高考英语大二轮复习讲义专题一阅读理解第二节

第二节方法运用于命题阅读理解的常考命题1．细节理解题细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非等。2．词义猜测题高考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜测词义(重述、定义、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词等)；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻辑猜测词义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等。3．推理判断题推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键。其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不可出现绝对概念。其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混珠、扩缩范围等。4．主旨大意题主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段；确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。其干扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概念；无中生有，生搬硬套等。点津解答各类命题时往往是多法并举，而不是一种方法解决一种题。(2017·浙江，A)BenjaminWest，thefatherofAmericanpainting，showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays，abrushwasmadefromcamel’shair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong，thecatbegantolookragged(蓬乱)．Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.Thecat’slotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear，oneofBenjamin’scousins，MrPennington，cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjamin’sdrawings.Whenhewenthome，hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings(版画)byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.In1747，whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold，MrPenningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin’sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhiladelphiaforavisit.Inthecity，MrPenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape(风景)painting.WilliamWilliams，awell­knownpainter，cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle，havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid，“Thosetwobooksweremypanionsbyday，andundermypillowatnight.”Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks，theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine­year­oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了美国著名艺术家本杰明·韦斯特是如何开始他的艺术生涯的。21．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Benjamin’svisittoPhiladelphia.B．Williams’influenceonBenjamin.C．ThebeginningofBenjamin’slifeasanartist.D．ThefriendshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.答案C解析主旨大意题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、关键词法等解答该题。文章从本杰明在六岁时自制画笔作画写起，到后来利用专业工具作画，再到知名画家送给本杰明书籍，都是在讲述本杰明是如何开始一步步走上艺术之路的，故选C。22．WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph3suggest?A．Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.B．Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.C．Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.D．Benjaminwouldhaverealbrushessoon.答案D解析句意理解题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、释义法等解答该题。由前文可知，本杰明在没有专业画笔之前是用猫的毛制作画笔的。画线句的字面意思是“猫的命运将会得到改善”。由该段后文可知，本杰明的表兄送给了他专业的颜料和画笔。由此可推知D项与画线句的意思相符。23．WhatdidPenningtondotohelpBenjamindevelophistalent?A．Hetookhimtoseepaintingexhibitions.B．Heprovidedhimwithpaintingmaterials.C．HesenthimtoaschoolinPhiladelphia.D．Hetaughthimhowtomakeengravings.答案B解析细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、关键词法等解答该题。短文第四段提到“HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.”，接着下一段又谈到“...MrPenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.”，由此可知，潘宁顿送给本杰明绘画材料来帮助他发展艺术才能，故选B项。24．Williams’twobookshelpedBenjaminto.A．mastertheuseofpaintsB．appreciatelandscapepaintingsC．gettoknowotherpaintersD．makeuphismindtobeapainter答案D解析细节理解题。可运用关键信息定位法、题段一致法、扫读法等解答该题。由文章最后两句“Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks，theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine­year­oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.”可知，这两本书是他通往古典绘画的入门教程，也帮助他下定决心成为一名画家，故选D项。(2017·浙江，B)GettinglesssleephasbeeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(调查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights，eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7­to12­year­oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday，and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest：mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool­agechildren，tenhoursisideal(理想的)．ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10­to12­year­oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV.“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson，andtherearemoreopportunities(机会)tostayawake，withmorehomework，theInternetandthephone，”saysDrMaryCarskadon，asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers’bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics，butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers，someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago，schoolsinEdina，Minnesota，changedthestarttimefrom7：25amto8：30am.Students，parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章指出了美国孩子睡眠缺乏的问题，列举了不同年龄段的孩子所需的睡眠时间、青少年晚睡的原因以及学校为解决青少年的睡眠问题所采取的措施。25．WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A．Americankids’sleepinghabits.B．Teenagers’sleep­relateddiseases.C．Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D．Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.答案A解析细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、关键词法等解答该题。根据文章第一段列举的一系列数字可知，国家睡眠基金会对一定年龄段孩子的睡眠习惯进行了调查，这也呼应了本段第一句“GettinglesssleephasbeeabadhabitformostAmericankids.”，故选A项。26．Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11­year­oldsneedeveryday?A．7hours. B．8hours.C．10hours. D．18hours.答案C解析细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、关键词法等解答该题。根据文章第二段第四句“Formostschool­agechildren，tenhoursisideal(理想的)．”可知选C项。27．WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?A．Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B．Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C．Theyfollowtheirparents’examples.D．Theydon’tneedtogotoschoolearly.答案B解析推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、关键词法、题段一致法等解答该题。根据文章第三段第一句“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson，andtherearemoreopportunities(机会)tostayawake，withmorehomework，theInternetandthephone...”以及第二句“...theseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.”可知，孩子们在睡觉前看电视、写作业、上网或打都容易让他们产生兴奋感而不愿意睡觉，故选B项。(2017·浙江，C)FLORENCE，Italy—SvetlanaCojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItaliankidsandtheelderly，butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.ItalyisthelatestWesternEuropeancountrytryingtocontrolagrowingimmigrant(移民)populationbydemandinglanguageskillsinexchangeforworkpermits，orinsomecases，citizenship.Someimmigrantadvocatesworrythatashardfinancialtimesmakeitmoredifficultfornativestokeepjobs，suchmeasureswillbeemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration(融合)．Otherssayit’sonlynaturalthatnewerslearnthelanguageoftheirhostnation，seeingitasaconditiontoensuretheycancontributetosociety.OtherEuropeancountrieslaiddownasimilarrequirementforimmigrants，andsometermsareeventougher.Thegovernmentsarguethatthiswillhelpforeignersbetterjointhesocietyandpromoteunderstandingacrosscultures.Italy，whichhasamuchweakertraditionofimmigration，haswitnessedasharpincreaseinimmigrationinrecentyears.In1990，immigrantsnumberedsome1.14millionoutofItaly’sthen56.7millionpeople，orabout2percent.Atthestartofthisyear，foreignerslivinginItalyamountedto4.56millionofatotalpopulationof60.6million，or7.5percent，withimmigrants’childrenaccountingforaneverlargerpercentageofbirthsinItaly.Cojochru，theMoldovancaregiver，hopedobtainingpermanentresidence(居住权)wouldhelpherbringhertwochildrentoItaly；theylivewithhersisterinMoldova，wheresalariesareamongthelowestinEurope.Shewasskepticalthatthelanguagerequirementwouldencourageintegration.Italiansalways“seemeasaforeigner，”anoutsider，eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently，shesaid.语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。科约卡鲁在意大利佛罗伦萨打工已经七年了，但为了继续待在这里她不得不通过考试来证明自己的语言技能——近几年意大利的外来移民越来越多，政府认为让外来移民参加语言考试，是为了帮助他们更好地融入社会，促进文化交流，而一些移民感觉这一举措让自己受到了伤害。28．WhydoesCojochruhavetotakealanguagetest?A．TocontinuetostayinItaly.B．ToteachherchildrenItalian.C．TofindabetterjobinItaly.D．TobettermixwiththeItalians.答案A解析细节理解题。可运用关键信息定位法、关键词法、扫读法等解答该题。根据文章第一段第二句中的“butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatest”可知，为了能继续留在意大利，科约卡鲁需要参加语言测试来证明她的语言技能。29．Somepeopleworrythatthenewlanguagerequirementmay.A．reduceItaly’spopulationquicklyB．causeconflictsamongpeopleC．leadtofinancialdifficultiesD．putpressureonschools答案B解析细节理解题。可运用关键信息定位法、位置特征法、扫读法等解答该题。根据文章第三段第一句中的“suchmeasureswillbeemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration(融合)”可知，有的移民担心对移民的语言测试和要求可能会导致各民族间的偏执而非融合，故选B项“在人们之间引起冲突”。30．WhatdoweknowaboutCojochru?A．SheliveswithhersisternowinItaly.B．SheenjoyslearningtheItalianlanguage.C．ShespeaksItalianwellenoughforherjob.D．Shewishestogobacktoherhomecountry.答案C解析推理判断题。可运用关键词法、题段一致法、扫读法等解答该题。由最后一段中的“eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently”可知，科约卡鲁的意大利语说得足够流利，这让她能够胜任她的工作，故选C项。跟踪训练A(2017·浙江吴越联盟二模)BionicYarnismakingasplashonthefashionscene.TheNewYorkCity­basedpanyturnsusedoldplasticbottles，someofwhichwererecoveredfromoceanshorelines，intoyarns(纱线)andfabricsforclothing.Thepany，whosecreativedirectorisrecordingartistPharrellWilliams，haspartneredwithseveraldifferentclothingbrands，includingG­StarandO’Nell—sinceitsfoundingin2009toincorporateitsyarnintoavarietyofproducts，fromdenimjeanstosnowboardingjackets.“Inthepastthreeyears，BionicYarnhastransformedabout7millionplasticbottlespulledfromshorelines，”panyco­founderTimCoombstoldTheHuffingtonPostinanemail.Becauseplasticbottlesaremadeupofthesamepolymer(聚合物)aspolyester(聚脂)，BionicYarnisabletobreakthemdownandremaketheminto“recycled”polyester.Theyarnmadefromthissubstancecanbeusedinplaceofvirginpolyester，ornewpolyestermadedirectlyfromcrudeoil.“Itwasawaytonotkillplasticoffbutatleastslowdowntheproductionofitandslowdowntheproductionofnewpolyesterwhenwecanjustrecycletheplasticfrombottles，”WilliamsexplainedinaCNNinterview.Thereareover165milliontonsofplasticsinouroceanstoday.Withoutnewreforms，therecouldbemoreplasticsbyweightinouroceansthanfishby2050，accordingtoareportreleasedbytheWorldEconomicForumandEllenMacArthurFoundationearlierthisyear.Ahorrifying8.8milliontonsofplasticendsupintheoceanseveryyear—that’saboutthesameasagarbagetruck’sworthofplasticgettingdumpedintoourwaterseverysecond，fromthesamereport.语篇解读本文是一篇科普文章。文章介绍了BionicYarn公司利用海洋中回收的废旧瓶子生产衣服，保护地球的做法。1．Whyplasticbottlescanbeturnedintoyarns?A．Theybothcanbebrokendown.B．Theybothbenefittheenvironment.C．Theybothconsistofpolymer.D．Theybothcontaincrudeoil.答案C解析细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、关键词法等解答该题。根据第三段中的“Becauseplasticbottlesaremadeupofthesamepolymer(聚合物)aspolyester(聚脂)”可知，此项目可以实现是因为两者都是由同一聚合物组成的。2．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardsthetransformingplasticbottles?A．Doubtful. B．Favorable.C．Unconcerned. D．Negative.答案B解析观点态度题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、关键词法等解答该题。根据作者对此项目的描述以及举例，尤其是倒数第二、三段的描述，可以看出作者对这一项目是持支持的态度，所以选B。3．Whatisthemainpurposeofusingplasticbottlestomakeclothing?A．Tomakeclothesfashionable.B．Tocutdownthebudget.C．Torecycleyarnsandfabrics.D．Tosavetheoceanandtheearth.答案D解析推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、关键词法等解答该题。根据文章后三段可知，这种做法可以保护海洋和地球。4．Whatarethelasttwoparagraphsmainlytalkingabout?A．Theoceanisbeingpollutedbytheplasticbottles.B．Therewillbemoreplasticsthanfishintheocean.C．Tonsofplasticsgetdumpedintowaterseveryyear.D．TheWorldEconomicForumcallsfornewreforms.答案A解析推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、题段一致法等解答该题。根据最后两段所列举的信息可以知道，现在有很多废弃塑料被扔进大海，导致污染。所以选A。B(2017·福建师大附中期中)Formostseventhgraders，lifedoesn’tgetmuchharderthanahistorytest.ButforGrantReedofBellville，Ohio，it’shisowncurrenteventsthataresopainful.“Honestly，Idon’twanttodie，”Grantsays.Lastyear，doctorsatNationwideChildren’sHospitalinColumbusfoundatumor(肿瘤)inGrant’sbrain.Theycutitout，butthesurgerylefthimwithstroke­likesymptoms.Plus，hehadtogothroughmonthsofradiationandchemotherapytotrytostopthespreadofthedisease.Yet，throughitall，Granthasshownremarkabledetermination，whichheowes，partly，toOhioStatefootball.Hisparents，TroyandDenise，werebothintheOSUmarchingbandandfellinloveduringhalftimeoftheMichigangame.HiscatisnamedaftertheteamBuckeye.Hiswardrobeispaintedscarlet(thecoloroftheteam’ssportswear)．Thepointis，almostnothingmatteredmoretoGrantthanOhioStatefootball—untilhegotsick，ofcourse.“Ididn’tlikethewordcancer，”Grantsays.Sohedecidednottousetheword.Instead，thekidnamedhiscancerMichiganandinsistedeveryoneinhisliferefertoitassuch，becauseOhioStatealwaysbeatsMichigan.Thatwassomethinghecouldunderstandandmakeitintoapetition.Hewasgoingtobeatthisdisease.It’snowbeenmorethanayearsinceGrantissuedthatannouncement.“Andifyoulookathisscans，”Dr.RandalatNationwideChildren’ssays，“There’snothingthere.There’sabigspace，butthere’snotumor.”“GrantisbeatingMichigan.Andalthoughmuchofithastogotoscience，don’tignorethesemantics(语义学)．Youhavetodosomethingtomakeitadiseaseyoucanfight.AndforGrant，thatwasnamingitMichigan，”hisparentssay.Thisweekend，OhioStateandMichiganwillbebattlingliketheirlivesdependonit.Butinthishouse，theReedfamilywillbewatchingwithacalminsight：it’sjustagame.语篇解读Grant得了癌症，但是他没有放弃，通过自己坚强的意志力和医学的帮助，战胜了病魔。5．What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A．Historyisadifficultsubject.B．Grantsufferedaseriousdisease.C．Theoperationwassuccessful.D．Thetumorhasspreadallover.答案B解析段落大意题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据文章第一段的句子“Lastyear，doctorsatNationwideChildren’sHospitalinColumbusfoundatumor(肿瘤)inGrant’sbrain.”及为此接受的治疗等可知，该段主要介绍Grant得了重病。故选B。6．Fromthesecondparagraph，wecaninferthat.A．GrantwasbornafootballfanB．footballmakesafullmanC．interestisthebestteacherD．Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves答案A解析推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据文章第二段描述可知，Grant天生是个足球迷。故选A。7．Bysayingthatit’sjustagame，wecaninferthattheReedfamily.A．haslostinterestinthematchbetweenOhioStateandMichiganB．believesMichiganwillsurelybeatOhioStatethisweekendC．hasabetterunderstandingoflifeD．viewsthematchasamatteroflifeanddeath答案C解析推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据文章最后一段的句子“Butinthishouse，theReedfamilywillbewatchingwithacalminsight：it’sjustagame.”可知，Reed一家用冷静的视角看待比赛，说明他们对人生有了新的理解。故选C。C(2017·湖北武汉调研)InSwitzerland，thelandofwatches，trainsreallydorunlikeclockwork.“IfI’m30secondslate，thetrainisgone，”saidMichelleKranz，whomutes(通勤)dailyintoLucerne，wheresheworksforthetouristboard.Stepacrosstheborder，andyou’reinadifferentuniverse.Italyhastworailschedules：theoneprintedinthebrochureandtheother，flashingupdates，onaboardinthestation.Thefirstmaybeafantasy；thesecond，reality.Nexttoposteddepartures，“Invariablyyouseetheword‘ritardato’(delayed)，”saidRickSteves，whowritesguidebooksandrunsatourpanycalledEuropeThroughtheBackDoorinEdmonds，Wash.Yourtimeormytime？Whentraveling，you’reintheirtime.Andthatcanaffectalmosteverything：catchingtrainsandbuses，shopping，gettingamealandmakingappointments.Knowingalittleabouttheculturecanpr