专题04 阅读理解之说明文12篇（解析版）

专题04阅读理解之说明文12篇（23-24高一上·福建·期末）Thankstoitsproximity(邻近)toEngland,itssuccessfultourismindustryanditsmulticulturalpopulation,EdinburghisquiteaspecialcityinScotland.Edinburghsimplymakesitwithcultureduringitslongholidayseason.ItisnotjustitsfamousfestivalsinthesummerbutitsChristmasandHogmanay(除夕)celebrations,whichfillthecitywithtouristsfromallovertheworld.Alongwiththetourists,Edinburghhaslotsofstudents.Theybringenergyandvarietytothecultureofthecity.Althoughthiscanbeoverwhelming(令人不知所措)attimes,ifyouopenyourarmstothegoodthatitbringsyoucangetsomuchoutofthecity.TheCyclingGardenersareapartofthelocalcommunity.Bybeingtotallydependentonbikesfortransport,wearelimitedtoworkingwithinthecitycentre.Wehavemadelifeabiteasieronourselvesbyusingelectricbikes,andweoftenbeatcarsintrafficandhavenoproblemfindingplacetopark.Wehaveagreatcollectiveteamspiritwhichisveryimportant.WheneveryougotherefromMaytoSeptember,youwilllikelymeetbothsunshineandrain.Butthewetweathercanbedealtwithbyhelpingeachotherout,spendingtimeinthemanylocalcafes,catchingupwithyourfriendsandhavingagooddiscussionabouttherain!WithoutdoubtmyfavouriteplaceinEdinburghistheMeadowsPark.Iwasborninthehospitaloverlookingitandgrewupinbuildingsaroundit.Muchofmychildhooddayswerespentthere.ImetmywifethereanditiswhereItakemyyoungsontoplay.Ihavethehappiestmemoriesofbuildingsnowmenwhenthesnowcomesdown.IreallyhopethatthiswinterbringsgoodsnowsoIcanreviewmyownchildhoodwithmyson!1．WhatdoesEdinburghattractvisitorsmost?A．Itssuccessfulindustry. B．Itsfamousfestivals.C．Itsrainyseasons. D．Itsbeautifulview.2．Comparedwithdrivingcars,what’stheadvantagesofridingelectricbikesforCyclingGardeners?A．Speed. B．Comfort.C．Convenience. D．Expense.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“catchingup”inparagraph4mean?A．Gettingup. B．Meetingup.C．Showingup. D．Pickingup.4．WhyistheMeadowsParktheauthor’sfavoriteplaceinEdinburgh?A．Hehasgoodmemoriesthere. B．Hewasbornthere.C．Heplayedwithhisyoungsonthere. D．Hemethiswifethere.【答案】1．B2．C3．B4．A【导语】这是一篇说明文。由于毗邻英格兰、成功的旅游业和多元文化的人口，爱丁堡是苏格兰一个相当特殊的城市。文章对其进行了详细介绍。1．细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“ItisnotjustitsfamousfestivalsinthesummerbutitsChristmasandHogmanay(除夕)celebrations,whichfillthecitywithtouristsfromallovertheworld.(这里不仅有夏季著名的节日，还有圣诞节和新年庆祝活动，这些活动吸引了来自世界各地的游客。)”可知，爱丁堡最吸引游客的是其著名的节日。故选B。2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Wehavemadelifeabiteasieronourselvesbyusingelectricbikes,andweoftenbeatcarsintrafficandhavenoproblemfindingplacetopark.(通过使用电动自行车，我们让自己的生活变得更轻松，而且我们经常在交通中击败汽车，找地方停车也没有问题。)”可知，与开车相比，骑电动自行车对自行车爱好者来说更方便。故选C。3．词句猜测题。根据第四段最后一句中的“andhavingagooddiscussionabouttherain!(好好讨论了一下下雨的事)”和“spendingtimeinthemanylocalcafes(在当地的咖啡馆消磨时间)”可知，此处是指和朋友小聚，所以catchup意为“朋友小聚”。故选B。4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Iwasborninthehospitaloverlookingitandgrewupinbuildingsaroundit.Muchofmychildhooddayswerespentthere.ImetmywifethereanditiswhereItakemyyoungsontoplay.Ihavethehappiestmemoriesofbuildingsnowmenwhenthesnowcomesdown.(我出生在俯瞰它的医院里，在它周围的建筑里长大。我童年的大部分时光都是在那里度过的。我在那里遇到了我的妻子，我带着我年幼的儿子去那里玩。下雪的时候堆雪人是我最快乐的回忆。)”可知，因为在梅多斯公园有很多作者美好的回忆，所以那里是作者在爱丁堡最喜欢的地方。故选A。（23-24高一上·福建·期末）Roadkillisaworldwideproblem.Everyyear:About340millionbirdsarekilledonroadsintheUnitedStates;around9millionmammals(哺乳动物)ofaveragesizearekilledonBrazilianroads;andChinaisnoexception.Todealwiththis,astudyof“roadkill”hasbeenconductedbyProfessorLiZhongqiuandhisteamfromNanjingUniversity.ThestudywasconductedinNanjing,whichhasmorethan9,700kmofwell-builtroads.Liandhisteammatesran26roadkillmonitoring(监测)activitiesover224.27kmofroads,totaling5,831kmduringtheresearchperiod.Thenineroadschosenfortheteam’sresearchweremonitoredeverytwoweeksoverthecourseofayear.Theteamrecordedatotalof293deadbodies.Amongthem,birdsmadeupnearlyhalfthetotal.AsamainbirdspeciesinEastChina,blackbirdsareusuallyattractedbyfliesorotherinsectstodeadbodiesofroadkillalongtheroads.“Specifically,cats,dogsandblackbirdswerethethreemostcommonlykilledanimals,”Lisaid.“Thismaybeduetothelargenumberofhomelesscatsanddogsincityareas.Petsthrownoutoftheirhomesaremorelikelytorunintotraffic.”Accordingtothereport,roadkillhappenedalotfromMaytoSeptember.Theanimal’increasedreproductive(生殖)activityinsummerandautumnisapossiblereason.Besides,roadkillissuesalsotoppedinNovemberandJanuary.Thismaybeduetotheneedtosearchforfoodduringwinterwhenfoodresourcesarefew,Lisaid.“Thereisnodoubtthatroadkillhascontributedtothedecreaseofanimalpopulationsandmustbetakenseriously,”Lisaid.“Wecallonrelateddepartmentstotakemeasuressuchasspeedlimitsandnecessarytrafficcontrolsduringtopperiodsofanimalactivities.Foranimalssuchascatsanddogsthatusuallyusetheroads,fencescanpreventthemfromenteringtraffic.”1．Whatisparagraph1ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Thepurposeofthestudy. B．Themethodofthestudy.C．Theresultofthestudy. D．Thebackgroundofthestudy.2．Howoftenwerethechosenroadsmonitoredduringaresearchyear?A．Onceeverytwoweeks. B．Onceaweek.C．Threetimeseverytwoweeks. D．Twiceaweek.3．WhatisthepossiblereasonwhyroadkillaccidentshappenthemostinNovemberandJanuary?A．Largeanimalbirthrate. B．Busiertraffic.C．Fewtrafficcontrols. D．Animals’demandforfood.4．WhatcanpolicymakersdotoreducecatroadkillincidentsaccordingtoProfessorLi?A．Havingspeedlimits. B．Takingtrafficcontrols.C．Buildingfences. D．Settingwarningsigns.【答案】1．D2．A3．D4．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了动物道路死亡的现象，为了解决这个问题，南京大学的李忠秋教授和他的团队进行了一项关于“路杀动物”的研究。1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Roadkillisaworldwideproblem.Everyyear:About340millionbirdsarekilledonroadsintheUnitedStates;around9millionmammals(哺乳动物)ofaveragesizearekilledonBrazilianroads;andChinaisnoexception.(道路死亡是一个全球性的问题。每年：大约3.4亿只鸟在美国的道路上被杀死；大约900万只中等体型的哺乳动物死在巴西的道路上；中国也不例外)”可知，第一段主要讲的是研究的背景。故选D。2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Thenineroadschosenfortheteam’sresearchweremonitoredeverytwoweeksoverthecourseofayear.(研究小组选择的9条道路在一年的时间里每两周监测一次)”可知，在研究年度中，所选道路的监测频率是每两周一次。故选A。3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Besides,roadkillissuesalsotoppedinNovemberandJanuary.Thismaybeduetotheneedtosearchforfoodduringwinterwhenfoodresourcesarefew,Lisaid.(此外，道路死亡事件也在11月和1月达到高峰。李说，这可能是因为冬天食物资源很少，它们需要寻找食物)”可知，交通事故在11月和1月发生最多的可能原因是动物对食物的需求。故选D。4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Foranimalssuchascatsanddogsthatusuallyusetheroads,fencescanpreventthemfromenteringtraffic.(对于像猫和狗这样经常使用道路的动物来说，栅栏可以防止它们进入车流)”可知，政策制定者可以建造栅栏来减少公路撞死猫的事件。故选C。（23-24高一上·甘肃庆阳·期末）Riversareveryimportant.Humansrelyonthemforfoodandwater.Butriverscandestroythings,too.Theycanflood,orriseovertheirbanks,makingthewaterrunintothenearbyland.Floodscanalsokillhumansandwildlife.However,floodsarenotalwaysbad.Someecosystemsneedthemeveryonceinawhile.Floodingcannotonlydrownanimalsbutalsodestroyhabitats.Forexample,afloodinIndiain2012killedmanyone-hornedrhinos.Floodwaterscanpickupdirtfromriverbanks,whichmakesthewaterdirty.Toomuchdirtwillclogriversandstreams,preventingtheriverfromflowing.Sometimesfloodwaterscancarrypollutiontotheseaandharmmarinelife.Inaddition,floodwaterscancarrydisease,includinghepatitisA(甲型肝炎)andcholera(霍乱).However,noteverythingaboutfloodsisbad.Sometimestheybringnewlifetoecosystems.Floodwaterscarrynutrientstothenearbyland.Overtime,thewaterdriesupandleavesbehindparticles(微粒)ofdirtandmud.Theparticlesarecalledsediment(沉淀物)whichcanbegoodduetoitsabilitytoimprovethedirtandhelpplantsgrow.Floodsareimportanttosomeanimalsaswell.Forinstance,someanimalsseefloodsasasignthatitistimetomateormigrate.Floodsleavesedimentonriverbedswherebabyfishcangrowandcarrynutrientsforsmallanimalsinthewatertoeat.Moreover,indryseasons,watermightdryup,butfloodshelprefillthewetlands,keepingtheecosystemgoing.Floodsareapartofnature.Theycandestroylivingthingsandtheenvironment.Butsomeecosystemsneedfloodstosurvive.1．What’sthepossiblemeaningoftheunderlinedword“clog”inParagraph2?A．Become. B．Pollute. C．Block. D．Develop.2．Howdofloodshelpecosystems?A．Nutrientscarriedbyfloodscanmakesoilricher.B．Floodsmakealltheanimalsmigratemoreeasily.C．Tinyfishgoingwithfloodsfeedsomeanimals.D．Floodscanimprovethedirtandhelpplantsgrow.3．What’sthemainideaofParagraph3?A．Thewayinwhichfloodsfeedanimals. B．Thebenefitsoffloodstoecosystems.C．Aneffectivemeansofimprovingsoil. D．Thereasonforpeople’sappreciatingfloods.4．What’sthebesttitleofthisarticle?A．TheBadEffectsofFlooding B．TheSecretofFloodingC．Floods-ADisastertoHumans D．Floods—APartofNature【答案】1．C2．A3．B4．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了洪水的好处和坏处，指出洪水是自然的一部分，维持生态平衡。1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Toomuchdirtwill”以及后文“riversandstreams,preventingtheriverfromflowing”可知，太多的污垢会堵塞河流和小溪，阻止河流流动。故划线词意思是“堵塞”。故选C。2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Sometimestheybringnewlifetoecosystems.Floodwaterscarrynutrientstothenearbyland.Overtime,thewaterdriesupandleavesbehindparticles(微粒)ofdirtandmud.Theparticlesarecalledsediment(沉淀物)whichcanbegoodduetoitsabilitytoimprovethedirtandhelpplantsgrow.(有时它们会给生态系统带来新的生命。洪水把养分带到附近的土地上。随着时间的推移，水干涸了，留下了灰尘和泥浆颗粒。这些颗粒被称为沉积物，因为它能改善土壤，帮助植物生长)”可知，洪水携带的养分可以使土壤更肥沃，从而帮助生态系统。故选A。3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“However,noteverythingaboutfloodsisbad.Sometimestheybringnewlifetoecosystems.Floodwaterscarrynutrientstothenearbyland.Overtime,thewaterdriesupandleavesbehindparticles(微粒)ofdirtandmud.Theparticlesarecalledsediment(沉淀物)whichcanbegoodduetoitsabilitytoimprovethedirtandhelpplantsgrow.Floodsareimportanttosomeanimalsaswell.Forinstance,someanimalsseefloodsasasignthatitistimetomateormigrate.Floodsleavesedimentonriverbedswherebabyfishcangrowandcarrynutrientsforsmallanimalsinthewatertoeat.Moreover,indryseasons,watermightdryup,butfloodshelprefillthewetlands,keepingtheecosystemgoing.(然而，并非所有关于洪水的事情都是不好的。有时它们会给生态系统带来新的生命。洪水把养分带到附近的土地上。随着时间的推移，水干涸了，留下了灰尘和泥浆颗粒。这些颗粒被称为沉积物，因为它能改善土壤，帮助植物生长。洪水对一些动物也很重要。例如，一些动物把洪水看作是交配或迁徙的信号。洪水在河床上留下沉积物，幼鱼可以在河床上生长，并携带营养物质供水中的小动物食用。此外，在干旱季节，水可能会干涸，但洪水有助于补充湿地，保持生态系统的运转)”可知，第三段的主旨是洪水对生态系统的好处。故选B。4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Floodsareapartofnature.Theycandestroylivingthingsandtheenvironment.Butsomeecosystemsneedfloodstosurvive.(洪水是自然的一部分。它们会破坏生物和环境。但有些生态系统需要洪水才能生存)”结合文章主要说明了洪水的好处和坏处，指出洪水是自然的一部分，维持生态平衡。可知，D选项“洪水——自然的一部分”最符合文章标题。故选D。（23-24高一上·江苏泰州·期末）Thoseofuswhoshoponlinemayscancustomerreviewstogetabettersenseofproductswecan'tjudgeforourselvesataphysicalstore.Wemaycheckoutonlinetestimonialsbeforebookingahaircutorvisitinganewrestaurant.Butwhathappensifsomeofthosereviewscan'tbetrusted?TheFederalTradeCommission(FTC)recentlyannouncedthatitwasproposingnewmeasurestocrackdownonfakereviewsandotherpracticesusedtomisleadconsumers.Thecommissionpublishedaproposedrulethatwouldprohibitcompaniesfromwritingorsellingfakereviews,buyingpositivereviews,suppressingnegativereviewsandmore.“Ourproposedruleonfakereviewsshowsthatwe'reusingallavailablemeanstoattackdeceptiveadvertisinginthedigitalage,”SamuelLevine,directoroftheFTC'sBureauofConsumerProtection,saidinastatement.Researchshowspeopleoverwhelminglyconsultonlinereviews,buthumansarealsobadattellingwhichconsumerreviewsholdwaterandwhicharenonsense.That'spotentiallyworrisomegiventhatnearlyoneineverythreereviewsisfake,accordingtooneestimate.

Inarguingfortheproposal,theFTCcitedenforcementactionsithadtakenagainstcompaniesthatmanipulatedreviewsoftheirproducts.In2022,forexample,thecommissionforcedtheonlineretailerFashionNovatopay$4.2milliontosettleallegations(指控)thatitblockednegativereviewsfrombeingpostedonitswebsite—thefirstFTCactioninvolvingacompany'sefforttohidenegativereviews.Foritspart,FashionNovasaidinastatementtoTheNewYorkTimesthattheFTC'sallegationswere“inaccurate”andthatitonlysettledthechargestoavoid“thedistractionandlegalfees”.Commentsontheproposedrulehavetobereceivedwithin60daysofitspublicationintheFederalRegister,afterwhichtheFTCwilldecidewhethertoissuearevisedfinalversion.1．WhatisthemainpurposeoftheFTC'sproposedrule?A．Toimprovethequalityofproductsandservices.B．Toprotecttheinterestsofphysicalstores.C．Tobannegativereviewsfromonlineplatforms.D．Toensuretruereviewsarepresentedtocustomers.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“holdwater”inParagraph4mostprobablymean?A．Becredible. B．Beprejudiced. C．Beofficial. D．Bemisleading.3．WhywasFashionNovaforcedtopay$4.2millioninasettlementin2022?A．Todeletenegativereviewsofitsproducts.B．Topostcustomerreviewsonitswebsite.C．Toresolveallegationsofdeceptiveadvertising.D．Topreventitfromfacingfurthercriticismandlegalfees.4．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheproposedrule?A．Itiswell-received. B．Itisstillunderreview.C．Ithasproventobeeffective. D．Ithasencounteredopposition.【答案】1．D2．A3．C4．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国联邦贸易委员会发布了一项建议规则，禁止公司撰写或销售虚假评论，购买正面评论，压制负面评论，并打击虚假评论和其它误导消费者的行为。1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“TheFederalTradeCommission(FTC)recentlyannouncedthatitwasproposingnewmeasurestocrackdownonfakereviewsandotherpracticesusedtomisleadconsumers.(美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)最近宣布，将提出新措施，打击虚假评论和其他误导消费者的做法)”可知，联邦贸易委员会拟议规则的主要目的是确保向客户提供真实的评论。故选D项。2．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Researchshowspeopleoverwhelminglyconsultonlinereviews,buthumansarealsobadattelling(研究表明，绝大多数人会查阅网上评论，但人类也不善于分辨)”以及“whicharenonsense(哪些是胡说八道)”可知，此处为人类也不善于分辨哪些消费者评论站得住脚，哪些是胡说八道。由此猜测，划线短语holdwater为“站得住脚，可信的”意思，与A项Becredible(是可信的)意思一致。故选A项。3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In2022,forexample,thecommissionforcedtheonlineretailerFashionNovatopay$4.2milliontosettleallegations(指控)thatitblockednegativereviewsfrombeingpostedonitswebsite—thefirstFTCactioninvolvingacompany'sefforttohidenegativereviews.(例如，在2022年，委员会迫使在线零售商FashionNova支付420万美元。该公司被指控阻止负面评论在其网站上发布——这是FTC首次针对一家公司隐瞒负面评论的行为采取行动)”可知，FashionNova在2022年被迫支付420万美元的和解金是为了解决关于欺骗性广告的指控。故选C项。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Commentsontheproposedrulehavetobereceivedwithin60daysofitspublicationintheFederalRegister,afterwhichtheFTCwilldecidewhethertoissuearevisedfinalversion.(对拟议规则的评论必须在《联邦公报》(FederalRegister)公布后60天内收到，之后FTC将决定是否发布修订后的最终版本)”可推知，关于拟议的规则仍在审查中。故选B项。（23-24高一上·广东惠州·期末）Therearethousandsoflanguagesintheworld.Butwhichlanguageistheoldest?Expertsusedifferentmethodstofindouttheageofalanguage.Findingtheoldestlanguageisachallengingtask,accordingtoDannyHieber,anexpertinthestudyofendangeredlanguages.“Ifwethinkthatmostlanguagescandatebacktoanoriginalhumanlanguage,alllanguagesareequallyold,”Hiebersaid.However,it’simpossibletofindoutsuchlanguage—thedirectancestorofeverylanguageintheworld.Accordingly,someexpertsbelievethatthe“oldestlanguage”shouldbelongtoonewithawell-establishedwrittenrecord.Manyoftheearliestrecordedexamplesofwritingcomefromlanguagesthatusedcuneiformscript(楔形文字).AmongtheselanguagesareSumerianandAkkadian,bothdatingbackatleast4,600years.ExpertshavealsofoundEgyptianhieroglyphsthatdatetoaroundthesamehistoricalperiod.Thesehieroglyphs,whichcanbetranslatedinto“HehasunitedtheTwoLandsforhisson,DualKingPeribsen,”areconsideredtheearliestcompletesentenceeverdiscovered.ExpertsgenerallyagreethatSumerian,AkkadianandEgyptianaretheoldestlanguageswithaclearwrittenrecord.Allthreeareextinct,meaningthattheyarenolongerusedanddon’thaveanylivingfollowerswhichcancarrythelanguagetothenextgeneration.Asfortheoldestlanguagethatisstillspoken,severalcompetitorsappear.HebrewandArabicstandoutamongsuchlanguagesforhavingtimelinesthatexpertscanreasonablyfind,accordingtoHieber.Althoughtheseearliestwrittenlanguagesonlydatebackaround3,000years,Hiebersaid,“bothofthembelongtotheAfroasiaticlanguagefamily,whoserootsdatebackto18,000to8,000B．C．E.,orabout20,000to10,000yearsago.”Evenwiththiswideperiodoftime,itiswidelyacceptedthatAfroasiaticistheoldestlanguagefamily.ButtheexactpointintimewhenHebrewandArabicseparatedfromotherAfroasiaticlanguagesisheavilydebatedamongexperts.1．Howdoexpertsdeterminetheageofalanguage?A．Bystudyingitsspokendialects. B．Byanalyzingitsbasicgrammar.C．Byexaminingitswrittenrecords. D．Bycomparingittootherlanguages.2．WhatisthevalueoftheEgyptianhieroglyphs?A．They’reanexampleofcuneiformscript. B．TheybelongtotheAfroasiaticlanguage.C．Theyprovideevidenceoftheoldestlanguage. D．They’retheearliest-knowncompletesentences.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“extinct”inparagraph4mean?A．Gone B．Ancient. C．Outdated. D．Active.4．WhatisthemaindisagreementamongexpertsregardingHebrewandArabic?A．Thereasonfortheirstandingout. B．Theexacttimeoftheirseparation.C．Theappearanceoftheircompetitors. D．Therootsofearliestwrittenlanguages.【答案】1．C2．D3．A4．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了专家是如何确定语言的年龄的以及一些已经灭绝了的古老语言。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Accordingly,someexpertsbelievethatthe“oldestlanguage”shouldbelongtoonewithawell-establishedwrittenrecord.(因此，一些专家认为，“最古老的语言”应该属于具有完善书面记录的语言)”可知，专家通过审查书面记录来确定一种语言的年龄。故选C。2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Thesehieroglyphs,whichcanbetranslatedinto“HehasunitedtheTwoLandsforhisson,DualKingPeribsen,”areconsideredtheearliestcompletesentenceeverdiscovered.(这些象形文字可以翻译成“他为他的儿子——双王佩里布森统一了两块土地”，被认为是迄今为止发现的最早的完整句子)”可知，埃及象形文字的价值在于是已知最早的完整句子。故选D。3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“meaningthattheyarenolongerusedanddon’thaveanylivingfollowerswhichcancarrythelanguagetothenextgeneration”可知，这三种语言不再被使用，也没有任何活着的追随者可以把这种语言传给下一代，即这三种语言都消失了。故划线词意思是“消失了的”。故选A。4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“ButtheexactpointintimewhenHebrewandArabicseparatedfromotherAfroasiaticlanguagesisheavilydebatedamongexperts.(但是，希伯来语和阿拉伯语从其他亚非语言中分离出来的确切时间点在专家之间存在激烈的争论)”可知，专家们对希伯来语和阿拉伯语的主要分歧是它们分离出来的确切时间。故选B。（23-24高一上·广东茂名·期末）Whenyouareakid,gainingabestfriendforevercanhappeninasingleplaydate.Butwhenyougrowuptobeanadult,makingandmaintainingfriendshipsgetsharder.Sohowmuchqualitytime(优质时光)doyouneedbeforethatstrangerbecomesyourfriend?Anewstudyrecentlyfoundthat,onaverage,ittakesabout50hourswithsomeonebeforeyouconsiderthemacasual(感情不深的)friend,about90hoursbeforeyoubecomerealfriends,andabout200hourstobecomeclosefriends.Thestudy’sauthorJeffreyHall,acommunicationsprofessor,invitedadultswhoareeagertomakefriendstotakepartintwoexperiments—peoplewhohadjustmovedtoanewcityinthepastsixmonthsandcollegefreshmen.Heaskedthemtorateandtrackthedegreeofclosenessandtimespenttogetherwithanewperson.“Resultssuggestthatthechanceofchangingfromcasualfriendtorealfriendisgreaterthan50%afteraround80-100hourstogether,”saidHall.Thestudyfoundthattheamountoftimespenttalkingtogether,orthefactthatyouspenttimeatschoolorworkwiththem,wasunrelatedtofriendshipcloseness.“Itisreallyeasytospendalotoftimewithpeopleastheyareroutinelyinthesameplaceatthesametimeasyou,”Hallsaid.“However,mystudyshowsyoucanhaveworkmatesyouspendhundredsandhundredsofhourswithandstillnotdevelopafriendship.”Youdonotneedtobecomebestfriendswithyourworkmatestodevelopmeaningfulrelationshipswiththem.Butforthoseofushopingtochangefrom“girlwhoIeatlunchatworkwith”to“friendIcandependon,”Hallsuggeststhatyouneedtotaketherelationshipoutoftheworkplaceforittobecomeafriendship.Theparticipantswhodidactivitiesoutsideofworkwithsomeone,suchasbeinginvitedtohavelunchintheirhome,weremorelikelytodevelopdeeperrelationshipswiththem.1．Whatisthenewstudymainlyabout?A．Waysofmakingfriendsinanewenvironment. B．Whypeopleneedtomakedifferentfriends.C．Differentlevelsoffriendship. D．Howlongittakestodevelopafriendship.2．Whatdoweknowabouttheparticipantsinthestudy?A．Theykneweachotherbefore. B．Theyhaddifficultyinmakingnewfriends.C．Theywereingreatneedoffriends. D．Theystartedtheirnewlifeinthesamecity.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“routinely”probablymeaninparagraph3?A．Usually. B．Actively. C．Seldom. D．Confidently.4．WhichcanhelppeoplebuilddeeperrelationshipswithworkmatesaccordingtoHall?A．Joiningthesameworkteam. B．Havinglunchatworkwiththem.C．Invitingthemtoyourhomeafterwork. D．Sharingworkexperiencewitheachother.【答案】1．D2．C3．A4．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是科学告诉我们一个成年人需要多长时间才能交到一个新朋友，并且建议要想发展成为朋友需要将这种关系带出工作场所。1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Anewstudyrecentlyfoundthat,onaverage,ittakesabout50hourswithsomeonebeforeyouconsiderthemacasual(感情不深的)friend,about90hoursbeforeyoubecomerealfriends,andabout200hourstobecomeclosefriends.(最近的一项新研究发现，平均来说，和一个人在一起大约50个小时后，你就会把他们当作普通朋友，大约90个小时后，你就会成为真正的朋友，大约200个小时后，你就会成为亲密的朋友。)”可知，研究发现与一个人在一起大约50小时会成为普通朋友，相处大约90个小时会成为真正的朋友，而相处大约200个小时后，就会成为亲密朋友。结合第二段中的“Heaskedthemtorateandtrackthedegreeofclosenessandtimespenttogetherwithanewperson.(他要求他们评估和跟踪与一个陌生人在一起的亲密程度和时间。)”可知，在这项新研究中要求参与者评估和跟踪与一个陌生人在一起的亲密程度和花费的时间，由此可知，该新研究主要是研究发展一段友谊需要多长时间。故选D项。2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thestudy’sauthorJeffreyHall,acommunicationsprofessor,invitedadultswhoareeagertomakefriendstotakepartintwoexperiments—peoplewhohadjustmovedtoanewcityinthepastsixmonthsandcollegefreshmen.(该研究的作者、传播学教授杰弗里·霍尔（JeffreyHall）邀请渴望交朋友的成年人参加了两个实验——一个是过去六个月刚搬到一个新城市的人，另一个是大学新生。)”可知，研究者邀请渴望交朋友的成年人参加了两个实验，由此可知，这项研究的参与者都是希望交朋友的人。故选C项。3．词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Thestudyfoundthattheamountoftimespenttalkingtogether,orthefactthatyouspenttimeatschoolorworkwiththem,wasunrelatedtofriendshipcloseness.(研究发现，在一起聊天的时间，或者你在学校或工作中与他们在一起的时间，与友谊的亲密程度无关。)”可知，在一起聊天的时间或者在学校或者工作中在一起的时间与友谊的亲密程度无关，结合划线单词前的“Itisreallyeasytospendalotoftimewithpeople(花很多时间和别人在一起真的很容易)”可知，花很多时间与别人在一起很容易，划线单词所在的句子与此处为因果关系。由此可以推断，根据常识，作为学生或者同事，在一起很容易的原因是人们经常同时出现在同一个场所，由此可知，划线单词的意思与“经常”意义相近。故选A项。4．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“Theparticipantswhodidactivitiesoutsideofworkwithsomeone,suchasbeinginvitedtohavelunchintheirhome,weremorelikelytodevelopdeeperrelationshipswiththem.(在工作之外与他人一起参加活动的参与者，比如被邀请在他们家里吃午饭，更有可能与他们建立更深的关系。)”可知，在工作之外与他人一起参加活动的参与者更有可能与他们建立更深的关系，由此可知，下班之后，邀请同事到你的家里有助于和他们建立更深的关系。故选C项。（23-24高一上·浙江杭州·期末）Imagineiftherewerearoboticfishthatfilteredmicroplasticoutofthewaterasitswam.Well,nowthereisone,andit’sthephysicalversionofthewinningconceptinthefirst-everNaturalRoboticsContest.AnnouncedthisMay,theUniversityofSurrey’sNaturalRobotsContestinvitedmembersofthepublictogivetheirconceptsforanimal—orplant-inspiredrobotscapableofperformingactivitiesthatwouldhelptheworld.PlanscalledforexpertsfromvariousBritishandEuropeanresearchcenterstoselectwhattheythoughtwasthebestconcept,whichwouldthenbemadeintoarealrobot.Engineerswouldproceedtofurtherdevelopthetechnology.Thewinningconceptturnedouttobetheplastic-collectingRobo-fish,designedbychemistrystudentEleanorMackintosh—whoisaUniversityofSurreystudent.Mackintoshsaid,“Fish’sgillsareanincrediblemechanisminnaturethatarespecializedtofilteroxygenintothebloodstream—soIadaptedmydesignfromthat,withthepurposeofdealingwiththeplasticpollutioninthewater.”Therobotswimsbymovingitstail,holdingitsmouthwideopento-collectwaterandmicroplasticsinitsbellyasitdoesso.Oncethatcavityisfull,therobotclosesitsmouth,opensitsgills,andpushesthewateroutthrough.Afinenetattachedtothegillflapsallowsthewatertopassthrough,butcapturesthemicroplastic.Initscurrentphysicalform,the50-cm-longRobo-fishcollectsmicroplasticassmallas2millimeters.Italsousessensorstomonitorunderwaterenvironment,plusittracksitsmovementswithinthewater.Futurerobotscouldcapturemuchsmallerparticles.Otherpossibleimprovementsincludeafasterbodyshape,amorepowerfultail,andtheabilitytoswimautonomously.1．HowdotheparticipantsattendtheNaturalRoboticsContest?A．Byhandinginrealrobots. B．Bysendingtheconceptsofrobots.C．Byselectingthebestrobotconcepts. D．Bydevelopingthetechnologyofrobots.2．WhatinspiredMackintoshtodesigntherobot?A．Theenthusiasmforrobots. B．Thefunctionoffish’sgills.C．Thebodyshapeofthefish. D．Theplasticpollutioninthewater.3．Whatdoestheauthorintendtoshowinparagraph5?A．Howtheroboticfishworksinwater. B．Howtheroboticfishisfurtherimproved.C．WhyMackintosh’srobotwonthecontest. D．Whatmaterialstheroboticfishismadeof.4．Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A．TheFirstBio-InspiredRoboticsContest B．TheOne-Size-Fits-AllSolutiontoPlasticsC．AnAutonomouslyOperativeRoboticFish D．AStudent-DesignedPlastic-CollectingFish【答案】1．B2．B3．A4．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要叙述萨里大学自然机器人竞赛中，一名学生设计的塑料收集机器鱼获奖。具体介绍了其运作过程、现状即未来发展。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“AnnouncedthisMay,theUniversityofSurrey’sNaturalRobotsContestinvitedmembersofthepublictogivetheirconceptsforanimal—orplant-inspiredrobotscapableofperformingactivitiesthatwouldhelptheworld.(今年5月，萨里大学举办了自然机器人大赛，邀请公众提出他们的概念，设计以动物或植物为灵感的机器人，这些机器人能够从事帮助世界的活动)”可知，参与者提交机器人创意参加竞赛。故选B。2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Mackintoshsaid,“Fish’sgillsareanincrediblemechanisminnaturethatarespecializedtofilteroxygenintothebloodstream—soIadaptedmydesignfromthat,withthepurposeofdealingwiththeplasticpollutioninthewater.”(Mackintosh说：“鱼的鳃是一种令人难以置信的自然机制，专门用于将氧气过滤到血液中，所以我以此为基础进行了设计，目的是处理水中的塑料污染。”)”可知，Mackintosh受到鱼鳃功能的启示而创造了塑料