高级英语2 （第四版）张汉熙 练习答案

Lesson1PubTalkandtheKing’sEnglishI.Omitted.II.A.1.Agoodconversationdoesnotreallystartfromanywhere,andnoonehasanyideawhereitwillgo.Agoodconversationisnotformakingapoint.Argumentmayoftenbeapartofit,butthepurposeoftheargumentisnottoconvince.Whenpeoplebecomeseriousandtalkasiftheyhavesomethingveryimportanttosay,whentheyarguetoconvinceortowintheirpoint,theconversationisspoilt.2.Thewriterlikesbarconversationverymuchbecausehehasspentalotoftimeinpubsandisusedtothiskindofconversation.Barfriendsarecompanions,notintimates.Theyarefriendsbutnotintimateenoughtobecuriousabouteachother‘sprivatelifeandthoughts.3.No.Conversationdoesnotneedafocus.Butwhenafocalsubjectappearsinthenaturalflowofconversation,theconversationbecomesvivid,livelyandmoreinteresting.4.ThepeopletalkedaboutAustraliabecausethespeakerwhointroducedthesubjectmentionedincidentallythatitwasanAustralianwhohadgivenhersuchadefinitionof“theKing‘sEnglish.”Whenthepeopletalkedabouttheresistanceinthelowerclassestoanyattemptbyanupperclasstolaydownrulesfor“Englishasitshouldbespoken”,theconversationmovedtoNormanEnglandbecauseatthattimealanguagebarrierexistedbetweentheSaxonpeasantsandtheNormanconquerors.5.TheSaxonpeasantsandtheirNormanconquerorsuseddifferentwordsforthesamething.Forexamplesseeparagraph9.6.“TheKing‘sEnglish”wasregardedasaformofracialdiscriminationduringtheNormanruleinEnglandabout1154-1399.7.Thewriterthinks“theKing‘sEnglish”isaclassrepresentationofreality.Itisworthtryingtospeak“theKing‘sEnglish”,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.TheKing‘sEnglishisamodelarichandinstructiveone—butitoughtnottobeanultimatum.8.DuringtheNormanperiod,therulingclassspokeAnglo-FrenchwhilethepeasantsspoketheirnativeSaxonlanguage.Languagebearsthestampoftheclassthatusesit.TheKing‘sEnglishtodayreferstothelanguageusedbytheupper,educatedclassinEngland.B.1.Thethesisstatementisclearlystatedintheopeningsentenceofthefirstparagraph,whichis“Conversationisthemostsociableofallhumanactivities.”2.ThewriterexplainsinPara.2whatconstitutesagoodconversation.Itbringsoutthetopicofthetext.3.InthisessaythewriteralludedtomanyhistoricalandliteraryeventsuchastheNormanconquest,thesaloonsof18thcenturyParis,andthewordsofmanyamanofletters.Forashortexpositoryessaylikethis,theallusionsusedaremorethanexpectedanddesirable.4.Paragraph5isatransitionparagraphbymeansofwhichthewriterpassesfromageneraldiscourseongoodconversationtoaparticularinstanceofit.Butonefeelsthechangefrom“pubtalk”to“theKing‘sEnglish”abittooabrupt.5.ThewriterintroducesthetopicaboutdictionariesinPara.17becausehewantstoillustratethispoint:theKing‘sEnglish,whichisrichandinstructive,isamodelbutnotanultimatum.Dictionariesarejustinstrumentsofcommonsense.6.InPara.18，thewriterrecognizesthathisdiscussionoftheKing‘sEnglishatlengthhasdivergedfromthesubjecthewantstoaddress.Therefore,hecomesbacktohiscentralthemeofconversation.Thisparagraphmainlytalksaboutthatpeoplemakemistakesinconversation;peopleshouldnottalklikeabook.Ifsomeonetalksasifhewerewriting,it‘snogoodconversation.7.Thewriter‘sattitudetowards“theKing‘sEnglish”showsthatheisadefenderofdemocracy.III.1.Andconversationisanactivitywhichisfoundonlyamonghumanbeings（animalsandbirdsarenotcapableofconversation）2.Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideaorpointofview.3.Infactapersonwhoreallyenjoysandisskilledatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthispointofview.4.Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotintimatefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedorengrossedineachother‘slives.5.Theconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong.6.Theseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinginthefields;butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat,wecalltheirmeatbeef.7.ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeitdifficultfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureoftherulers.8.TheEnglishlanguagereceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKingoncemore.9.Thephrase,theKing‘sEnglish,hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfullyandjokinglybythelowerclasses.Theworkingpeopleveryoftenmakefunoftheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople.10.Therestillexistsintheworkingpeople,asintheearlySaxonpeasants,aspiritofoppositiontotheculturalauthorityoftherulingclass.11.Thereisalwaysagreatdangerthatwemightforgetthatwordsareonlysymbolsandtakethemforthingstheyaresupposedtorepresent.Forexample,theword“dog”isasymbolrepresentingakindofanimal.Wemustn‘tregardtheword“dog”asbeingtheanimalitself.IV.A.1.ontherocks:metaphor,comparingamarriagetoashipwreckedontherocks2.getoutofbedonthewrongside:becrossorinabadtemperfortheday（Themeaningisperhapsderivedfromtheexpression“Yougotoutofbedthewrongway”.Itwasanancientsuperstitionthatitwasunluckytosettheleftfootonthegroundfirstongettingoutofbed.）3.onwings:metaphor,comparingconversationtoabirdflyingandsoaring.Itmeanstheconversationsoonbecamespiritedandexciting.4.turnupone‘snoseat:scorn;showscornfor5.intotheshoes:metaphor（ormoreappropriatelyanidiomaticexpression）,thinkasifonewerewearingtheshoesoftheSaxonpeasant,i.e.asifonewereaSaxonpeasant6.comeintoone‘sown:receivewhatproperlybelongstoone,especiallyacclaimorrecognition7.situpat:（colloquial）becomesuddenlyalertB.1.ignorant可指知识水平低，也可指对特定事件或主题缺少了解或知晓。如：I‘mignorantofhisplan.（我对他的计划一无所知。）illiterate常指达不到最低阅读和写作水平。uneducated指缺少学校教育。unlearned指缺少文化教育（未必无知），既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如：unlearnedinphilosophy（对哲学懂得有限）。2.scoff指对某事疑惑不信或缺乏尊敬而用无礼、轻蔑的言词或加以嘲笑。sneer侧重于面部表情或语气中所含的轻蔑嘲笑之意。jeer侧重指用粗俗的、侮辱性的言词或粗鲁的嘲笑来表示轻侮。gibe通常指不带恶意的取笑或作弄人的笑骂。flout主要指以不理不睬或视而不见的态度表示出的轻侮蔑视。C.1.Nooneknowshowtheconversationwillgoasitmovesaimlesslyanddesultorilyorasitbecomesspiritedandexciting.2.Itisnotamatterofinterestiftheyarecrossorinabadtemper.3.Barfriends,althoughtheymeteachotherfrequently,didnotdelveintoeachother‘slivesortherecessesoftheirthoughtsandfeelings.4.Suddenlyamiraculouschangeintheconversationtookplace.5.Theconversationsuddenlybecamespiritedandexciting.6.TheElizabethanwritersspreadtheEnglishlanguagefarandwide.7.Ihavealwayshadaneagerinterestindictionaries.8.Eventhemosteducatedandliteratepeopleusenon-standard,informal,colloquialEnglishintheirconversation.9.Otherwiseonewilltieuptheconversationandwillnotletitgoonfreely.10.WewouldneverhavetalkedaboutAustralia,orthelanguagebarrierinthetimeoftheNormanConquest.V.SeetheTranslationoftheTextVI.Coherenceandunitycanbeenhancedbycontinuityintheparagraph.Continuitygiveswritingasenseofsmoothness.Goodorganizationisessentialforcontinuity,becausetheclear,logicalarrangementmakestheorderofthoughteasytofollow.Butgoodtransitionsalsohelptomakethewritingsmooth.Thethreecommontransitionaldevicesare:pronounreference,repetitionofimportantwords,andtransitionalexpression.Thetwoparagraphsintheexercisesemploythesethreemethodstoestablishcontinuityandsoimprovecoherenceandunityoftheparagraphs.Paragraph1（1）Transitionalwordsandexpressions:forinstance,ontheotherhand（2）Pronounreference:we（referringbacktoteen-agers）,us,our,us,us,our,us,our,us,us（3）Repetitionofimportantwords:teen-agers,teen-years,teen-agers,teensParagraph2（1）Transitionalwordsandexpressions:Asoftoday,Afterthat,Then,forinstance,eventhat（2）Pronounreference:I,my,I,myself,I,I,me,my,I,I（3）Repetitionofimportantwords:food（andnamesofdifferentkindsoffood）Lesson2TheSadYoungMenI.Omitted.II.A.1.Theyoungergenerationofthe1920swerethoughttobewildbecausetheyvisitedspeakeasies,denouncedPuritanmorality,etc.2.Yes.Youthwasfacedwiththechallengeofchangingthestandardsofsocialbehavior,ofrejectingVictoriangentility.ButinAmericatheyoungpeopletriedtoescapetheirresponsibilitiesandretreatbehindanairofnaughtyalcoholicsophisticationandaposeofBohemianimmorality.3.Alltheactivitiesmentionedaboveweremeanstohelptheyoungpeopletoescapetheirmoreseriousresponsibilitiesofchangingsocietyandmostyoungpeoplewentinfortheseactivities.Itbecameageneralpatternofbehavior.4.Thewarwhippeduptheirenergiesbutdestroyedtheirnaivette.Itmadethemcynical.Theycouldnotfitthemselvesintopostwarsocietysotheyrebelledandtriedtooverthrowcompletelythegenteelstandardsofbehavior.5.Intellectualsandnon-intellectualsbegantoimitatethepatternoflifesetbythoselivinginGreenwichVillage.ThesepeoplelivedaBohemianandeccentriclife.Theydefiedthelawandfloutedallsocialconventions.Theyattackedthewar,Babbittry,and“Puritanical”gentility.6.TheseyoungintellectualswantedAmericatobecomemoresensitivetoartandculture,lessavidformaterialgain,andlesssusceptibletostandardization.7.BecausetheythoughtAmericawasblindanddeaftoeverythingexceptmoneywhile“theydothingsbetter”inEurope.8.Theywerecalledthe“lostgeneration”byGertrudeSteinbecausetheyweretroubledandworriedandhademigratedtoEurope.ButtheywereneverreallylostfortheyfinallyreturnedtoAmericaandproducedtheliveliest,freshest,moststimulatingworksinAmerica‘sliteraryexperience.B.1.Thestructuralorganizationofthisessayisclearandsimple.Theessaydivideslogicallyintoparagraphswithparticularfunctions:tointroducethesubject（introduction）inparagraph1,tosupportanddevelopthethesis（thebodyorthemiddle）inparagraphs2through9,tobringthediscussiontoanend（conclusion）inparagraphs10and11.2.HortonandEdwardsstatetheirthesisinthelastparagraphoftheessay:“TheintellectualsoftheTwenties,thesadyoungmen,asF.ScottFitzgeraldcalledthem,cursedtheirluckbutdidn‘tdie;escapedbutvoluntarilyreturned;flayedtheBabbitsbutlovedtheircountry,andinsodoinggavethenationtheliveliest,freshest,moststimulatingwritinginitsliteraryexperience.”3.Theysupporttheirthesisbyprovidinghistoricalmaterialconcerningtherevoltoftheyoungergenerationofthetwentiesinaseriesofparagraphsandparagraphunitsbetweentheintroductionandconclusion.Yes,theauthorshaveprovidedconvincingfactsanddetailstosupporttheiropinions.4.Yes.Eachparagraphorparagraphunitdevelopsanewbutrelatedaspectofthethoughtstatedinthethesis.Frequentlythefirstsentenceofthesemiddleparagraphsstatesclearlythemainideaofthematerialthatfollowsandindicatesanewbutrelatedstageofthedevelopingthought.Forexample:TherejectionofVictoriangentilitywas,inanycase,inevitable.（paragraph3）TherebellionstartedwithWorldWarI.（paragraph5）GreenwichVillagesetthepattern.（paragraph7）Meanwhilethetrueintellectualswerefarfromflattered.（paragraph9）5.Yes,theyformaparagraphunit.Para.7explainshowGreenwichVillage“setthepattern,”whilePara.8describeshowthispatternwasacceptedandimitatednationwide.6.Freeanswerisfavored.III.1.Attheverymentionofthispost-warperiod,middle-agedpeoplebegintothinkaboutitlongingly.2.Inanycase,Americacouldnotavoidcastingasideitsmiddle-classrespectabilityandaffectedrefinement.3.ThewaronlyhelpedtospeedupthebreakdownoftheVictoriansocialstructure.4.InAmericaatleast,theyoungpeoplewerestronglyinclinedtoshirktheirresponsibilities.Theypretendedtobeworldly-wise,drinkingandbehavingnaughtily.5.TheyoungpeoplefoundgreaterpleasureintheirdrinkingbecauseProhibition,bymakingdrinkingunlawfuladdedasenseofadventure.6.Ouryoungmenjoinedthearmiesofforeigncountriestofightinthewar.7.Theyoungpeoplewantedtotakepartinthegloriousadventurebeforethewholewarended.8.Theseyoungpeoplecouldnolongeradaptthemselvestolivesintheirhometownsortheirfamilies.9.ThereturningveteranalsohadtofacethestupidcynicismofthevictoriousalliesinVersailleswhoactedascynicallyasNapoleondid.10.（Underallthisforceandpressure）somethingintheyouthofAmerica,whowerealreadyverytense,hadtobreakdown.11.Itwasonlynaturalthathopefulyoungwriterswhosemindsandwritingswerefilledwithviolentangeragainstwar,Babbitry,and“Puritanical”gentility,shouldcomeingreatnumberstoliveinGreenwichVillage,thetraditionalartisticcentre.12.Eachtownwasproudthatithadagroupofwild,recklesspeople,wholivedunconventionallives.IV.A.1.speakeasy:aplacewherealcoholicdrinksaresoldillegally,esp.suchaplaceintheU.S.duringProhibition（theperiod1923-1933）2.sheik:amasterfulmantowhomwomenaresupposedtobeirresistiblyattracted3.flapper:（Americanism）inthe1920s,ayoungwomanconsideredboldandunconventionalinactionanddress4.drugstorecowboy:Awesternmovieextrawholoafsinfrontofdrugstoresbetweenpictures5.Prohibition:theforbiddingbylawofthemanufacture,transportation,andsaleofalcoholicliquorsforbeveragepurposes;specificallyintheU.S.,theperiod（1920-1933）ofprohibitionbyFederallaw6.orgy:anywild,riotous,licentiousmerrymaking;debauchery7.soapopera:adaytimeradioortelevisionserialdramaofahighlymelodramatic,sentimentalnature.Ithasbeensocalledsincemanyoriginalsponsorsweresoapcompanies.8.action:militarycombatingeneral9.whipup:rouse;excite10.give:bend,sink,move,breakdown,yield,etc.fromforceorpressure11.burden:repeated,centralidea;theme12.keepupwiththeJoneses:strivetogetallthematerialthingsone‘sneighborsorassociateshave13.writeoff:dropfromconsiderationB.1.boom指突然迅速地增长；flourish指发展势头很旺，处于旺盛时期。aggressiveness在这里指敢做敢为，有闯劲，善于开拓进取；aggression指无故地进攻、侵略。2.obsolescent指逐渐废弃不用的，强调正处于废退或无用的过程；obsolete指已经陈旧过时，不再使用的。3.warfare泛指同敌方进行的战争或武装冲突；war指的是在国家、民族或派别之间进行的公开的使用武力的冲突，常常会持续一段时间。4.preparedness指准备好的状态，而preparations则指准备的动作或过程。5.depression指资本主义国家经常出现的经济危机；recession比depression在语气上要委婉些。6.naiveté指“天真烂漫、纯真无邪”，但有时含贬义，指缺乏社会知识，显得愚蠢；innocent指清白的，指不欺骗、奸诈或隐瞒。7.ignore常指故意忽视或视而不见，往往暗示有意对自己不愿承认的事不予理睬；disregard指有意地不注意或疏忽。8.migrate指从某一地区或国家迁移到另一地区或国家，可以指人迁往外地定居，也可指动物季节性迁徙。emigrate和immigrate仅用于人，emigrate指人离开一国到另一国定居。C.1.Wehavebecomeaworldpowersowecannolongerinouractionjustfollowtheprinciplesofrightandwrongasacceptedinourowncountry,norcanweremainisolatedgeographically,protectedbytheAtlanticandPacificoceans.2.TheGreatEconomicDepressionwhichstartedintheUnitedStatesin1929broughttheyoungescapistsbacktotheirsensesandstoppedthewild,riotouslivestheywereliving.3.Manyotheryoungpeoplebegantointensifyandspreadthisrevoltoftheyoungbytheirownmisdeeds（breakingthelawandlivingunconventionallives?）TheyoungintellectualslivinginGreenwichVillagehelpedtokeeptherevoltaliveandtospreaditthroughoutthecountry.4.Theseyoungbrothersandsistersdidnottakepartinthewar,sotheyhadnofeelingofrealdisillusionmentorloss.Neverthelesstheybegantoimitatethemannersoftheireldersandlivetheunconventionalandnonconforminglivesofthosewhowererebellingagainstsociety.5.TheAmericanpeoplearenotmovedorstirredbyanything.Theyareonlyconsciousofmoneyandwealth.V.SeethetranslationofthetextVI.ThepassageoffersapictureoftheluxuriouscarnivalpartiesheldinGatsby‘smansionsinthesuburbsofNewYork.Thehost‘swealthwasrevealedinmanydetails.HehadaRolls-Royce,whichisaworld-famoushigh-endcar.Besides,hehadhisownstationwagonthatwasusedtomeettheguestswhocamebytrain.Hisgardenwas“enormous”insteadofbig.Theexpensivefoodanddrinksservedinthepartieswerealsoveryimpressive.Moreover,suchlavishpartieswereheldasfrequentlyasatleastonceafortnight.ThepartieswerefulloflaughterbutdecadentInature.Gatsby‘sguestscametotheparty,eating,drinkinganddancingtogether,butdidnotcareenoughtoknowothers‘names.Peoplecameheretohavefun,butnooneseemedtofeelthewarmthoffriendship.Theyonlywantedtoburythemselvesinthepleasure,temporarilyforgettingaboutthefuture.Lesson3LovingandHatingNewYorkI.Omitted.II.A.1.ThesesignsshowthatNewYorkisnolongertheleadingcityintheUnitedStates.2.NewYorknolongerbegetsthestylesandsetsthetrends.Itisnolongerapacesetter.3.Othercitieshavebuildingsmoreinspiredarchitecturally.Thecenterofmusicandsportshasalsoshiftedtoothercities.AsatouristattractionitisinferiortoNewOrleans,SanFrancisco,WashingtonorDisneyland.Finally,therearemanybettercitiestoliveinthanNewYork.4.TheEuropeanscallNewYorktheirfavoritecitybecausetheylikeitscosmopolitancomplexities,itssurvivingEuropeanstandardsanditsalienmixtures.Perhapssomeofthesearereassuredbytheinternationalnamesofjewelers,shoestoresanddesignershops.ButwhatmostexcitesEuropeansisthecity‘scharged,nervousatmosphere,itsvulgardynamism.5.TimwriterwenttoNewYorkbecausehelikestolivethereandhecouldpracticethekindofjournalismhewantedinthatcity.6.TheyoungpeoplegotoNewYorktotestthemselvesandtoavoidgivingintothemostbanalandmarketableoftheirtalents.InNewYorktheyalsofindthecompanyofmanyotheryoungpeoplesimilarlyfleeingfromtheconstrictingatmosphereofsmallercities.7.NewYorkisstillthebankingandcommunicationsheadquartersforAmerica.Thenetworks‘newscentres,thelargestbookpublishers,thebiggestmagazines,theadagenciesareallhere,appraisingandratifyingthefilms,theplays,themusic,thebooksthatothershavecreated.8.ItisinfactthefirsttrulyinternationalmetropolisbecausehereonefindsamuchwidermixtureofnationalitiesAsians,Africans,LatinsandallvarietiesofEuropeans.B.1.Thisarticleisapieceofexpositorywriting.Themainthemeorthesisisstatedbythetitle“LovingandHatingNewYork”,ormorespecifically,bythefirstsentenceofthelastparagraph:“LovingandhatingNewYorkbecomesamatterofalternatingmoods,ofteninthesameday.”2.Thisarticleiswellorganized.Thefirstfiveparagraphscanbeageneralintroduction,pointingoutthepresentstatusofNewYorkCityintheUnitedStatesandintheeyesofforeigners.Tobemorespecific,thefirstfourparagraphsdescribehowNewYorkCityisnolongeraleadingcityandapacesetter.Para.5presentsthestatusofNewYorkasafavoritecityintheeyesofmanyEuropeans.ThelastsentenceofPara.5actsasatransitiontotheactualdescriptionofNewYorkCity‘scharged,nervousatmosphere,anditsvulgardynamism.Paras.6-21consistsPartTwo,whichobjectivelyandemotionallydescribesNewYorkandthelifeandstruggleofNewYorkersandalsoexplainsNewYorkers‘loveforthecitywhichisstrongerthanhateinspiteofitsshortcomingsanddisadvantages.Para.22canbePartThree.Itcenetrsonthethemebystating“LovingandhatingNewYorkbecomesamatterofalternatingmoods,ofteninthesameday.”3.ThisarticleisfullofAmericanEnglishterms,phrasesandconstructions.SuchasT-shirt,hassle,plush,holdout,comeback,putdown,measureup,expense-account,etc.4.ThewriterstatesthathebothlovesandhatesNewYork,butthereaderfailstoseewhereorwhyhehatesNewYork.ItisclearthatGriffithlovesNewYorkandfeelsexhilaratedlivingthere.Hemaysometimesfeelexasperatedbutthisfeelingisneverstrongenoughtoturntohate.ThewritershowshisloveforNewYorkwiththewordssuchasenergy,contentionstriving,etc.5.Thetopicsentenceofparagraph8isthefirstsentence.“Nature‘spleasuresaremuchqualifiedinNewYork.”Thewriterusesmanyexamplestodevelopthisparagraphandtobackupthestatementmadeinthetopicsentence.6.BycomparingtheirdifferentattitudesorfeelingsofloveandhatetowardsNewYorkCity,thewriterdescribesbothpositiveandnegativeaspectsoradvantagesanddisadvantagesofNewYork.ToNewYorkerswholovethiscitysomuch,NewYorkisaplaceofopportunity,energy,bracingcompetitiveness,etc.ButoutsidersfindNewYorkoppressiveanddisgusting.TheirdifferentattitudespresentacompletepictureofNewYork.III.1.NowadaysNewYorkcannotunderstandnorfollowthetasteoftheAmericanpeople.2.NewYorkboaststhatitisacitythatresiststheprevailingtrends（styles,fashion）ofAmerica.3.SituationcomediesmadeinHollywoodandtheactualperformanceofJohnnyCarsonnowreplacethescheduledradioandTVprogramsforCalifornia.4.NewYorkisregainingsomewhatitsstatusasacitythatattractstourists.5.ApersonwhowinsinNewYorkisconstantlydisturbedbyfearandanxiety（becauseheisafraidoflosingwhathehaswoninthefiercecompetition）6.Thechancetoenjoythepleasuresofnatureisverylimited.7.AtnightthecityofNewYorkisaglowwithlightsandseemsproudlyandhaughtilytodarkenthenightsky.8.ButapureandwholehearteddevotiontoaBohemianlifestylecanbeexaggerated.9.Inboththeserolesofbankingandcommunicationsheadquarters,NewYorkstartsororiginatesveryfewthingsbutgivesitsstampofapprovaltomanythingscreatedbypeopleinotherpartsofthecountry.10.Thetelevisiongenerationwasconstantlyandstronglyinfluencedbyextravagantpromotionaladvertising.11.Authorswritinglongseriousnovelsearntheirlivinginthemeantimebyalsowritingarticlesforpopularmagazines.12.Broadway,whichseemedunabletoresistthecheap,gaudyshowsputoninthesurroundingareas,isonceagainbusyandactive.13.Thosewhofailedinthestruggleoflife,thedown-and-outs,arenothiddenawayinslumsorghettoeswhereotherpeoplecan‘tseethem.14.NewYorkconstantlyirritatesandannoysverymuchbutattimesitalsoinvigoratesandstimulates.IV.A.1.holdout:（Americanism）aplacethatholdsout;holdout:continueresistance;standfirm;notyield2.live:transmittedduringtheactualperformance3.charged:tense;intense4.put-down:（Americanslang）abelittlingremarkorcrushingretort5.measureup:（Americanism）provetobecompetentorqualified6.jingle:aversethatjingles;jinglingarrangementofwordsorsyllables7.expense-account:（Americanism）anarrangementwherebycertainexpensesofanemployeeinconnectionwithhisworkarepaidforbyhisemployer8.illustration:apicture,design,diagram,etc.usedtodecorateorexplainsomething9.commercial:（radioandTV）apaidadvertisement10.distancing:bereservedorcooltoward;treataloofly11.high-rise:（Americanism）designatingorofatallapartmenthouse,officebuilding,etc.,ofmanystories（/noun）ahigh-risebuilding12.mean:poorinappearance;shabbyB.1.Hollywood:U.S.motionpictureindustryoritslife,world,etc.2.TinPanAlley:thepublishers,writers,andpromotersofpopularmusic;centerofpopularmusic3.MadisonAvenue:theadvertisingindustry,itspractices,influence,etc.4.FifthAvenue:fashionableshoppingcenter5.Broadway:theNewYorkcommercialtheatreorentertainmentindustry6.GreenwichVillage:centerforartists,writers,etc.,inNewYork7.Disneyland:（afteranamusementcenternearLosAngeles,createdbyWaltDisney）aplaceorconditionofunreality,fantasy,incongruity,etc.8.Wallstreet:theU.S.moneymarketortheU.S.financiersandtheirpower,influence,policies,etc.C.1.alliteration,metaphor2.metonymy3.metaphor,metonymy4.personification5.metaphor,synecdoche6.euphemism7.personificationV.SeethetranslationofthetextVI.1.ThisparagraphistakenfromDownandOutinParisandLondonbyGeorgeOrwell.Inthisparagraphhedrawsthedifferencebetween“thefilthylittlescullery”andthediningroomofaParisianrestaurant.Hedevelopshisparagraphmainlybyabundantdescriptivedetailsandtheuseofconcretewords.2.ThisparagraphistakenfromTheCrisisinMan’sDestinybySirJulianHuxley.Themainideaisexpressedinthetopicsentence“Scienceisexplodingevenmoreviolentlythanpopulation.”,whichisdevelopedbyacombinationoffacts,judgments,andsemifactualstatements.Thesemifactualtopicsentenceissupportedbystatisticalevidence（physicalfact）insentences2,3and4.Insentence5hemakesthreejudgmentsbasedonthefactualevidenceintheparagraph.3.ThisparagraphistakenfromTheAgeofFablebyThomasBulfinch.Themainideaisexpressedintheopeningtopicsentence:“Withoutaknowledgeofmythologymuchoftheelegantliteratureofourownlanguagecannotbeunderstoodandappreciated.”Thewriterusesmultipleexamplestodevelopandillustratethisview..Lesson4TheOnesWhoWalkAwayfromOmelas（Excerpts）

I.Omitted.II.A.1.Omelasisaportcitybytheseawithbrighttowersandhouseswithredroofsandpaintedwalls.Therearetree-linedavenues,moss-growngardens,greatparksandpublicbuildings.Towardsthenorthsideofthecitythereisagreatwater-meadowcalledtheGreenFields.FarofftothenorthandwestaremountainswithsnowypeakshalfencirclingOmelas.2.TheywerejoyouslycelebratingtheFestivalofSummerwithmusic,danceandprocessions.Men,womenandchildrenwerealldressedinfestiveclothestocelebratetheoccasion,exceptfortheriderswhowerenaked,thehighlightofthecelebrationswasahorseracetobeheldonthegreatwater-meadowcalledtheGreenFields.3.Theydowithoutmonarchyandslaveryandalsowithoutthestockexchange,theadvertisement,thesecretpolice,thebomb,theclergyandsoldiers.Theydonothavecarsnorhelicopters.4.Inthemiddlecategory—thatoftheunnecessarybutundestructive—thewriterliststhefollowing:centralheating,subwaytrains,washingmachines,beerandevenanothabit-forming