定语从句讲义

高考链接：定语从句的重要性一、写作中，运用定语从句使简单句变复合句，增加得分点；二、掌握定语从句的运用，在阅读中正确理解从句的意义，从而准确掌握文章的大意；三、语法填空，10个空至少有一个空设为定语从句关系词的填写。一．分析以下句子并画出定语从句并标示出先行词ThisisthefilmwhichIsawwhenIwasatschool.Herearetwopicturesthataretakenfromthefilm.ThisisthefilmwhosenameisTitanic.ThemanandthewomanwhomyouseeinthepictureareJackandLucy.Jack,whoisapoorpainter,wonashipticketbyplayingcards.Lucyisayoungbeautifulwoman,whowenttoAmericawithhermother.JackandLucy,whoaretheheroandtheheroineinthefilm,lovedeachotherverymuch.1.定语从句的定义：分析这些句子可知，定语从句即用来修饰名词或代词的句子；被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”，引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”，如that,which,as,who,whom,whose,where,when,why,等。2.关系代词或关系副词的在句子中的语法功能:关系代词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语、表语等成分，作宾语时关系词常常可以省略；关系副词在从句中作时间、地点和原因状语.关系代词和关系副词的用法关系词先行词充当成分例句关系代词who人主语Thisisthedoctorwhosavedmylife.这就是那个救了我的医生。whom人宾语Sheisthenewstudent(whom)Iwanttointroducetoyou.她是那个我想给你介绍的新生。that人、物主语、宾语Footballisagamethatislikedbymanypeople.足球是一项许多人都喜爱的运动。Theman(that)youmetjustnowismyfriend.你刚刚碰到的那个人是我的朋友。关系代词which物主语、宾语Pleasepassmethebookwhichislyingonthetable.请把桌上的那本书递给我。Thenovel(which)Tomboughtisveryinteresting.汤姆买的那本小说很有趣。as物主语、宾语Asisknowntoall,theearthisround.众所周知，地球是圆的。whose＝ofwhom/ofwhich人、物定语TheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams.这是威廉姆斯教 授，他的女儿教你英语。关系副词关系副词when＝at/in/on/duringwhich时间状语 We'llneverforgetthedaywhenthe People'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立 的日子。where＝at/in/towhich地点状语Thisisthehousewherehelived.这是他住过的房子。why＝forwhich原因状语Iknowthereasonwhysheworkssowell.我知道她工作出色的原因。3.定语从句分类：限制性和非限制性。（找出哪些是限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句，并填关系代词）非限制性定语从句有两大特点：形式上有逗号，从句与主句分开；意义上，从句不修饰限定先行词，而是补充说明先行词的属性，通常单独翻译成一个句子。ThisisthefilmwhichIsawwhenIwasatschool.which指物，作宾语Herearetwopicturesthataretakenfromthefilm.That指物，作主语ThisisthefilmwhosenameisTitanic.whose指物，作定语ThemanandthewomanwhomyouseeinthepictureareJackandLucy.Whom指人，作宾语Jack,whoisapoorpainter,wonashipticketbyplayingcards.Who指人，作主语Lucyisayoungbeautifulwoman,whowenttoAmericawithhermother.Who指人，作主语JackandLucy,whoaretheheroandtheheroineinthefilm,lovedeachotherverymuch.who指人，作主语4.如何选折关系代词、关系副词？选择关系词是由先行词来决定的。口诀:前看先行词,辩清人或物后看从句里,有无主宾语一、当先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词，且引导词在从句中作时间、地点和原因状语时，即从句不缺主语、宾语等主要成分，选用when,where,why。e.g.A.Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenwemet?B.Doyourememberthedaywhich/thatwespentwitheachothertogether?辨析：A句中when作时间状语，而B句中which/that作及物动词spent的宾语。C.ThisistheplacewhereIboughtmyT-shirt.D.Thisistheplacewhich/thatIvisitedthreeyearsago.特注：选择用when,where,why，我还可以看定语从句中是否有主语或宾语。如果既有主语又有宾语，则可以用when,where,why引导。倘若没有，那么就要考虑是否用that或which.5.介词加引导词的用法：当关系代词引导一个定语从句并且在从句中充当宾语时，该从句中的谓语动词必须是及物动词：如果不是，就要在该动词后加上响应的介词。如果关系代词为which或whom，则要将介词放在which或whom前。在“介词＋关系代词”句式中，当先行词为人时，此时关系代词只能用whom；当先行词为物时，关系代词只能用which。提示：在关系代词前需要介词的定语从句中，介词的选用遵循“还原搭配”原则，即把定语从句还原成单独的一个句子，然后把先行词放在句末，再考虑在先行词前选用符合句意，搭配正确的介词。观察以下句子：A.ThisisthebookthatIhavelearnedalotfrom.(这就是那本让我获益非浅的书)B.ThisisthebookfromwhichIhavelearnedalot.C.Doyouknowthemanthatshewastalkingto?（你认识和她说话的那个人吗?）D.Doyouknowthemantowhomshewastalking?6、who指人，是主格，在从句中做主语；whom是宾格，在从句中作宾语；whose是所有格，在从句中作定语，是定语从句中表示所属关系的引导词，意为“……的”，既可指人，也可指物。如：Heistalkingwiththegirlwhosebrotherismyclassmate.(他正在和那个弟弟是我同学的女孩说话。)B.ThisistheboywhosefatherisourEnglishteacher.（这就是那个父亲是我们英语教师的男孩。）7、that与which都可以修饰表示物的先行词。但在有些情况下只能用that引导，不能用which；有些情况下，只能用which引导，不能用that。①只能用that情况：1、先行词为all,everything,something,anything,nothing等不定代词时；A.Pleasetellmeallthatyouknow.B.I’lltellyoueverythingthatIsawintheUnitedStates.2、先行词被数词，形容词最高级及thevery,theonly,thelast等修饰时；A.ThefirststudentthatputuphandswasZhangPing.B.Agriculturewasthemostimportantinventionthatledtothebeginningofcivilization.3、先行词中既有人又有物时只能用that引导;B.Weweredeeplyimpressedbytheteachersandschoolsthatwehadvisited.４、在以疑问词who,which,what开头的特殊疑问句中为了避免重复只用that。②只能用which的情况１、关系代词前有介词时用which;ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtenyearsago.２、先行词本身是that时用which;Iwilltellyouthatwhichhesaidyesterday.３、引导非限制性定语从句时；A.Ihavelostmymobilephone,whichisboughtbymyfather.8．as与which(1)与such或thesame连用时，一般用as，as作为关系代词，在限制性定语从句中主要用于固定搭配such/so/thesame/as…as…中。注意：such/so…that…中that引导结果状语从句，意为“以致”。而thesame…as…表示类似的事物(2)as引导的从句可以放在句首，as表“正如……”之意。9.theway做先行词时，用关系代词that/inwhich或者不填我不喜欢他用那种方式来嘲笑我Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhich/\helaughedatme10.当point,situation,case,position,stage,condition等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”等抽象意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，where在句中作状语.Canyouthinkofasituationwherethisphrasecanbeused?11.定语从句的引导词的确定可以概括为：“三找两定一证”。“三找”：找先行词→找定语从句→找定语从句的谓语动词；“两定”：判定先行词与从句谓语动词的关系→确定关系代词或关系副词(兼顾人/物)。“一证”：把定语从句还原成独立的句子，验证其句子结构的完整性。定语从句练习题一．根据汉语提示完成句子(每空一词)1.我想买套窗户朝南的房子。I'dliketobuyaflatwhosewindowsfacesouth.＝I'dliketobuyaflatofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.＝I'dliketobuyaflatthewindowsofwhichfacesouth.提示：先行词后的名词从属于先行词，用关系代词whose。whose＋n.＝the＋n.＋of＋which＝ofwhich＋the＋n.，如先行词是人，其中的which改为whom。2.单身汉就是未成家的男人。Abachelorisamanwhosecapcovershisfamily.＝Abachelorisamanofwhomthecapcovershisfamily.＝Abachelorisamanthecapofwhomcovershisfamily.二．填写定语从句的引导词2012高考题Ofcoursewhenevertheyturnedtolookathim,theyhadtolookatMary,_22__madeherfeellikeastar.2011高考题Behindhimwereotherpeopleto21hewastryingtotalk2010高考题Hefilledhisleathercontainersothathecouldbringsomebacktoelder__32_____hadbeenhisteacher.Afterafour-dayjourney,2009年高考题Janepausedinfrontofacounter___35___someattractivetieswereondisplay.2008年高考题Oneday,hecameupwithanidea35hewouldpluckupallofhiscropafewinches.Hedidsothenextday.（同位语从句）2007年高考题theheadofthevillagewastyinguphishorsetomycartopullitto___35___smalltownsome20kilometersaway___36___therewasagarage.1.Allthatglittersisn'tgold.2.Viennaisaplacewheretopmusiciansgather.3.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.4.Gonearethedayswhenteacherswerelookeddownupon.5.ThisistheschoolThat/which/省略Ivisitedtenyearsago.6.Thisistheschoolwhere/inwhichIworkedtenyearsago.7.Thisistheschoolwhich/thathasagoodreputationinandoutofChina.8.Thisistheschoolwhoseteachingbuildingsareofancientstyle.9.ThisistheschoolWhere/inwhichIvisitedtheheadmastertenyearsago.10.Studentsthat/whohaveawiderangeofknowledgehaveadvantagesinexams.11.Pleaseinformmeofanythingthat/省略youfindunusual.12.Allmeasuresthatcanbetakenshouldbetakentoreduceenvironmentalpollution.13.Thebuildinginfrontofwhichthereisadrugstoredatesback500years.14.China,whichcoversanareaofover9.6millionsquarekilometers,isthethirdlargestcountryintheglobe.15.Thisissodifficultaproblemasnoneofusherecanworkout.16.I'dlikethesamecarasmycolleaguehas17.Motherusuallybringsfruitstomyclassroom,whichembarrassesmealot.18.SomeAmericantroopsarebeingwithdrawnfromtheMiddleEast,whichwehavelearntfromthenewspaper.19.Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenwemet?20.Aswehavelearntfromthenewspaper,someAmericantroopsarebeingwithdrawnfromtheMiddleEast.21.Theyoungladymarriedanoldmanwithalotofmoney，whichisdisgraceful.22.We'llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.23That'sthereasonwhy,forwhich,thathecame24.Ihavenevercomeacrosssuchasituationwherecustomershavetopayincash.25.0℃isthefreezingpointwhere26.Apartyisanoccasionwhereparticipantsshoulddressformally.27.Peoplewhotakemedicinetoloseweightaremostlikelytoharmtheirhealth.28.ThisistheplacewhereIboughtmyT-shirt.29.Iknowthereasonwhysheworkssowell.30.Theswimmerwhomyouaretalkingaboutisoverthere.31.Theyneedaplantwhichdoesn’tneedasmuchwaterasrice.32.Itisthemostusefulplantthatcanbepreparedinmanydifferentways.33.Wealllikethestudentwhosehandwritingisverygood.34.Thewaythat/inwhichheteachesEnglishisinteresting.(heteachesEnglishintheway)35.Agreatpersonissomeonewhodevoteshis/herlifetohelpingothers三．填写适当的介词和关系代词完成句子1.Allthevegetablesaresaidtobefromthefarmonwhichmyparentsworked.2.ThestudenttowhomIoftenlentreferencebookswasacceptedbyakeyuniversity.3.80km/histhespeedlimitbeyondwhichdriverswillbefined.4.YoushouldcarryyourIDcardwithoutwhichyou'llpossiblygetintotrouble.5.Thisisthekeypointtowhichweshouldpaymoreattention.6.MandelawastheblacklawyertowhomIwentforadvice.四．用定语从句合并句子Mr.Smithisateacher.Heisverystrict._________________________________________________ThegirliscalledMary.Isawheryesterday.______________________________________________Therearetwoothersharks.Theyarefierce.______________________________________________Thisisthefactory.Ivisiteditlastyear._________________________________________________Thisisthemostexcitingmoment.Iwillneverforgetit.____________________________________Ihavefoundsuchbooks.Theyarebeneficialtous.________________________________________Iboughtthesamedress.Youworethedressyesterday._____________________________________Heissuchakindteacher.Wealllikehim._______________________________________________ThehouseisTom’s.Itsdoorfacessouth._______________________________________________ThehouseisTom’s.Thedoorofthehousefacessouth.____________________________________五．用定语从句翻译句子1.我们在医院一直照顾的老太太死了.Theoldladywhomwehadtakencareofinthehospitallastyeardied.2.你想娶的姑娘昨天偷了我的钱包。Thegirlwhomyouwanttomarrystoleyourwalletyesterday.3.孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。ThebookthatMt.6.你知道他打算娶你的原因吗？Doyouknowthereasonforwhichheisgoingtomarryyou?Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisgoingtomarryyou?7.我讨厌hate我住过的那个旅馆hotel。IhatethehotelwhereIlived.IhatethehotelinwhichIlived.IhatethehotelIlivedin.8.我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天autumn。IwillneverforgettheautumnwhenIstudiedandlivedwithyou.IwillneverforgettheautumninwhichIstudiedandlivedwithyou.9.他爱了20年的那个女孩昨天嫁marry人了。Thegirlwhomhehadlovedfor20yearsmarriedsomeoneyesterday.10.她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。SheisthebeautifulgirlthatIhaveeverseen.11.我们现在学的商务英语非常有用。WearestudyingthebusinessEnglish,whichisveryusefulforusInthefuture.20.你知道你们家狗要死的原因吗？Doyouknowthereasonwhyyourdogisgoingtodie?21.她就是那个到明年年底，会攒一万美圆的那个女孩。Sheisthegirlwhowillhavemadetenthousanddollarsbytheendofnestyear.22.你认识那个警察一直在找的小偷吗？Doyouknowthethiefwhom(who)thepolicemanhasbeenlookingfor?23.昨