高考专题测试练习题 科普类说明文

专题16科普类说明文

D[2018,全国I】

Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomething

shinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（装置）wellafterthey

gooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment-andourwallets-astheseoutdated

devicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.

Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercclieaguesat

theRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproduct

throughoutits1ife一fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.This

methodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Deviceswere

groupedbygeneration—Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.

Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsentered

hoircsin2002,beforetabletsando-rcadorsshowedupin2007.

Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wodidn'tthrowoutouroldones.”Th。living-room

televisionisreplacedandge:splantedinthekids'room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTV

ineveryroomofthehouse,“saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrose

fremfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We'renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices—we

continuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt*steam,olddesktopmonitorsandbox

TVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontribution

togreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007wincow.

Sowhat'sthesolution（解决方案）?Theteam'sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchers

alsoexploredwhatwou1dhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatserve

morethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmore

on-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergy

consumptionby44%.

32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?

A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.

C.Theycostmoretouseathome.I）.Theygooutofstylequickly.

33.WhydidBabbitt*steamconducttheresearch?

A.Toreducethecostofminerals.

B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.

C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.

D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.

34.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?

A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.

C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.

35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?

A.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.

C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.

【答案】32.A33.D34.B35.A

【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文.文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保.所以作者主

张使用新电子设备.

32.观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That-sbadnewsfortheenvironment-andourwallets-astheseoutdated

devicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境

和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为

新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。

33.细节理解题.根据文章第二段中的Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthosedevicesareusing,Callie

BabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedthe

environmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutits1ife可知，Babbitt/sleam研究的目的是

弄清楚这些设备用r多少电.故选D.

34.细节理解题.根据文章最后一段中的Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingon

tabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.可知，平板电

脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能.故选B.

35.推理判断题.根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高,不环保.所以作者建议停止使用旧的

电子设备.故选A.

点睛：熟悉比较句型是彻底理解本文的关键,也是解题的关键.本文中的比较句型：

1.That*sbadnewsfortheenvironment-andourwallets-astheseoutdateddevicesconsume

muchmoreenergythanthenewsonesthatdothesamethings

做同样的事，旧的过时的装置比新装置消耗更多能源,对环境有追浪费钱财.

2.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt,steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathode

raytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegas

emissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.

根据Babbitt团队的分析，旧的桌面监视器和阴极射线管箱式电视机是最差的电子设备,它们的耗能和温室

气体的排放是1992到2007window的两倍还多.

3.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktop

corrputerscouldcutenergyconsumplionby44%.他们发现在平板电脑上看的随需变化的娱乐节目比在

电视和电脑上看耗能减少了44%.

B[2018•浙江】

StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsider

thathe'sanenvironmentalssientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthat

falloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.Whatisevenmoreinterestingisthatone

ofStein5sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.

Americ<msusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintree

branchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts（"攵

车艮台）.Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeing

theseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethat

theirproductsarenotasbadforthoplanetasmostpeopleassume.

Amongthebagmakers'arguirent:manycitieswithbanssti11allowshopperstopurchasepaper

bags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhile

plasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthe

greundtoday

Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusable

shoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguse

itcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.One

studyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthan

plastic.

Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（质疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebanned

soiredaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.

24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?

26.细节理解题.根据第四段However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremore

energytomake.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D.

27.标题归纳题.文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题,纸袋容易回收,但生产和运输需要更多的能源，

希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子.对这三种方式进行了对比,Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全

文,又能吸引读者,最适合作为标题.故选A.

【点睛】

概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括（如议

论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，要看懂全文的主要内容，明白了主要内容就能准确概括文章标题.小

题4要求概括标题,本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题,纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源,

希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子.对这三种方式进行了对匕Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全

文，又能吸引读者,适合作为标题.

C【2018・天津卷】

There'sanewfrontierin31）printingthat*sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.Recent

developmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.And

theindustryisn'tstoppingthere.

Focdproduction

Witha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpieces

fordocorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofoxporionco,but

aprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito”re-createformsandpiecesM

offoodthatare**exactlythesame,vfreeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,

allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.

Sustainability（可持续性）

Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimate

thatfoodproductionwi11needtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainability

isbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexperts

believeprinterscouldusehydrocolloids（水解胶体）fromplentifulrenewables1ikealgae（藻类）

andgrasstoreplacethefami1iaringredients（烹饪原料）.3Dprintingcanreducefueluseand

emissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"food"thatlastsyearsonend,freeingup

shelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.

Nutrition

Future3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessorat

ColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomized

nutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday,sbreadfromthe

supermarket,you'deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”

Chailenges

Despiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.

Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste（糊状物）beforeaprintercanusethem,

andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachother

inverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodry

ingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsarcskepticalabout

3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-end

restaurants.

46.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?

A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.

B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.

C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.

D.Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.

47.Whatcanwe1earnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3?

A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.

B.Itquickensthetransportationoffood.

C.Itneedsnospaceforthestorageoffood.

D.Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood.

48.AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood.

A.ismoreavailabletoconsumers

B.canmeetindividualnutritionalneeds

C.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarkets

D.cankeepal1thenutritioninrawmaterials

49.Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?

A.Theprintingprocessisconplicated.

B.3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.

C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.

D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.

50.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnology

B.ANewWaytoImprove31）FoodPrinting

C.TheChailengesfor3DFoodProduction

D.3DFoodPrinting:FromFamtoTable

【答案】46.B47.D48.B49.C50.A

【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读.文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面

临着许多方面的挑战.

46.推理判断题.根据文章Foodproduction中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕

塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用31）打印出所有的菜肴和甜点,从而可以推断出31）打印的优势是节省

了做饭的时间和精力.故选B.

47.细节理解题。根据文童第三段Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids（水解胶体）from

plentifulrenewableslikealgae（藻类）andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients（烹饪原料）.可知，3D打印机可

以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。

48.推理判断题.根据文章第四段Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomized

nutritionalcontent,likevitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出

3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求.故选B.

49.细节理解题.根据文章最后一段mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,

becausemeatandmiIkproductsmayeasilygobad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原

料必须是干的,含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏.故选C.

50.主旨大意题.文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战.

所以用标题3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnology,故选A.

点睛：科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点.本文是一篇3D打印技术在食物方面的应用，文章运用

一些小标题和对一些专业词汇作了多处中文注释，降低了考生的阅读难度.文章逻辑性强,条理清楚,主要考

查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力.最后一小题考查主旨大意，为文章

选择出最好的标题.考生做此题时一定要注意选择项必须要能概括整个文章的内容,不能以偏概全.如B、C、

D选择项在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正确概括全文的主旨大意.

C12018•北京卷］

Plastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwinds

upinlandfi1Is（垃圾填埋场），andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisno

effectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermay1ieinthestomachsof

sorrehungryworms.

ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcan

breakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsona

conmercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout

92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms'chewingalonewasnotresponsible

forthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste（糊状物）andapplied

ittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybroken

downbyenzymes（酶）fromtheworms*stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiology

in2017.

FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms*abilitytobreakdowntheir

everydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic."Waxisacomplexmixture,

butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,"sheexplains,"

Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond."

JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedin

thestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcompared

withpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdoArninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,

DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythe

wormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes（肠道微生物）？

Bcrtocchiniagreesandhopesherteam,sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymeto

breakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrial

process-notsimply"mi11ionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic."

43.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?

A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.

B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.

C.Theycanconsumeplastics.

D.Theywindupinlandfills.

44.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.

A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdown

B.findoutthesourceoftheenzyme

C.confirmtheresearchfindings

D.increasethebreakdownspeed

45.ItCcinbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.

A.helptoraiseworms

B.helpmakeplasticbags

C.beusedtocleantheoceans

D.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture

46.Whatisthemainpurpose3fthepassage?

A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.

B.Tointroducethediet3faspecialworm.

C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.

C

【文章大意】本文是一篇科普知识类文章.从环保理念出发,文章围绕一种可以降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟展开,

描述了研究进展及虫子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料,为塑料污染问题提供了新的思路.

43.C细节理解题.根据文章第二段中的"Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethylene

shoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost

3%ofit.”可知,这些虫子可以消耗聚乙烯购物袋，即塑料袋.故选C.

44.B推理判断题.根据文章第二段中的“Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecause

ofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes（肠道微

生物）？”可知,下一步是探究酶的来源.故选C.

45.D推理判断题.根据文章最后一段"Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrial

prccess-notsimply*millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic”可知研究者希望那些化学物

品可以批量生产,而不是将许多虫子直接扔在垃圾堆里.故选D.

46.C写作意图题.全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解塑

料的方式.故选A.

2017高考题

科普知识类

[2017•北京卷]

I）

Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶的）mindswi11drivearmiesofkillerrobots

isjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificieilintelligence（AI）may

becomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-known

mathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论），putitthisway:"If

wcuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectively

interfere（干预），wchadbetterboquitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurpose

whichwerea11ydesire.

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewith

1ivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,

norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthat

themachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwith

thesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessby

disablingitsownoffswitchorovenkillinganyonewhomightintorforowithitstask.Ifwoare

notcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,super

intel1igentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.

Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsof

coirputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,

usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.

Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wchaveyettoinventafircwal1thatissecure

againstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.

Solvingthesafetyproblemwe11enoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnot

easy.Thereareprobab1ydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintel1igentmachines.

Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Some

arguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossible

unlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff“asifsuper

intelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.Stillothersthinkthatsuper

intelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,

withconfidence,aAnyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsis

talkingmoonshine.°However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedthe

neulron-induced（中子诱导）nuclearchainreaction.

67.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay.

A.runoutofhumancontrol

B.satisfyhuman*srealdesires

C.commandarmiesofkillerrobots

D.workfasterthanamathematician

68.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausethey

mightbeableto.

A.preventthemselvesfronbeingdestroyed

B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently

C.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders

D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches

69.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto.

A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbettor

B.besecureagainstevi1humanbeings

C.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed

D.avoidrobots*affectingtheworld

70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblenofsuperintelligentmachines?

A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.

B.Itwillgotworsewithhumaninterference.

C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.

1）.Itwi11stayforadecade.

【文章大意】本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能（AI）可能会超出人类的控制.

67.A段落大意题.第一段第二句说“人工智能虽然擅长完成任务，但这有可能不是我们真正想要的”.

因此选A.

6S.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话"…awishtopreserveitsownexistence.”可知答案为A.

69.D细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话butneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealword.可知人们

利用防火墙是为了避免机器人影响整个世界，故选D。

70.C推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话“•••seemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.“推出超级锢能机器人的

安全问题有可能得到解决但是会有困难，放选C项。

【名师点睛】

推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目.它包括判断题和推理题.这两类题常常相互依存,推理是为了作

出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理.此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推

论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展

变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点.

推理判断题的解题方法：

推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂义章中的每个句子的意思还耍推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和

经验,再通过逻辑推理和判断,理解文章的言外之意,从而揭示文章的深层涵义.

任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题.推理判断题的答案

不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部

分一推论的前提,从中推测出未知部分一推理的结论,切忌妄加评论,把自己的观点当成作者的观点.

[2017•江苏卷]

B

Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycaneven

distinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitconiestoembryonic

learning（胎教），birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk：Ornithological

Advances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.New-born

chickscanthenimitatetheirmum*scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.

Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlinders

UniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefound

torepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggsworehatched,the

babybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers-asoundthatservedastheirregular”feed

me!”call.

Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthe

red-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddata

from67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbegging

callsbyanalysingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acoirputcranalysisblindlycomparedcalls

producedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.

11turnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingIiketheirmums.Andthe

morefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.

Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmost

closelyimitatedtheirmum*svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.

Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological(神经

系统的)strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn."Asa

parent,doyouinvestinqualitychiIdren,ordoyouinvestinchiIdrenthatarein

need?”Kleindorferasks."()」rresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.

58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means"”.

A.betheworstB.bethebest

C.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood

59.WhatareKleindorfer,sfindingsbasedon?

A.Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmumsandchicks.

B.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.

C.ThedatacollectedfronQueensland'slocals.

D.Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.

60.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich_______.

A.canreceivequalitysignals

B.areinneedoftraining

C.fittheenvironmentbetter

D.maketheloudestcall

【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文.文章介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声

音了.母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音,则

它们获得的食物奖励就越多.

58.B词义猜测题.第一段将人类婴儿与幼鸟进行了对比,画线词组所在句上文讲出生前人的辨别声音

的能力很强，下文讲•些母鸟在幼鸟被孵化之前就教它们学唱歌了.据此可以判断，在胎教方面,鸟儿的表现

是最好的，推测“ruletheroost”意为"bethebest",故选B项.

59.A细节理解题.根据第二段第三句Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethe

sinilarchirptotheirmothers-asoundthatservedastheirregular'feedme!'call.w可

知,当这些幼鸟被孵化出来的时候,它们也发出了和它们的妈妈类似的鸣叫.据此可知,SoniaKleindorfer的

发现是以母鸟和幼鸟叫声的相似点为基础的，故选A项.

60.C推理判断题.笫四段"Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggested

thcitthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmum'svoicewererewardedwiththemost

focd.(一项单独的实验表明模仿母鸟声音最接近的幼鸟会得到最多的食物)”和最后一段研究人员的研究

结果表明，母鸟会选择质量优良的孩子，因此可以推断,母鸟通过胎教来确定质量优良的幼鸟，即最会模仿它

们声音的幼7.质最优良的幼鸟无需过多帮助就能更好地适应环境,故选C项.

【名师点睛】

猜测词义题概况

词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考必考的题型.它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有

较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇.考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、

反义及上下文线索等确定词义.

一、题型特点与命题方式：

此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题.因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结

构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等.联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键.近几年阅读理解的生

词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度.命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理

解生词的能力.

【命题趋势】

1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息,结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词

在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思.

2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词

义的具体内容.例如第65题.

3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型.用“逻辑关系流理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物

之间的逻辑关系是关犍所在.

【设问形式】

Theunderlinedword"…”inthesecond(third)paragraphrefersto(means)___.

Bysayingthat"…"inthefirst(second)paragraph,theauthormeansthat_____.

Inparagraph,,,,“…"canbereplacedby"______”.

Themeaningof”•••"inparagraphisrelatedto.

Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto…；paragraph…）？

Theunderlinedsentenceintheparagraphprobablymeansthat.

解题思路

做这种类型的题目，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义.因此熟练掌握一些猜词技

巧是做好这类题的关键.命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可

脱离语境主观臆断.

考点：考查科普说明文阅读

[2017•江苏卷]

D

Oldproblem,newapproaches

Whilecleanenergyisin