备战2023年高考英语一轮复习（新高考专用）考点 27-阅读理解细节理解题（重难题型）（解析版）

考点27 阅读理解细节理解题（重难题型）在历年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、市均有对此题型的考查，无一例外。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：1.特殊疑问句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；2.以是非题的形式。true/false,nottrue/false或EXCEPT，近年这种题型较少；3.以Accordingto…开头提问方式；4.以填空题的形式，如：（1）Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised________.（2）Bythefirstsentenceofthepassageauthormeansthat________.（3）Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.（4）Ifyouareinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople’slifewillbe,youmayvisit________.（5）Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway”(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat________.（6）Thepolicemanwhosaid“Goodevening”toRollswantedto________.5.就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取“带着问题找答案”的方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：题型一描写类细节题描写类细节题，常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。（2021·江西·二模）BlackValley,63kilometersfromdowntownChongqing,isoneofthebestpreservednaturalwondersaroundthemunicipality.Thenational5A-levelscenicspotisapopularsummerresortforsightseeing,forestadventures,outdoorcamping,huntingandangling.LocatedinHeishantown,WanshengEconomicDevelopmentZone,thescenicspotspansover103squarekilometers,97percentofwhicharecoveredbyprimitiveforests.Withover110,000negativeoxygenionsineachcubiccentimeterofair,itisdubbedasanaturaloxygenbarand“themostbeautifulhealthcare-themedvalley.”BlackValleyisalsoknownas“thenaturalgenebankofChongqingandGuizhouregions”forthediversityofitsrareplantsandwildlife,includingCathayaargyrophylla,Davidiainvolucrata,Trachypithecusfrancoisiandcloudedleopards.Scenicspotlevel:AAAAAAddress:Heishantown,WanshengEconomicDevelopmentZone,63kilometersfromdowntownChongqingOpeninghours:8:30am-3:30pm(peakseasonfromNovembertoFebruary),9:00am-3:00pm(offseasonfromMarchtoOctober)Idealsightseeingseason:fromMaytoSeptemberTicketprice:60yuan($8.72)duringoffseasonand100yuanduringpeakseason,sightseeingbusandcablenotincluded.Notes:1.Itisrecommendedthattouristsstartfromthehighersouthernareaforadownwardjourney.2.Theaveragetemperatureis18.1degrees.3.It’sagoodideatoexperiencethelocalfolkcultureoftheMiaoethnicgroup,especiallywhenyouchoosetovisitinMaywhenthetraditionalCaishanFestivalofMiaoethnicgroupiscelebrated.1．WhatcanweknowaboutBlackValley?A．ItliesindowntownChongqing.B．Plantsandwildlifearerarelyseenthere.C．Avisittherecostsatmost100yuan.D．Theairisveryhighinnegativeoxygenionsthere.2．AbesttimeforavisitorandloverofthefolkculturetoBlackValleyisinA．January. B．March. C．May. D．July.【答案】D【解析】】细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句“Withover110,000negativeoxygenionsineachcubiccentimeterofair,itisdubbedasanaturaloxygenbarand“themostbeautifulhealthcare-themedvalley.”（空气中的负氧离子超过11万个每立方厘米，它被称为天然氧吧和“最美丽的医疗主题山谷”）可知，黑山谷的负氧离子含量很高。故选D项。【答案】C【解析】】细节理解题。根据文章最后一句“It’sagoodideatoexperiencethelocalfolkcultureoftheMiaoethnicgroup,especiallywhenyouchoosetovisitinMaywhenthetraditionalCaishanFestivalofMiaoethnicgroupiscelebrated.”（体验当地苗族民俗文化是一个不错的主意，特别是当你选择在5月的传统苗族踩山会的时候去参观。）可知，前往黑山谷的最佳旅游时间是五月。故选C项。题型二信息寻找题、广告阅读题信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。（1）补全成分法省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driverwanted.根据文义，可将该句补充为：Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司机)。（2）联想推测法在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：Tel.=telephonenumberPh.=phoneAdd(r).=addressco.=companyLtd=LimitedMax=maximumMin=minimumhr=hourt=timefig=figureft=footml=miledoz=dozenMt=MountainP=pageprof.=professorDr.=doctors=southn=northw=westSta=Stationpop=popularvs=versusXmas=Christmasinfo=informationVIP=veryimportantpersonshrs=hoursaft=afterad=advertisementp/t=parttimeexp=experiencedPC=personalcomputerMA=MasterofArtsBSdegree=bachelor'sdegree(学士学位)（2022·广东·广州六中三模）GreatPandaCenterJoinGoEcoona7-dayvolunteerprograminChinatohelpwildlifeatagiantpandacenter!YourscheduleDay1:ArriveatChenduShuangliuInternationalAirport.ThelocalteamwillbewaitingtopickyouupandtransferyoutothehotelinChengdu.Day2:WalkaroundChengdu,visitPandaBreedingCenterandenjoydelicioushotpotdinner.Day3-6:TransfertoPandaBaseinthemountainsandtakepartinrewardingvolunteerwork!Eachday,volunteerswillworkfor4-6hoursandintheevenings,volunteerswilltakepartinculturalactivitiesrangingfromdumplingmakingtoChineselanguagelessons.Day7:TakeabustoeithertheairportorChengduCityCenterifextendingstay.Someofyourtasksinclude•Preparingfoodforthepandas•Cuttingdownandcarryingbamboos•Cleaningpandaenclosures•OccasionallyparticipatinginobservationandresearchRequirements•Ages18-50(Thisprojectmayacceptvolunteerswhoareunder18withaletterofconsent（同意）fromaparent)•BasicEnglishand/orChinese•MotivationtoworkwithanimalsTotalprojectcost:$1200•What’sincludedRoom:SharedhotelroomFood:ThreemealsadayAirporttransfers:Airporttransfersuponarrivalanddeparture•What’snotincludedFlights,travelhealthinsurance,personalexpensesImportantnote:Pleaseapplyforthisprogram1-2monthsinadvance.Familiesupgradingtoprivateaccommodationsmustpayanadditionalcharge.1．Whatmightvolunteersdoonthesixthday?A．VisitPandaBreedingCenter.B．Cleanpandaenclosures.C．TravelaroundChengdu.D．DepartfromPandaBase.2．Whatdoestheprojectcostinclude?A．Accommodations. B．Personalexpenses.C．Travelinsurance. D．Theairticket.3．Whatisrequiredofapplicants?A．BeingfluentinbothEnglishandChinese.B．Havingexperienceofworkingwithanimals.C．Applyingfortheprograminadvance.D．Beingatleast18yearsold.【导语】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了“大熊猫中心”的帮助保护大熊猫的志愿者服务项目。【答案】B【解析】】细节理解题。根据文章“Yourschedule”部分的“Day3-6:TransfertoPandaBaseinthemountainsandtakepartinrewardingvolunteerwork!Eachday,volunteerswillworkfor4-6hoursandintheevenings,volunteerswilltakepartinculturalactivitiesrangingfromdumplingmakingtoChineselanguagelessons.”（第3-6天：赶往山里的熊猫基地，参加一些有意义的志愿者工作！志愿者们每天工作4-6个小时。晚上，志愿者们将参加从饺子制作到汉语课程等文化活动。）以及“Someofyourtasksinclude”部分的“Cleaningpandaenclosures”（打扫熊猫圈）可知，第六天志愿者仍然在山里的熊猫基地里，第六天可能会打扫熊猫圈。故选B项。【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章“Totalprojectcost:$1200”部分的“Room:Sharedhotelroom”（房间:酒店共享房间）以及“What’snotincluded”部分的“Flights,travelhealthinsurance,personalexpenses”（机票，旅行健康保险，个人费用）可知，费用包括住宿。故选A项。3.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Importantnote:Pleaseapplyforthisprogram1-2monthsinadvance.”（注意:请提前1-2个月申请。）可知，参加志愿项目的人员要提前申请。故选C项。题型三数据计算题此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。（2021·全国·二模）AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyTheXercesSocietyforInvertebrateConservation,themonarchbutterflyisfacingasharppopulationdeclinethatcouldsoonleadtoitsextinction.Themonarchbutterflyisconsideredthe"kingofallbutterfliesduetoitsextremebeauty,hencethename"monarch".ThemostpopularamongtheNorthAmericanbutterflies,thegrandblack-and-orangeinvertebrate（无脊椎动物）isknownforitsyearlymassmigrationofupto3,000milesfromtheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulatoCalifornia'sCentralCoasteverywinter,beautifullycoveringallthetreesalongtheirpath.In1980,itspopulationwasrecordedtobeabout4.5millionandbythemid-2000's,therewerebarely100,000remaining.In2018,thenumberofmonarchbutterfliesfelldowntoonly28,260,whichmakesa99.4percentdeclinein39years."It'smind-boggling.We'renowdownbelow1percentofthehistoricpopulation,"SaysEmmaPelton,aXercesSocietyConservationbiologist.Avarietyoffactorscouldbeinvolvedtocausethemonarchbutterflies'nearextinction.Onecouldhaveaco-relationtothelesseningofotherinsectssuchasbeesandotherbirdspecies.Anotherfactorcouldbeduetoanumberofhumaneconomicactivitiessuchasurbanizationandillegalloggingwhichlessensthebutterflies'habitat,andpesticideswidelyusedoncornandsoybeancrops.Becauseofthesechainsofevents,an"extinction

vortex（旋风）”hasoccurredwheretheprocessof

extinctionwouldbenearunstoppablesincethespecieswon'tbeabletoreproduceandraisetheirnumbersthenaturalway.Themassdisappearanceofthemonarchbutterflyandotherendangeredspeciesisawakeupcallofourlittletimeremainingtopositivelyshiftthedirectionoftheecologicalenvironmentforamassiveimprovementinthenearfuture,inordertohelpmothernatureandalltheotherlivingspeciesinthisearth.12．Howmanymonarchbutterfliesdisappearyearly?A．About20,000. B．About150,000.C．About114,660. D．About44,550.12．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In1980,itspopulationwasrecordedtobeabout4.5millionandbythemid-2000's,therewerebarely100,000remaining.In2018,thenumberofmonarchbutterfliesfelldowntoonly28,260,whichmakesa99.4percentdeclinein39years.”(1980年，其数量约为四百五十万只，到2000年中期，只剩下10万。2018年，帝王蝶的数量降至28260只，它意味着在39年里下降了99.4%。)可知，可知平均每年有（4.5million-28,260）÷39=114660）只帝王蝶消失。故选C项。题型四排序题这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类题目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。（2020·天津·二模）Scientistssaytheyhavedevelopedasystemthatusesmachinelearningtopredictwhenandwherelightningwillstrike.TheresearchwasledbyengineersfromtheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyinLausanne,Switzerland.Lightningisastrongburstofelectricityintheatmosphere.Itcanstrikebetweencloudsorbetweenacloudandtheground.Sincelightningcarriesanextremelypowerfulelectricalcharge,itcanbedestructiveanddeadly.Itisdifficulttoknowexactlyhowmanypeopledieoflightning-relatedcauses.Europeanresearchershaveestimatedthatbetween6,000and24,000peoplearekilledbylightningworldwideeachyear.Thestrikescanalsocausepowerfailure,destroyproperty,damageelectricalequipmentandstartforestfires.Forthisreason,climatescientistshavelongsoughttodevelopmethodstopredictandcontrollightning.Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusesacombinationofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodelthatwastrainedtorecognizeweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.Themodelwascreatedwithdatacollectedovera12-yearperiodfrom12Swissweatherstationsincitiesandmountainareas.Thedatarelatedtofourmainsurfaceconditions:airpressure,airtemperature,relativehumidity(湿度)andwindspeed.Theatmosphericdatawasplacedintoamachinelearningalgorithm(计算程序),whichcomparedittorecordsoflightningstrikes.Researcherssaythealgorithmwasthenabletolearntheconditionsunderwhichlightninghappens.“Oncetrained,thesystemmadepredictionsthatprovedcorrectalmost80percentofthetime,”theSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologysaidinastatement.“Itcannowbeusedanywhere.”AmirhosseinMostajabi,aPhDstudentattheinstitute,saidcurrentsystemsforgatheringsuchdataareslowandcomplexandrequirecostlycollectionequipmentlikeradarorsatellites.“Ourmethodusesdatathatcanbeobtainedfromanyweatherstation,”hesaid.“Thiswillimprovedatacollectioninveryremoteareasnotcoveredbyradarandsatelliteorinplaceswherecommunicationsystemshavebeencut,”headded.TheresearchersplantokeepdevelopingthetechnologyinpartnershipwithaEuropeaneffortthataimstocreatealightningprotectionsystem.ScientistsworkingontheParis-basedprojectareexperimentingwithalasertechnologythatcouldsomedaycontrollightningactivity.Theideaisthatpowerful,ground-basedlaserscanbepositionedintheskytodirectenergyfromlightning.16．Whichisthecorrectorderofhowthesystemworks?①developapredictionmodel.②learntorecognizeweatherconditions.③collectrelateddata.④inputthedataontothecomputer.⑤makepredictions.A．①→②→③→④→⑤ B．③→④→①→②→⑤C．①→②→④→③→⑤ D．③→①→②→⑤→④16．【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusesacombinationofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodelthatwastrainedtorecognizeweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.可知，实验中测试的系统结合了气象站的数据和机器学习方法。研究人员开发了一个预测模型，经过训练可以识别可能导致闪电的天气状况。由此可知，系统工作的正确顺序是③→④→①→②→⑤。故选B。题型五图文转换题此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。TheHomeofMyPeopleWhenLewisandClarksteppedontotheWeippePrairieinpresent-dayIdahoinSeptember1808,theymettheNezPerceIndians.Inthefollowingyears,thewhiteexplorers（探险者）begantofightwiththeIndiansfortheirland.SomeNezPercechiefssignedagreementswiththeU.S.government,sellingpartoftheirlands.Butthegovernmentalwaysbrokethoseagreementsanddemandedmoreland.Otherchiefsrefusedtogoalongwiththegovernment’splans.ThemostfamouswasChiefJoseph,whosepeoplelivedintheWallowaValley（present-dayOregon）.“Inordertohaveallpeopleunderstandhowmuchlandweowned,”heonceexplained,“myfatherplantedpolesarounditandsaid:‘Insideisthehomeofmypeople…Itcircledaroundthegraves（坟墓）ofourfathers,andwewillnevergiveupthesegravestoanyman.’”Butin1874,theU.S.governmentdeclaredthevalleyopenforwhitesettlementandorderedtheNezPerceontoareservation（保留地）.Seeingthatresistancewasuseless,ChiefJosephagreedtomove.Later,fightingbrokeoutbetweentheNezPerceandU.S.soldiers.ChiefJosephtriedtoleadhispeopletoCanada,winningseveralbattlesagainstthesoldiersduringtheirflight.Butfinally,hewasforcedtogivein.1.Whichhistoricsite（onthemap）liesinthesouthoftoday’sNezPerceReservation?A.BuffaloEddy.B.DugBar.C.JosephCanyonViewpoint.D.ChiefLookingGlassCamp.2.WhatcanwelearnabouttheNezPercelandsfromthemap?A.TheywereinthestateofOregon.B.Theyhavebecomeahistoricsite.C.Theyhavebecomemuchsmaller.D.TheywerelimitedtotheWallowaValley.1.【答案】D【解析】】此题考查学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在NezPerceReservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点。可以看到ChiefLookingGlasscamp位于NezPerceReservation的南部。2.【答案】C【解析】】从地图中我们可以看到，NezPerce原先所拥有的土地比现在NezPerce保留区的位置大多了。6．代词指代题解题技能代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。（2021·湖北黄冈·一模）Frenchchildren15andunderwillnolongerbeallowedtobringsmartdevicestoschool.LawmakersinFrancevotedrecentlytobanallphones,tablets,andotherInternet-connecteddevicesfromschoolgrounds.ThebanwillstartinSeptember,“Thesedays,thechildrendon'tplayatbreaktimeanymore,”Jean-MichelBlanquer,France'seducationminister,said.“Theyarejustallinfrontoftheirsmartphones,andfromaneducationalpointofview,that'saproblem.Somestrictmeasuresmustbetakenimmediately.”A2010lawbadalreadybannedsmartphonesduring"allteachingactivity"inFrance.Butthenewrulessaysmartphonesandtabletsarenotallowedevenduringbreaks.Studentswhobringthesedigitaldevicestoschoolhavetokeepthemintheirbackpacksandturnedoff,Iftheywanttocalltheirparents,schoolswillhelp.However,thenewlawdoesn’tforbidstudentstoturntothemduringextra-curricularactivities.Italsomakesanexceptionfordisabledstudents.AlexisCorbiereisaFrenchpolitician.Hesaidtheefforttomakesuchalawshouldhavebeenputtosomethingelsebecauseteachershavealreadycarriedoutthisrulesofar.“Idon'tknowasingleteacherinthiscountrythatallowstheuseofphonesinclassandinschool,”hetoldFrenchnewschannelBFMTV.HowaboutsmartphonesinAmericanschools?AccordingtoastudybytheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,about66%ofpublicschoolsbanneddevicesin2019,whichwasdownfrom91%in2009.Whythechange?LizKolb,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganSchoolofEducation,saidthatparentsareconcernedaboutsecurityinschools."Intherarecasethatsomethingmayoccur,"shesaid,"thebeliefbysomeparentsisthatacellphonecouldbeausefultoolforsafety."24．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"them"inparagraph1referto?A．Disabledstudents.B．Digitaldevices.C．Backpacks.D．Students'parents.24．【答案】B【解析】代词指代题。第一段中划线词句上一句“Studentswhobringthesedigitaldevicestoschoolhavetokeepthemintheirbackpacksandturnedoff,iftheywanttocalltheirparents,schoolswillhelp.(把这些数码设备带到学校的学生必须把它们放在书包里，并关掉，如果他们想给父母打电话，学校会提供帮助)”说明学生可以把这些数码设备带到学校关掉不能使用，再根据划线词句“However,thenewlawdoesn’tforbidstudentstoturntothemduringextra-curricularactivities.(然而，新法律并不禁止学生在课外活动中求助于them)”转折的语义可以推断，划线单词“them”指代上文的“数码设备”。故选B项。Passage1（2022·河南·模拟预测）TheUSspaceagencyNASAhasrevealedanastonishingpicturerevealingnewsecretsoftheEarth’shomegalaxy(星系),theMilkyWay.Thesunisjustoneofhundredsofbillionsofstarsthatformthehugeshapeofourgalaxy.OursolarsystemsitsinanoutlyingregionbutthenewimagefocusesonthecentreoftheMilkyWay,a“noisy”areabecauseofallthecrowdedstars.Lightfromthisregiontakesabout26,000yearstoreachEarth.Forcomparison,lighttakesjusteightminutestoreachusfromthesun.Theresearchersusethedatacollectedbytwotelescopesthatseetheskyinwaysthatareverydifferentfromthevisiblelightoureyescanseetoformthenewimage.Mostofthedatacomesfrom370differentpicturestakenoverthepast20yearsbyNASA’sChandraXObservatory.ThissatellitetelescopedetectsX-raysoutinspace.X-raysareafromofradiationthatissentoutwhenviolenteventsheatmattertotemperaturesofmillionsofdegrees.OtherdatacomesfromtheMeerKATtelescopeinSouthAfrica,whichcandetectradiowavesfromspace.ThesewaveshavemuchlessenergythanX-rays.Theyareusuallyproducedbycoolermaterial,suchashugecloudsofgasbetweenthestars.Thebrightestsourcesincludeneutronstarswhicharethecoresofhugestarsthatranoutoffuelandcollapsedtocity-sizedballsofsuperhotmatter.Manyneutronstarsandblackholesjetoutgasesthatappearinthepictureaspurplestreaks(斑纹).Powerfulmagneticfieldsintheareacausethejetstobendastheygetfurtherfromtheirsource.AstronomerDrDanielWang,whohasworkedontheimageoverthepastyear,saidthenewpicturedescribed“aviolentorenergeticecosystem”.1．WhatcanbelearnedabouttheMilkyWay?A．Thecenterofitremainsunknown.B．Thesunisn’tlocatedinthecenterofit.C．Itscenterisverypeaceful.D．Itscenterfeaturesfewerstars.2．What’sparagraph2mainlyabout?A．Thecollectionofspacedata.B．ThefunctionoftheMeerKATtelescope.C．Thedifferencesofspacewaves.D．Theformationofthenewimage.3．Whatcanweknowaboutthegasesjettedoutbytheblackhole?A．Theywillabsorbsurroundingmaterials.B．Theywillformsuperbigmatter.C．Theygetbentifawayfromtheirsource.D．Theyarelikelytoexplodewhensuperheated.4．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．Ourgalaxy’sviolentheart B．AnattempttotravelinouterspaceC．Radiowavesfromouterspace D．Stars’purplestreaks【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了关于银河系中心不为人知的一些情况。1．【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“Thesunisjustoneofhundredsofbillionsofstarsthatformthehugeshapeofourgalaxy.OursolarsystemsitsinanoutlyingregionbutthenewimagefocusesonthecentreoftheMilkyWay,anoisyareabecauseofallthecrowdedstars.(太阳只是构成银河系巨大形状的数千亿颗恒星中的一颗。我们的太阳系位于一个偏远的区域，但新图像聚焦在银河系的中心，一个嘈杂的区域，因为所有的恒星都很拥挤)”可知，整个太阳系都不在银河系中心，即太阳也不在银河系中心。故选B项。2．【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Theresearchersusethedatacollectedbytwotelescopesthatseetheskyinwaysthatareverydifferentfromthevisiblelightoureyescanseetoformthenewimage.(研究人员使用了两台望远镜收集的数据，它们观察天空的方式与我们肉眼看到的可见光非常不同，从而形成了新的图像)”及过程描述可知，第二段主要讲述了银河系的新照片的形成。故选D项。3．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Powerfulmagneticfieldsintheareacausethejetstobendastheygetfurtherfromtheirsource.(该区域的强大磁场会导致射流在远离源头时发生弯曲)”可知，黑洞喷出的气体如果远离其源头就会发生弯曲。故选C项。4．【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。由文章最后一段“AstronomerDrDanielWang,whohasworkedontheimageoverthepastyear,saidthenewpicturedescribedaviolentorenergeticecosystem.(天文学家丹尼尔·王博士过去一年一直在研究这幅图像，他说，这幅新图像描述了一个激烈或充满活力的生态系统)”可知，整篇文章围绕这幅新图像展开，描述了银河系的中心是激烈或充满活力的。由此可知，Ourgalaxy’sviolentheart(我们星系狂暴的心脏)适合作本文最佳标题。故选A项。Passage2（2022·吉林长春·模拟预测）Haveahardtimewakingupwhenit’scoldout?Scientistssayyourbrainistoblame.AstudyconductedbyscientistsfromNorthwesternUniversitymadeitpossibletooffersomeexplanationsforthisphenomenon.Theirstudyonfruitfliesshowshowseasonallycoldanddarkconditionscanprohibitneuronswithintheflybrainthatpromoteactivityandwakefulnessfromsendingoutsignals,particularlyinthemorning.Ithelpsexplainswhy,forbothfliesandhumans,itissohardtowakeupinthemorninginwinter.“Bystudyingbehaviorsinafruitfly,wecanbetterunderstandhowandwhytemperatureissovitaltoregulatesleep,”saidMarcoGallio,associateprofessorofneurobiologyintheWeinbergCollegeofArtsandSciences.Thestudydescribesforthefirsttime“absolutecold”receptorsintheflyantenna,whichrespondtotemperatureonlybelowthefly’s“comfortzone”ofabout25°C．Havingrecognizedthoseneurons,theresearchersfollowedthemallthewaytotheirtargetswithinthebrain.Theyfoundtheirtargetsareasmallgroupofbrainneuronsthatarepartofalargernetworkthatcontrolsrhythmsofactivityandsleep.Whentheneuronstheydiscoveredareactive,thetargetcells,whichnormallyaremadeactivebymorninglight,areshutdown.“Temperaturesensingisoneofthemostfundamentalabilities,”saidGallio,whosegroupisoneofonlyafewintheworldthataresystematicallystudyingtemperaturesensinginfruitflies.“Theprincipleswearefindingintheflybrain,thelogicandorganization,maybethesameallthewaytohumans.Andfuturestudiesonhumanbrainwillsurelyfindsomereferenceinformationinthisstudy.”5．Whyisithardforfliestowakeupincoldmornings?A．Coldconditionsdisabletheantennasofflies.B．Flicshavefewerneuronsinthebrainthanhumans.C．Coldnessstopsflies’neuronsfromfunctioningwell.D．Flies’neuronscontrollingwakefulnessaredamaged.6．Whatdoweknowaboutthestudy?A．Itfocusesmainlyonhowflybrainswork.B．Ithelpsexplainhowtemperatureaffectssleep.C．Itaimsatsolvinghumans’sleepingproblems.D．Itshowsthesimilaritiesbetweenflybrainsandhumanbrains.7．Whichpartofafruitflywillbemadeactivewhenitiscold?A．Itsantenna. B．Itstargetcells.C．Its“absolutecold”receptors. D．Itsnetworkcontrollingsleep.8．What’sGallio’sattitudetowardsthepracticalvalueofthefindings?A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Ambiguous. D．Disappointed.【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项有关温度影响睡眠的研究。5．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Theirstudyonfruitfliesshowshowseasonallycoldanddarkconditionscanprohibitneuronswithintheflybrainthatpromoteactivityandwakefulnessfromsendingoutsignals,particularlyinthemorning.(他们对果蝇的研究表明，季节性寒冷和黑暗的环境会阻止果蝇大脑中促进活动和清醒的神经元发出信号，尤其是在早上)”可知，果蝇在寒冷的早晨很难醒来因为寒冷阻止果蝇神经元正常工作。故选C。6．【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Bystudyingbehaviorsinafruitfly,wecanbetterunderstandhowandwhytemperatureissovitaltoregulatesleep(通过研究果蝇的行为，我们可以更好地理解温度如何以及为什么对调节睡眠如此重要)”可知，这项研究有助于解释温度如何影响睡眠。故选B。7．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Thestudydescribesforthefirsttime“absolutecold”receptorsintheflyantenna,whichrespondtotemperatureonlybelowthefly’s“comfortzone”ofabout25°C.(该研究首次描述了果蝇触角上的“绝对低温”接收器，这种受体只对低于果蝇“舒适区”（约25°C）的温度做出反应)”可知，果蝇的“绝对低温”接收器在寒冷时会活跃起来。故选C。8．【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Andfuturestudiesonhumanbrainwillsurelyfindsomereferenceinformationinthisstudy.(未来对人脑的研究一定会在本研究中找到一些参考信息)”可推知，Gallio对这项研究的实用价值持积极态度。故选A。Passage3（2022·吉林长春·模拟预测）NewYork-basedEcovativehasbeencreatingenvironmentallyfriendlypackagingmadefrommushroomsandagriculturalwastesince2009.Now,thecompanywantstobringtheiramazingmaterialintohomesandofficeswithanewlineofcompostable(可堆肥的)furnishingsthataregrownusingjustthreematerials:mycelium(thevegetativepartofmushrooms),hemp(麻类植物),andsalt.Whilecreatinghardmaterialfrommushroomsmightsoundmagical,thecompany’sCEOEbenBayersaysitisarelativelylow-techprocessandcomparesitto“makingbread”.Thecompanybeginsbyaddingafewmyceliumcellstodamphemporotheragriculturalwaste.Themyceliumthatgrowslikelittlehairsisallowedtotwistwiththewasteuntileverythingis”glued“together.Thecombinationisthenmixedagainandplacedintothedesiredmold(模具)whereitcontinuestogrowandharden.Theresultingmaterialisthenbakedintheoven.Inadditiontomakingitasstrongaswood,theheatalsokillsthemycelium,thusgivingthecompostablematerialasimilarshelflifetowood.Also,thoughthetabletopsofthestylishTaflandKing’stablesrelea