阅读理解主旨大意和猜词题课件高三英语二轮复习

阅读理解之推理判断题命题特点及分类：主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解。它要求考生在充分理解全文内容的基础上,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的认识。这类题主要分为：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。标题归纳题要求考生选出文章的最佳标题,文章大意题则主要考查考生对全文主旨的把握,段落大意题则是针对某一段落的主旨进行考查。高频高频设问方式:Thebesttitleforthepassageis------.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout-----.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis-----.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?正确选项特征：1.涵盖性强,覆盖全文或全段;2.范围恰当,既不过于宽泛,也不过于狭窄;3.精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。错误选项特征：过于笼统，不知所云：所给选项内容概括的范围过于，宽泛,超出文章所述内容。以偏概全，主次不分：所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。移花接木，偷换概念：将文章中不同部分的内容混淆在一起，或在选项中改变原文中的关键信息或概念,导致选项与原文内容不符。无中生有，生搬硬套：所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中提到了,但选项的内容与文章的内容没有直接联系,属于无根据的推测和编造。1.标题归纳题：特征和解题思路最佳标题的三大特征概括性针对性醒目性准确而又简短外延正好与文章内容相符能引起读者的阅读兴趣1.标题归纳题：解题思路解题思路正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基础上,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨;（即先找文章大意（4种方法），再结合大意选标题。）反面否定法:撇开原文,拿各个备选项去设想如果以它们为标题写出来的文章将是什么内容,然后和原文对照,逐一排除不符选项;研读选项结构:研读选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化和结构等。1.标题归纳题：真题回顾Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted(分心)drivingwas“onlyincreasing,unfortunately.”“Bigchangerequiresbigideas.”hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork’shands-freedrivinglaws.“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople’sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate’s2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,”peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.“Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB．TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC．NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDriversD．TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-2022Ⅱ卷C篇1.标题归纳题：真题回顾Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB．TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC．NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDriversD．TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-1.方法运用分析(1)正面肯定法：抓文章主旨原文核心：问题：尽管各州禁止开车发短信，但分心驾驶问题仍在恶化。解决方案：引入Textalyzer（类似酒精检测仪）来威慑驾驶员。主旨概括：“用Textalyzer技术解决开车发短信问题”。匹配选项：B（直接关联“TextingandDriving”和“Textalyzer”）。(2)反面否定法：排除干扰项选项A《ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStart》若以此为标题，文章应讨论是否开车的决策（如环保、成本等），与原文无关。→排除。选项C《NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers》原文提到纽约已禁止手持设备，但重点是新工具Textalyzer，而非禁令本身。→片面，排除。选项D《TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer》Textalyzer是执法工具，并非“新一代手机”。→偷换概念，排除。2.文章大意题：特征文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容,是全文的核心思想,也是作者在文章中通过文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。2.文章大意题：解题思路注意：主题句有时在第二段出现总结：1.主题句2.文章体裁和框架（来确定主题句）3.高频词法4.全文通读，归纳总结2.文章大意题：真题回顾Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills….Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotateandtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.…ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod. B．Ascientificstudy.C．Awomanpsychologist D．Ateachingprogram.2020Ⅱ卷B篇2.文章大意题：真题回顾Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod. B．Ascientificstudy.C．Awomanpsychologist D．Ateachingprogram.2020Ⅱ卷B篇根据文体和写作手法定位主题句文体判断：本文属于科学研究类文章，结构为：首段：提出观点（拼图对儿童数学能力有帮助）。中间段：引用心理学家SusanLevine的研究（实验过程、数据）。尾段：补充研究结果（发表在《DevelopmentalScience》）。主题句位置：首段首句（“Someparents...butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills”）直接点明核心观点。B选项“Ascientificstudy”全面概括：研究问题（拼图的作用）、方法（视频分析）、结论（空间能力提升）。study”对应原文“researchers”“analyzed”“findings”等高频词。错误选项的特征偏离高频词：A未提“puzzles”或“study”；C仅聚焦人物，忽略研究内容；D无“program”相关词。3.段落大意题：特征段落大意题主要考查对某个段落基本内容的概括能力。归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确、完整地表达出来。3.段落大意题：解题思路3.段落大意题：真题回顾Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B．TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C．ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment.D．Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.2022全国甲卷D篇3.段落大意题：真题回顾Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B．TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C．ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment.D．Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.本段采用分总式,一开始主要介绍了在20世纪60年代,悉尼意识到了港口的重要作用,紧接着是公园、海滩等资源,使其发生了翻天覆地的改变。最后一句“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.”点明了港口在其发展过程中的关键作用。阅读理解之词句猜测题命题解读词句猜测题着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等推断、理解词句含义的能力。这类题目主要有以下两种考查形式:1.根据阅读材料,结合常识和经验判断生词、短语或者熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思;2.代词指代题,即确定代词在文中具体指代的内容,也是词义猜测的常考类型。设问方式：解题思路：解题思路上下文逻辑上下文线索常识背景知识构词法猜测词义1.对比关系：注意对比2.类比关系：注意like,justas等词3.转折关系：注意butwhile,yet等词1.同义词近义词：注意and,aswell,also等词2.重述：注意破折号，冒号和inotherwords等词。3.反义词：注意unlike,butyet等词4.定义：注意破折号，referto等词5.举例：利用画线词的后例子帮助理解词义根据前缀，后缀，词性转换猜测词义词义猜测题：真题回顾WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Acquire. B．Export.C．Destroy. D．Distribute.2021Ⅰ卷C篇词义猜测题：真题回顾2021Ⅰ卷C篇

利用语境（上下文逻辑）原文关键句：前文提到"NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely"（美洲原住民明智地保护自然资源）。后文提到"Millionsofwaterfowlwerekilled...wetlandsweredried...reducingwaterfowlhabitat"（数百万水禽被杀，湿地干涸，栖息地减少）。逻辑关系："Unfortunately"表明转折，说明explorers和settlers的行为与原住民相反，破坏了自然资源。"decimate"的宾语是"alargepartoftheseresources"，结合后文具体描述（猎杀、栖息地减少），可推断意为“大规模破坏”。2.利用反义词或对比语境对比词："takencareofwisely"（保护）vs."decimate"（破坏），形成鲜明对比。选项C（Destroy）直接对应这种对比关系。3.利用因果逻辑关系因果链："decimate"导致"waterfowlkilled"和"wetlandsdried"，结果均为负面（破坏生态）。只有"Destroy"能合理衔接因果。词义猜测题：真题回顾AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A．Bigeaters. B．Overweightpersons. C．Pickyeaters. D．Tallthinpersons.2020Ⅰ卷D篇词义猜测题：真题回顾1.利用语境（上下文线索）原文关键句："it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid"（需要避免的是胃口大的beanpoles）。前文对比：现有研究认为应避免与食量大、体型较重的人（heavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions）一起进食，但新研究指出真正需避免的是beanpoleswithbigappetites。逻辑关系："contraryto"表明新研究与旧研究结论相反，因此"beanpoles"应与"heavierpeople"形成对比。2.利用构词法（词根词缀）"Beanpole"拆分："bean"（豆子）+"pole"（杆子）→字面意为“豆杆”，引申为“又高又瘦的人”（因豆杆细长）。英语中常用"beanpole"形容身材瘦高的人（非正式用法）。3.利用