andhegreatlydislikesadultsociety.Inhiseyes,theyareagroupofselfishguys,nodignity,nomorality.Hesawthefalsehoodoftheworld,seethedarknessoftheworld,seetheuglinessoftheworld,buthecandonothing,sohecanonlypassiveresistance.Hisenvironmenthasbroughthimagreatpsychologicalimpact.Hehasnoplanordirectionforhisfuture.WhenHoldenfoundthathislifestylehaddeviated,theextremepainanddepressionmadehimalmostcollapse.InHolden'scharacter,whathehatedmostwastopretendandpretend,butinfact,Holdenknewthatthiskindofaffectationwasverycommoninthisera.Holdenwasnotaskindandsimpleashethought.ThiscontradictoryandhesitantstateofmindshowsthatHoldencannolongerstayinasocietywhereinterestsarefirst.Hehasbeenunconsciouslyaffectedbysocialvalues.2.3.2PracticingReligiousBehaviorHoldenisnotareligiousman.Heisnotinterestedinreligion,andevensomewhatdisgusted.Holdenoftencommentsonpriestsandmonksinwittyandabusivelanguage,callingthemallstupidbastards.Holdenhatedmonksanddidnotgotochurchbecausehedidnotlikethehypocrisyandhypocrisyofpriests.Holdenisnotareligiousperson,soheisnotfullofloveandmoralitylikereligiouspeople,butfullofhypocrisyandspeaksloudlyasthespokespersonofGod.Holdenalwayswantstopracticehisfaithwithconcreteactions,suchasgivingtendollarstotwonunswhenheisverypoor.Therefore,althoughHoldenisnotabeliever,heispracticingthebehaviorofthebeliever.HeisclosertoGodthanthebeliever.ChapterThreeTheInfluenceFactorsfortheFormationofHolden'sImageHoldenisateenagerwhosemissionistoprotecttheinnocenceandpurityofchildren,buthispersonalspiritualworldisfullofcontradictionsandchaos.Holdenlivedinaneraofmaterialabundanceandspiritualscarcity,wherethehypocrisyofsocietyandschools,aswellastheneglectofparents,shapedarebelliousandcynicalimageofateenager.3.1TheInfluenceofSocialLifeAtthattime,theUnitedStatestookadvantageoftheopportunitytocollectmoneyduringthethesecondWorldWar.Afterthewar,materialproductiondevelopedrapidly,thequalityoflifeofthepeoplewassignificantlyimproved,andthenumberofthemiddleclasscontinuedtoincrease.Butatthistime,thespirituallifeofmostpeopleismorepoorandboring.Atthebeginningofthe1950s,theUnitedStatesgovernmentinsistedonTrumanandMcCarthyismtocontaincommunism,andbegantosuppresstheprogressiveforcesathome.Theshadowofnuclearwarhasalwaysaffectedtheheartsofallpeople,butthepeoplestillwanttowhitewashthepeace.Undertheseeminglypeacefullife,itisamuddylife.Althoughsomepeoplearenotwillingtovulgar,donotwanttofakelife,andevenwanttoresist,butstilllackofideals,Wecannotfindthewaytothebrightfuture.Atthistime,youngpeoplearefightingagainstrealitywithanegativeattitude.Theherointhisnovelissuchaman.Holdenlivesinaparticularenvironment,whichhasanimportantinfluenceonhischaracter.Afterescapingfromhomeanddroppingoutofschool,Holdenwasonlyabletoconnectwithhissocialcircle.Inthisstory,heisfullofhelplessnesstohisfamily,histeachersandhisclassmates.ThefactisthatHoldenwasevenmoredesperateinsocietyandwasdeeplyhit.Finally,hewaspoisoned,becamementallyill,andbecameapuppetlikeothersinsociety.Inthecourseofwandering,Holdenfeltmoredeeplytheugliness,hypocrisyandsnobberyofthatera.PeoplelikeHoldencannotsurvivethere.InthehotelsinNewYork,"allthepeoplearesickandstupidweirdos".Agrey-hairedmanwithahighstatusiswearingawoman'sclothes,makingaposeandadmiringhimself.Acoupleofmenandwomenareusingtheirmouthstospraywateroneachotherforfun.Theydon'tevenclosethecurtains,saidtheuglyadultinfrontofa16-year-oldchild.Holdengetsaballphonenumberfromastrangewoman,calledFaithCavendish,whohasalwayswantedtokeepintouchwiththewoman.Whenrejected,hewenttoanightclubandmetwiththreegrownwomen.Holdenwantsthemtopay,buttheythoughtotherwise.Inthisclub,therearemanystudentsofmyownage.PianistErnie:Heissocomplacentthathedoesn'tcareaboutanythingbutbigshotsandstars.AlthoughthelawforbidsthesaleofalcoholtochildrenofHolden'sage,thefactis:Evenifyouareonlysixyearsold,youcangotoErnie'sBar,andevenifyouareaddicted,noonewillstopit.InHolden'seyes,Morrisisjustachild,buthehassexwithaprostitutenamedSunNi.AlthoughHoldenpaidforSunNi,toalargeextent,whatHoldenwantedwasnotsex,butaheart-to-hearttalk.ButSunNiandMauricecametoblackmailhimandbeathimup,theirfaceblackandblue.TheBroadwaytheater,likeHollywoodfilms,isanentertainingworkfullofcommercialdeception.Undertheveilof"civilization",thereisaworldofdifferencebetweenthe"ugliness"ofadultsandthe"purityandbeauty"inHolden'simagination.Holdenisveryconcernedabouttheirlivingenvironment.Youwillneverfindalandofeaseandpeace,fornosuchlandintheworld,saidHoldensadly.Atthattime,therewasnolandsuitableforitsgrowth,andnolandsuitableforitssurvival.3.2TheImpactofSchoolLifeInthe1950s,thelivingstandardsoftheAmericanpeoplehavebeengreatlyimproved,butduetotheimpactofthesecondWorldWar,ithasbroughtgreattraumatopeople'shearts,andpeople'ssoulsandspirithavealsobeguntoslowlycorrupt.Asanorganicpartofsociety,schoolshavegraduallybecomeanimportantplaceforcapitalismtopromotehypocrisyandmaterialism.TheschoolthatHoldenattendedisaprimeexample.Holden'sSchoolisahighlyprestigiousschoolandshouldbeabletocreateagoodlearningatmosphereforchildrenconducivetotheirphysicalandmentalhealth.Onthecontrary,therearealsomanybadtrendsinthesociety.Everyoneisa"hypocrite"aroundHolden.Reading,learningknowledge,just"fortheprogressofsociety".Thestudentsdiscussedtopics"aboutwomen,alcoholandsex".Ofcourse,forHolden,suchaschoolisnotsuitable.Henotonlylooksdownuponthosehypocrites,butalsohatesthosewhofollowthem,withakindofexclusion,whichmakeshimunabletointegrateintothesurroundingenvironment.Noonecanreallyunderstandhisrebelliouscharacter.Althoughtheteacherhasalwaysbeenteachingstudentstirelessly,butonthisbasis,hehasalsowipedouttheimaginationofsomestudentsPowerandcreativity,theydonotallowstudentstohavetheirownideas.ItshowsHolden'sschools,representamodernsocietycuttingindividuality,taminghim/herintooneofsociallyreformedpartsofasociety.3.3TheInfluenceofFamilyLifeHolden'sfamilyplaysanimportantroleinhismentalstress.Holdenwas16yearsold,andthatwasthebestyearsofhislife.Thisperiodisanimportantperiodfortheformationoflifeconceptsandvalues.Theyneedthecareoftheirfamilies,whichiscrucialtotheirgrowth.Thefamilyistheharborofthesoul,andtherelativesarethebestobjectstotellwhentheteenagersencounterconfusionduringtheirgrowth.Familyenvironmentisthekeyfactoraffectingtheformationofchildren'spersonality,butalsothekeyfactoraffectingchildren'sgrowth.Iffamilymemberscangivetheirchildrenenoughcareandcare,theirlifewillbemorepositiveandoptimistic.Onthecontrary,ifayoungmanlivesinafamilythatlacksunderstandingandlove,hewillfeelconfused,frustratedandconfused,andevenlosehisselfandpurpose.Holdenwasborninamiddle-classfamilyintheUnitedStates,butinTheCatcherintheRye,thereaderhasneverfoundHolden'sparents'description.Hisparentsdidnotcareabouthisfeelings,didnotcommunicatesincerelywithhim,andnooneknewhisinnerthoughts.Itisadistantluxurytodiscusshisidealwithhisparents.Hisfatherisafamouslawyer,andhisexpectationis"tobefamousinordertobuyalousyCadillacinthefuture",buthedoesnotknowHolden'sownpursuitandideal.ItwasthisoversightthatHoldenlostoneofhismosttrustedandcommunicativefriend.SincethedeathofherbrotherAli,Holden'smotherhasbeenunhappy,oftenhysterical,resultinginHoldenunabletofeelthewarmthandconsiderationofanormalfamily,unabletofeelthepositive,optimistic,sunnyatmosphere,andthusunabletofindthedirectionoftheirlife,oftenatalossandfrustration.Facedwithpsychologicalpressureandconfusionaboutsociallife,Holdenlongedtogetthecareofhisfamily,buthenevergottheunderstandingandwarmthofhisparents.Hewasestrangedfromhisparents.WhenHolden'sspiritualworldwasinastateofdespair,thedisregardfor"family"andthedisregardfor"familylove"formedhisspiritualtragedy.Assumingthathelivesinawarmfamilyenvironment,hislifetrajectorymayhaveanewdevelopment,butthecoldaffectionsareexactlytheeffectthatthenovelisintendedtoexpressandcreate.Hisheartishelplessanddepressed,andhecannotgetthewarmthofhisparents,whichisanimportantreasonforcreatingHolden'sspiritualtragedy.TheironyofHoldenisthattheharderhetriestokeephisfamilyandfriendsatarm'slength,thecloserhecomestomakingunexpecteddiscoveriesaboutthemandevenhimself.ChapterFourTheSignificanceofHolden'sImageThisbookreflectsthehesitationandmelancholypsychologicalstateoftheyoungergenerationintheUnitedStatesafterthesecondWorldWar.AlthoughtheauthorSalingerexpressedhisangertotheextreme,Ithinktheauthorwantstocallonpeopletofindyourownvalue,findrealityandidealsthroughthisbook.Theprotagonisthelpsdefinethenatureofthe"lost"adolescentinthecurrentgoldenageofYAliterature.TheCatcherintheRyedepictedayoungmanHoldenCaulfieldwhospurnedtheadults'worldandwaseagertobeacatcherintherye,whichshowedhispassionforreturningtoyouth,natureandhisthoughtsofecologicalphilosophy,Whichisofeternalsignificance.4.1FindingYourOwnValueInTheCatcherintheRye,throughtheimageofHolden,Salingershowshisjourneyfromhatingfalsehoodandthepursuitofsimplicitytofinallysubmittingtothesocialreality,reflectingthementalstateofagenerationofAmericanyouthafterthesecondWorldWarinloneliness,imitationandpain,andshowsthehypocrisyoftheadultworldandtheinnocenceandrebellionoftheyouthworld.Thisisanovelthatrevealsthetroublesanddifficultiesofteenagers'growth.Onlyafterexperiencingpaincanonegrowandreaphappinessandjoyinone'sownlife.Everyonemustgothroughtheprocessofgrowth.Aslongastheresultisgood,wedon'tneedtocareaboutthepainoftheprocess.Aslongastheycanreallygrowup,peoplewillfeelrelievedofthepainfulprocess.Nomatterhowmuchitcosts,peopleshouldnotforgettheirtrueselfandabandontheirpureideals.Lifeisshort.Whenpeoplereacholdageandrecalltheignoranceandchildishnessoftheiryouth,aswellasthepainfulprocessofgrowth,theywillfeelthatthisisthebestgiftfromGod.Tastingthe"growingup"meaningofthisnovelcanbringreadersmulti-levelthinking.Inageneralsense,thisnovelexpectspeopletoalwaysholdthemostbeautifullighthouseintheirheartsandrealizetheirtruegoodwishes.Inaddition,thisnovelalsohelpsreadersdeepentheirunderstandingofgrowthandthetruemeaningbehindgrowth.4.2SearchingforRealityandId