英语阅读词汇障碍分类克服

英语阅读词汇障碍分类克服（1）能源及自然灾害类1、巴拿马政府下令拉闸限电ThePanamaniangovernmenthasorderedschoolstocloseandgovernmentofficestoreducetheiropeninghoursasthecountrysuffersfromapowershortage.巴拿马正面临电力短缺的窘境，政府下令关闭学校以及政府办公室以节约能源。Italsodeclaredadroughtemergencyinathirdofthecountry.Panamaderivesmorethanhalfofitsenergyfromhydroelectric（水力发电的）powerandalackofrainhashitthesupplyhard.Governmentofficialssaidtheyhadbeenforcedtotakethemeasuresafterpreviousdrivestosaveenergyhadfailedtomakemuchdifference.Havoc（大破坏，浩劫）Officialssaidbars,nightclubs,cinemasandsupermarketswouldalsoberequiredtoclosebetween22:00(03:00GMT)and06:00(11:00GMT)localtimefromMondaytoThursday.Businesseshavebeenaskedtoturnofftheirairconditioningbetween11:00(16:00GMT)and15:00(20:00GMT).PresidentRicardoMartinelliaskedPanamanians"tosaveenergybecausethelackofrainisreallycausinghavocwithourelectricitysystem".Hydroelectricpoweraccountedforalmost60%ofPanama'selectricitygenerationin2010,accordingtotheUSEnergyInformationSystem.GovernmentministerRobertoHenriquezsaidhehopedthemeasureswouldpreventmoredrasticenergyshortages"Ifwesticktothiswecancertainlypreventfurthercutswhichcouldseriouslyaffectthecountry'seconomy,"hesaid.PanamahasthefastestgrowingeconomyinLatinAmericawitharateofmorethan10%for2012,accordingtothegovernment'sstatisticagency.Officialssaidtheywouldre-assessonSundaywhethertolifttherestrictionsandre-openschools,butwithnorainforecasttheycalledoncitizenstocurbtheirenergyconsumptionasmuchaspossible.障碍词汇：declare公开；公开宣布.Droughtn.干旱；缺乏emergencyn.紧急情况；突发事件；非常时刻adj.紧急的；备用的derives源于RicardoMartinelli里卡多·马蒂内利accountedfor对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占generationn.一代；产生；一代人；生殖drasticadj.激烈的；猛烈的n.烈性泻药LatinAmerica拉丁美洲agencyn.代理，中介；代理处，经销处assessvt.评定；估价；对…征税restrictionn.限制；限制条件（restriction的复数形式）energyconsumption能量损耗2、美国俄克拉荷马州遭龙卷风袭击AtleastonepersonisreporteddeadandseveralothersinjuredinaseriesoftornadoesthathavetornthroughtheUSstateofOklahoma.美国俄克拉荷马州遭遇一连串的龙卷风袭击，至少1人死亡、多人受伤。TheworstdamagewascausedbyatornadonearthetownofShawnee,35miles(55km)fromOklahomaCity,localmediareport.AmobilehomeparknearShawneeissaidtohavebeenlevelledtotheground.Twistershavebeenreportedinotherstates,includingIowa,Minnesota,KansasandIllinois.TheNationalWeatherService(NWS)warnedofadangeroustornadoapproachingthecityofWichita,Kansas.IthadearlierissuedurgentappealsforpeopleinpartsofOklahomatotakecover.EverythingdestroyedInOklahoma,localTVstationssaidatleastonepersonwaskilledandseveralothershurtwhenatrailerparkonHighway102nearShawneewashit.AFox25reporterinShawneesaidtreeshadbeenshreddedandhomesdestroyed.Downedpowerlineswerelyingonroads,shesaid.Oneresident,AmberAsh,saidherhomewashitbyatornadoasshewaitedinastormshelter."Onceitpassed,wegotoutandsawthedevastation.EverythingIhadwasdestroyed."TherewasalsoseriousdamageinthetownofEdmondbutnoinjurieswerereported.Thousandsofresidentsintheaffectedareashavebeenleftwithoutpower.GovMaryFallinsaidastateofemergencyhadbeendeclaredin16countiestoenablehelptogettotheworst-hitpartsofOklahoma.AtleastfourtornadoesravagedthestateonSunday,partofastormsystemthatwasmovingnorth-eastacrosstheMidwesternstatesandTexas."Rightnowwe'reinarescueandrecoverystage,"GovFallinsaid."We'restillnotintheclearyet."ThemassivestormsystempromptedtheNWStoissueablunt（不锋利的，生硬的，直率的）warningtoresidentsintheaffectedstates.Theagencysaid:"Youcouldbekilledifnotundergroundorinatornadoshelter.Completedestructionofneighbourhoods,businessesandvehicleswilloccur.Flyingdebriswillbedeadlytopeopleandanimals."MeteorologistswarnthattheextremeweatherisexpectedtocontinueonMonday障碍词汇Tornadon.[气象]龙卷风；旋风；暴风；大雷雨Leveln.水平；标准；水平面adj.水平的；平坦的；同高的vi.瞄准；拉平；变得平坦vt.使同等；对准；弄平twistersn.缠绕者；[法]歪曲事实的人（twister的复数）Iowan.爱荷华州（美国州名）Minnesotan.明尼苏达州（美国中北部洲）Kansas堪萨斯州Illinois伊利诺斯州.issuev.发布，发行urgentadj.紧急的；急迫的appealsforvt.恳求，请求；要求takecover躲藏，隐蔽TheNationalWeatherService(NWS)（美）国家气象局（NationalWeatherService）trailerpark活动住屋或（家庭拖车的）停车场Foxvt.欺骗；使变酸n.狐狸；狡猾的人vi.假装；耍狡猾手段n.(Fox)人名；(英、法、德、意、西、瑞典)福克斯[复数foxes或fox]Shawneen.肖尼（美国城市）；美国萧尼族印第安人；萧尼语shreddedadj.切碎的v.变成碎片（shred的过去分词形式）powerlines电力线；输电线residentadj.居住的；住院医师；定居的n.居民sheltern.庇护；避难所；避风处；避雨处；遮盖物vt.保护；使掩蔽vi.躲避，避难devastationn.毁坏，荒废affectedarea疫区；受影响区；被影响地区stateofemergency紧急状态ravagevt.毁坏；破坏；掠夺n.蹂躏，破坏vi.毁坏；掠夺Midwesternadj.中西部的，有中西部特性的Texasn.德克萨斯州（美国州名）recoverystage恢复阶段；恢复期intheclear不受阻碍；以内宽计算；用普通文字massiveadj.大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁伟的promptvt.提示；促进；促使；激起；adj.敏捷的，迅速的；立刻的issueablunt（不锋利的，生硬的，直率的）warningtoresidentsintheaffectedstates.对灾区居民发布一个直率的警告destructionof摧毁；破坏neighbourhoodsn.邻居；邻域，邻近地区（neighbourhood的复数）vehiclesn.[车辆]车辆（vehicle的复数形式）；交通工具occurvi.发生；出现；存在debrisn.碎片，残骸deadlyadj致命的Meteorologistsn.气象学家（meteorologist的复数）3、奥巴马慰问龙卷风灾民USPresidentBarackObamahasvisitedthetornado-ravagedtownofMooreinOklahomaandhastolditsvictimsthatthey"arenotalone".美国总统奥巴马抵达被龙卷风肆虐的俄克拉荷马州摩尔城，并告诉灾民他们“不是一个人”。Surveyingthedevastation,MrObamasaiditwas"hardtocomprehend",adding:"Everywhere,fellowAmericansareprayingwithyou."Thepresidentvisitedthesiteoftheschoolwheresevenchildrendied.ThetornadoravagedtheOklahomaCitysuburblastMonday,killing24peopleanddestroyingsome1,200homes.About33,000peoplewereaffectedandthedamagehasbeenestimatedat$2bn(£1.32bn).Some377peoplewerealsoinjuredinthetornado,whichwasrankedanEF5-atthetopoftheenhancedFujitascale.'Justamessenger'MrObama,alongsideOklahomaGovernorMaryFallin,said:"Thisisastrongcommunitywithstrongcharacter.There'snodoubttheywillbounceback.Buttheyneedhelp."Standingonablocksurroundedbydebris,thepresidentsaid:"Obviouslythedamagehereisprettyhardtocomprehend.""WheneverIcometoanareathathasbeendevastatedbysomenaturaldisasterlikethis,IwanttomakesurethateveryoneunderstandsthatIamspeakingonbehalfoftheentirecountry,"hesaid.InthepastyearthepresidenthasconsoledthefamiliesofvictimsofSuperstormSandy,theNewtown,ConnecticutschoolshootingandtheBostonMarathonbombings.MrObamasaid:"Everywhere,fellowAmericansareprayingwithyou,they'rethinkingaboutyouandtheywanttohelp.AndI'mjustamessengerherelettingyouknowthatyouarenotalone."MrObama'sfirststopwasthePlazaTowersElementarySchool,wheresevenofthe10childrenwhodiedlosttheirlives.Infrontofthewreckageandsurveyingpilesofrubbleandupturnedcars,hetoldoneschoolofficial:"Iknowthisistough."ThreemakeshiftAmericanflagsflewinthewind,attachedtopartsofthedebris.CalebSloan,24,wholosthishome,toldReuters:"[Thepresident]hasnochoicebuttolivebyhisword.Ihopeandprayandthinkhewillkeephispromises."MrObamahassignedadisasterdeclarationthatquickensfederalaid.Some450FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(Fema)personnelareinMoore,withsome$3.4minpaymentssofarapprovedfor4,200applicantsfordisasterassistance.GovernorFallinsaid:"We'reresilient.There'salreadyabigpathofdebristhat'sbeenmovedaround.Peoplearegatheringtheirstuff."It'sbeentrulyremarkabletoseehowourpeoplehaverespondedandhowstrongtheyare."障碍词汇Survey测量，勘查，观察，调查comprehendvt.理解；包含；由…组成prayn.祈祷v.祈祷suburbn.郊区；边缘estimatevt.估计，估量；判断，评价vi.估计，估价n.估计，估价；判断，看法rankedv.排名；归类于（rank的过去分词）EF超精度（extremelyfine）；每面（eachface）；enhancedadj.加强的；增大的v.提高；加强（enhance的过去分词）Fujitascale藤田级数Fujitatornadoscale藤田级数FujitaIntensityScale藤田级数Fujitatornadointensityscale藤田级数Governorn.主管人员；统治者，管理者；[自]调节器；地方长官;省长，州长communityn.社区；[生态]群落；共同体；团体charactern.性格，品质；特性；角色；[计]字符vt.印，刻；使具有特征bouncen.跳；弹力；活力vt.弹跳；使弹起vi.弹跳；弹起，反跳；弹回blockn.块；街区；大厦；障碍物vt.阻止；阻塞；限制adj.成批的，大块的；交通堵塞的naturaldisaster自然灾难，[环境][农]自然灾害onbehalfof代表；为了entireadj.全部的，整个的；全体的consolevt.安慰；慰藉n.[计]控制台；[电]操纵台victimsn.受害者，牺牲者；受灾群众（victim的复数）SuperstormSandy超级风暴珊迪,theNewtownn.纽镇（地名）;新城Connecticutn.美国康乃迪克州（位于美国东北部）schoolshooting校园枪击案theBostonMarathon波士顿马拉松赛bombings.n.[军]轰炸，[军]投弹v.轰击；引爆炸弹（bomb的ing形式）messengern.报信者，送信者；先驱Plazan.广场；市场，购物中心n.(Plaza)人名；(英)普拉扎；(西、葡)普拉萨elementarySchool小学wreckagen.（失事船或飞机等的）残骸；（船只等的）失事rubblen.碎石，碎砖；粗石堆upturnedadj.朝上的；向上翘的；翻过来的schoolofficial学校官员toughadj.艰苦的，困难的；坚强的，不屈不挠的；坚韧的，牢固的；强壮的，结实的n.恶棍vt.坚持；忍受，忍耐adv.强硬地，顽强地makeshiftadj.临时的；权宜之计的；凑合的n.权宜之计；凑合；临时措施；将就attachedto附属于；系于；爱慕declarationn.（纳税品等的）申报；宣布；公告；申诉书quickenvi.加快；变活跃；vt.加快；鼓舞；使复活federalaid联邦政府发放的财政补贴，联邦援助FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(Fema)联邦紧急事务管理署personneln.人事部门；全体人员adj.人员的；有关人事的approvedfor批准用于某事applicantsn.申请人，应征人（applicant的复数形式）assistancen.援助，帮助；辅助设备resilientadj.弹回的，有弹力的stuffn.东西；材料；填充物；素材资料vt.塞满；填塞；让吃饱vi.吃得过多remarkableadj.卓越的；非凡的；值得注意的respondvi.回答；作出反应；承担责任vt.以…回答n.应答；唱和另附：自然与环境类词汇*灾害disarster：flood浑水，浑灾drought旱灾famine饥荒volcano火山erupt/eruption火山爆发hurricane飓风typhoon台风tornado/cyclone龙卷风thunderstorm雷暴duststorm尘暴sandstorm沙尘暴earthquake地震avalanche/snowslide/snowcrash雪崩landslide山体滑坡globalwarming全球变暖greenhouseeffect/gases温室效应/气体sootemissions烟尘排放acidrain酸雨landslide/mudslide/debrisflow/mud-rockflow/mudflow泥石流tsunami海啸blizzard大风雪，暴风雪violentstorm/storm/stormywind暴风duststorm/sandstormsmaelstrom大漩涡fog雾，heavy/thickfog大雾，浓雾haze薄烟FogandHaze/Haze雾霾smog烟雾coldsnap寒潮winderosion风蚀deforestation森林砍伐desertification沙漠化waterandsoilerosion水土流失icedissolve/glaciermelting冰川融化icestorm/hail/hailstone/silverstorm冰雹epidemic/epidemicdisease流行病，传染病wildfire/forest/fire/hillfire/woodsfire森林大火redtide赤潮environmentaldegradation环境恶化pollute/pollution污染whitepollution白色污染threat/threaten威胁pour倾倒viciouscycleofpoverty贫穷的恶性循环devastate毁坏，蹂躏，使荒废devastating破坏性极强的，毁灭性的haveadisastrous/catastrophiceffecton对------有灾难性的影响*中性词Weatherforecast天气预报Seismicmonitoring/earthquakemonitoring/G-Meter地震监测heatwave热浪Humidity湿度solarflare太阳耀斑welcomerain/timelyrain甘霖dew露，露水frost霜emission/letoff/discharge排放ElNino/ElNinophenomenon厄尔尼诺现象LaNinaphenomenon拉尼娜现象Sealevelrise海平面上升climate气候coldfront冷锋windforce风力winddirection风力Carbondioxide二氧化碳Carbonmonoxide一氧化碳fossilfuels矿物燃料iceberg冰山atmosphere大气，大气层atmosphere/atmosphericlayer/airenvelope大气层ozonelayer/ozonosphere/chemosphere臭氧层airquality空气质量carboncycle碳循环lithosphere岩石圈solarsystem太阳系circumstance环境，情况accumulate/accumulation积累artificialprecipitation/artificialrainfall人工降雨liveinharmonywithnature跟自然和谐相处low-carbonwayoflife低碳生活方式reuse/reusable可再利用、可再利用的renew/renewable更新，可更新可再生的exist/existence存在，生存takemeasures/actions采取措施，行动object/objection反对objective/subjective客观的/主观的objector反对者dayalternatesnight昼夜交替channel海峡*措施类cell-drivenvehicles/batterycar电动汽车，电瓶车gas-fueledvehicles天然气汽车lead-freegasoline无铅汽油cleanenergy清洁能源naturereserve/reserve/protectionzone自然保护区,保护区developrenewableresources开发可再生资源TheConventiononBiologicalDiversity生物多样性公约conservenaturalhabitats保护天然栖息地，protectionforest/protectiveforest/shelter-forest/shelter-belt防护林,防护带厄尔尼诺现象ElNiño又称厄尔尼诺海流，是太平洋赤道带大范围内海洋和大气相互作用后失去平衡而产生的一种气候现象，就是沃克环流圈东移造成的。厄尔尼诺现象的基本特征是太平洋沿岸的海面水温异常升高，海水水位上涨，并形成一股暖流向南流动。它使原属冷水域的太平洋东部水域变成暖水域，结果引起海啸和暴风骤雨，造成一些地区干旱，另一些地区又降雨过多的异常气候现象。厄尔尼诺对我国气候产生严重影响。首先是台风减少，厄尔尼诺现象发生后，西北太平洋热带风暴（台风）的产生个数及在我国沿海登陆个数均较正常年份少。其次是我国北方夏季易发生高温