大二英语-中国文化概况-中国文化概况期末资料

Chapter1AGeneralIntroductiontoChineseCulture

WordsandExpressions:

thedescendantsofYanandHuang炎黄子孙

porcelain瓷器

TheappellationofChina

Chines.histor.bega.wit.tw.legendar.figures

Empero.Huan.an.Empero.Yan.who.togethe.wit.thei.tribes.inliabite.th.drainag.are.alon.th.middl.rea

ches（中

游.o.th.Yello.River.B.th.tim.o.Xi.Dynasty.afte.centuiie.o.Iivin.sid.b.side.thes.tw.tribe.ha.graduall.

merge,into（合并，融合.one.Consequently.th.Chines.peopl.usuall.cal.themselve.

uth.dcsccndant.o.Ya.an.Huang”.

Peopleatthattimebelievedthatthelandtheylivedonwasthecenteroftheworld,andcalledtheir

statethe"MiddleKingdom"（中国），thusgivingChinaitscountryname.

Chin.i.lh.appellalio.o.ou.countr.give.b.foreigners.Th.porcelai.chin.i.th.transliteratio.o.th.plac.ram.

Changnan（昌南）.whic.wa.th.ol.nam.fo.Jingdezhen（景德

镇）.Th.porcelai.mad.i.Changna.wa.smoot.an.bright.an.earne.anothe.nam.o.artificia.jade.I.becam.

famou.bot.honi.an.abroa.an.wa.expoite.t.Europ.i.larg.quantities.

I.Europe.peopl.rcgardc.Changna.porcelai.a.somcthin.prcciou.an.dclicat.an.woul.tak.prid.i.posscssi

n.one.A.tim.passed.peopl.i.Europ.forgo.th.meanin.o.Changna.an.switche.th.origina.nieanin.o.porc

elai.o.th.wor."china.t.th.plac.o.it.origin.

Chapter2ChinesePhilosophyandReligion

Part1ChineseThoughtsandPhilosophy

WordsandExpressions:

Coiifuuiaiiisiii，儒家

Taoism道家

TheAnalects《论语》

benevolence仁慈，善行

ritual礼制，仪式，惯例

filialpiety孝，孝心

TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophy

ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes（先秦子学）

TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty（两汉经学）

MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJindynasties（魏晋玄学）

ThebuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynasties（隋唐佛学）

Nco-confucianisminSongandMingdynasties（宋明理学）

ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynasties（明清实学）

ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes（先秦子学）

Th.philosoph.i.Pre-Qi.time,wa.marke.b.th.emergenc.o.variou.ancien.philosophica.views.

ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism（儒家），Taoism（道家）,Mohism（墨家）and

Legalism（法家）

1.Confucianism

Confucianis.i..schoo.o.though.rcprescntc.b.Confuciu.an.Mcncius.Confucianis.ha.influcncc.th.Chin

es.fo.thousand.o.year.an.i.deepI.roote.i.Chines.culture.Legratio.o.inielleclual.political.an.reli

giou.（raditio.wil.th.fbcu.o.lh.individua.moralil.an.ethic.i.dail.lif.an.（pe.exercis.o.poli（ica.powe

r.

WhoisConfucius?

Familyname:Kong;Givenname:Qiu;courtesyname:Zhongni

H.cator..statesman..philosophcr.th.fbundc.o.th.Confucia.schoo.an.Confucianis

m.

ThelandmarkofConfucianismistheAnalects,whichwaswriuenbyhisdisciplesafterhisdeath.

ThecoreofConfucius'sphilosophyaretheconceptsof

Ren（benevolence）

Ren（仁）:Confuciusdefinesitas"Aire””（爱人）,thatis,toloveothers.

TheChinesecharaclcr"仁”（benevolence）uunsislsof"apcisun（人）“onihcleftand"iwu（二）''

ontherightindicatingtherelationshipbetweenpeople.

Li（ritual）

Li（ritual-礼）referstotherulesofhumanconductandmoralnormssuchaspoliteness,courtesy,

propriety,properetiquetteandgoodmannersrangingfromspeechandbehaviortothe

performanceofritualswhichareusuallycodifiedandtreatedasanall-embracingsystemofsocial

norms.

Xiao（filialpiety）

Xiao（孝）referstothefilialpiety,whichwasregardedasoreofthegreatestofvirtuesinChinese

tradition,denotingtherespectandobediencethatthechildrenshouldshowtotheirparents.

Zhong（loyalty）

Zhong（loyally-忠）isagreatvirtue,whichemphasizestheobligationsanddutiestothesuperior,

lofriends,family,andspouse.

2.Taoisni

Founde.b.La.Z.an.Zhuan.Zi.th.schoo.advocate.th.doctrin.tha.th.Da.i.th.course.th.principle.th.substa

nce.an.th.standar.o.al.things.t.whic.al.o.the.mus.confbrni.

Basc.o.th.wor.o.

Da.D.Jing.Tmote.th.belie.tha..perso.shoul.liv..simpl.life.no.t.striv.fb.wealth.fam.o.power.w

hie.wil.onl.giv.on.worrie.an.trouble.

Theschoolfavoursthepoliticalprincipleof“achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action”（无

为而治）

3.Mohism

Bas.o.th.teachin.o.Mozi.th.schoo.chcrishe.universa.Iov.whic.state.tha.i.al.th.peopLi.th.worl.love.on

.anothcr.thcr.wil.b.n.hatrcd.calainitics.an.hostilities.

I.politic.an.ethics.Mpose.honorin.virtuou.people.opposin.fatalis.（宿命

论.an.aggressiv.wars.an.upholdin.ihriftiness（节俭）.

4.Legalisni

Legalism.begu.b.Hanfeizi.espouse.（主

张.motin.agricultur.t.achiev.affluenc.（富裕）.wagin.（进

彳亍.war.t.gai.strengt.an.power.an.establishin..syste.o.bureaucrac.（官僚制度）.

TheorlliuduxphilusuphyduringIlieHanDyuitsly（两汉经学）

1.th.Ha.Dynasty.Empcro.Wud.institute.th.campaig.o.

bannin.al.school.o.though.excep.Confucianism（罢翱百家，独尊儒

术）”.H.chos.offlciaLfro.thos.wh.wer.sieepe.i.Confucianis.only.Consequenily.Confucianis.becam.

a.orthodo.schoo.lha.serve.a.th.ideologica.foundatio.o.th.feuda.rul.throughou.lh.dynastie.i.China.

TraditionalChineseethics

Traditiona.Chines.ethic.include.bot.goo.an.ba.eIements.Som.retlec.th.hig.standar.o.mora.pursui.o.t

h.Chines.people.whil.other.see.les.relevan.i.nioder.society.Fo.exaniple.th.thre.obedience.an.fou.vir

tue.（三从四德.an.th.thre.basi.rule.an.fiv.constan.virtue.（三纲五

^.hav.lon.bce.abandone.b.th.Chines.pcople.

Thetraditionalidealofawomanisthatsheisadependantbeingwhosebehaviorisgovernedby

“threeobediences^^（tofatherbeforemarriage,tohusbandaftermarriage,andtosonafter

becomingawidow:未嫁从父，既嫁从夫，夫死从子）andfourttvirtues^^（morality,proper

speech,modestmanner,ancdiligence:品德、言语、仪态、女工）.

Thesewerethesocialnormsprescribedbyfeudalmorality.

Th.thre.basi.rules..kin.shoul.rul.ove.hi.subjects..father.hi.son..husband.hi.wif.（君为臣纲、父为T

纲、夫为妻纲）.

Thefiveconstantvirtues:benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,andfidelity（仁、义、礼、

智、信）.

Part2ReligionsandBeliefs

WordsandExpressions:

Heavenworship祭天

Ancestorworship祭祖

Confucianism儒教

TheConfucianTemple孑L庙

Taoism道教

TheFiveElements五行

Buddhism佛教Buddha佛像，佛祖，佛陀

nirvana涅盘

Heavenworship

TheheavenworshipWeistheburcuucralic（官僚的）beliefsystemadoptedbymostdynastiesof

Chinauntiltheoverthrow（推翻）oftheQingDynasty.

Heave,wa.believe.t.manifes.itsel.throug.th.power.o.th.weathe.an.natura.disasters.Heave.wa.see.a..j

udg.o.humans.

Th.emperor.ar.Son.o.Heaven（天

子）.an.thei.powe.ar.authonze.b.heaven.Sue.belief.actuall.consolidated（巩

固.th.authorit.o.th.Emperor.

Ancestorworship

Chines.worshi.o.ancestor.date.bac.t.th.prehistoiy.Chines.culture.Confucianism.an.Chines.Buddhis.

al.valu.filia.piet.a..to.virtue.an.th.ac.i..continue.displa.o.piet.an.respcc.toward.departe.ancestors.

Confucianism儒教

Confucianis.i.no..rea.religion.i.i.jus.a.ethical（伦理道德

的.an.philosophica.sys（em.whic.develope.from?Confucius.（hought.an.lale.wa.lreate.a..kin.o.belie.t

.mo.people（教化大众）.

TheTaoistReligion

AGeneralIntroductionofTaoism

Taoismistheindigenous（土生土长的）religioninChina.

Th.Taois.religio.evolve.ou.o.witchcraf.（巫术）.necromancy

（方..an.self-cultivatio.techniques.lt.highes.belie.i.calle.“Dao”.it.bibl.i.calle.

“Da.D.Jing”.I.ha.grea.impac.o.th.thinkin.o.th.Chines.people.a.wel.a.o.ih.politicai.economi.an.cu

Itura.lif.o.th.country.

Beliefs

Yin-yangTheory

Yin-yangarcopposing,Yin-yangarcmutuallyrooted.Yin-yangmutuallytransform.Yin-yang

mutuallywaxandwane

TheFiveElements八Vuxing"五行"

Therelationshipbetweenthefiveelements:

TheGeneratingCycle

Woo.feed.Fire.Fir.create.Earth.Eart.bear.Metal.Meta.carrie.Water.Wate.nourishe.Wood.

TheOvercomingCycle

WoodpartsEarth;EarlhabsorbsWaler;WalerquenchesFire;FiremeltsMetal;Mclalcliops

Wood.

Buddhism

Buddhis.i.lh.mos.importan.religio.i.China.I.i.generalLbelieve.（ha.i.wa.sprea.t.Chin.i.6.A.durin.lh.H

a.Dynast.（20.BC-220.fro.Hotan（和

田.i.Xinjian.t.Centra.China.Durin.it.developmen.i.Cfoun.（深远的）

intluenc.o.traditiona.Chines.cultur.an.thoughts.an.ha.beconi.on.o.th.nios.importan.religion.1.Chin.a

.tha.time.

ItsDeityisSakyamuni（释迦牟尼）；

h.doctrin.i.base.o.transmigration（轮回）.

Whatisthefundamentalcauseof*allsuffering?

Desire!

WhatdidtheBuddhaleach?

ThedoctrineofFourNobleTruths（四谛）

■lifeissuffering,

■thecauseofsufferingisdesire,

■theansweristoquench（抑制）desire,

■thewaytothisendistofollowtheEight-FoldPath［八正道）.

WhatdoBuddhistsbelieve?

Nirvanaisapeaceful,detachedslateofmind.

AchievingNirvanameansescapefromthecycleofrebirth.

Buddhis.i.Cl.th.Han.Tibeta.an.Souther.Buddhism.

Chapter3ChineseCharacters,CalligraphyandPainting

WordsandExpressions:

ChineseCharacters汉字

calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家

Oraclebonescript甲骨文

TheregularScript楷书

FourTreasuresoftheStudy文房四宝

brush毛笔inkstick墨inkstone砚台

TheoriginoftheChinesecharacters

I.Keeprecordsbytyingknots（结绳说）

2.TheEightDiagrams（八圭、说）

3.CangJiecreatedthecharacters（仓颉造字说）

TheevolutionofChinesecharactersfont（汉字的字体演变）

Oraclebonescript

Itreferstoincised（雕亥i］的）ancientChinesecharactersfoundonoraclebones,whichareanimal

bonesorturtleshellsusedindivinalion（预言）inancientChina.

Bronzewarescript金文

Lrefer.t.character.foun.engrave.o.bronz.vessels.utensils.weapon.etc.

TheSealCharacters（篆书）

Sof.line.o.stroke.an.uprigh.rectangula.shap.kee.th.sea.fbr.character.mor.clos.t.pictograph.（象，族文

字）.Eac.o.ih.character.ha..balance.an.symmelrica.（对称的.pailem.

TheOfficialScript（隶书）

I.wa.th.turnin.poin.i.th.evolutio.o.Chines.script.an.i.th.foundatio.o.th.late.scrip.forms.I.turne.th.re

.linea.（直线的.anfla.squar.（扁方形.shapes.

TheregularScript（楷书）

Li.stiLtoday'.standar.writing.I.i.squar.i.form.an.non-cursiv.i.strokes.

TherunningScript（行书）

Th.runnin.fbr.i.somewher.betwee.（h.regula.an.（h.cursivJbrm.allowin.simple.an.fasce.wri（ing.

TheCursive/GrassCharacter（草书）

Thi.styl.o.calligraph.i.smoo:.an.livel.wit.stroke.flowin.an.character.linkin.together.Th.character.ar.

ofte.joined..th.initia.strok.o.th.next.I.i.execute.frcel.an.rapidl.szha.p

art.o.th.charactcr.appca.exaggcratc.（夸张的）.

Calligraphy

Playingmusicalinstruments,playingchess,calligraphyandpaintingwereconsideredasthefour

essentialskillsforalearnedscholar.

TheChinesesaying“Thehandwritingrevealstheperson^^（字如其人），isdirectlyrelatedto

calligraphy.

FourTreasuresoftheStudy文房四宝

brush毛笔inkslick墨paper纸inkslonc砚

FamousChineseCalligraphersinHistory

WangXizhi—thesageofChinesecalligraphy

ZhangXu（张旭）----theusageofthecursivehandn“草圣”

Ya.Zhenqing------th.fou.greates.masler.o.Regula.script.

LiuGongquan------amasterofRegularScriptandRunning-c〃「sii，e（行草）

Painting

Painting

Chines.Traditiona.Paintin.refer.t.in..was.paintin.（水墨画..Traditiona.Chines.painting.ar.no.

“purcly.paintings.Tbin.fin.art.poetry.calligraphy.au.sea.engravin.t.achiev.a.artisti.uniso.（

致）.Huma.figures.landscapes.flowers.birds.an.pavilion.ar.th.rnos.importan.therne.o.lraditiona.Chin

es.painting.

TheclassificationofChinesepainting

Accordingtosubjectmatter

Figurepainting

Landscapepainting

Bird-and-tlowerpainting

Accordingtothetechnique

Thexieyischool

Thegongbischool

Chapter4Literature

WordsandExpressions

CelestialPoet（诗仙）

SaintPoet（诗圣）

RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms《三国演义》

WalerMargin《水浒传》

JourneytotheWest《西游记》

DreamoftheRedMansions《红楼梦》

TheTangPoem

Th.Tan.Dyiiasl.sa.lli.uoiiliiiuc.dcvclupiiicii.o.Chines.poclry.Tli.Cuiiiplcl.Anlliulug.o.Tan.Pucni.（《

全唐

诗》）.edite.i.th.earl.Qin.Dynasty.i.th.biggest-eve.collectio.o.Chines.poetry.I.con（ain.48,97.poem.b.

2,20.poet.wh.wrot.i.differen.styles.

ThedevelopmentofpoetryintheTangDynastycanbeclassifiedintofourstages,namelyEarly

Tang,HighTang,MidTang,andLateTang（初唐，盛唐,中唐，晚唐）

EarlyTang

TheFourLiteraryEminences（初唐四杰）

WangBo,YangJiong,LuoBinwang,andLuZhaolin

HighTang

.whoLgeneratio.o.literar.giant.appeare.durin.th.Hig.Tan.perio.sperit.an.stabili

ty.L.Ba.an.D.Ear.regarde.a.ih.twi.maste.poet.o.lh.Tan.Dynasty.

L.Bai.th.“Celestia.Poe.（诗

仙）”.ha.Ion.bee.regarde.th.greates.romanti.poe.i.Chines.literature.I.hi.poems.imagination.e

xaggeration.dictio.an.sonorou.rhythm.ar.blende.effortlessly.

D.Fu.th."Sain.Poe.（诗

圣）”.ha.bee.considere.a.tli.greates.realisti.poe.i.Chines.iiterature..mirro.o.th.tinies.hi.poein.f

foundl.reflec.th.socia.realitie.o.Tan.Dynast.i.declinc.lik..poeti.historica.account

.Becaiis.h.rea€,he.perfectio.i.developin..depressin.literar.style.hi.work.hav.bee.considere.a.th.c

lassic.o.realism.

Theotherpoetsinthisperiodcanbegroupedintotwocategories:frontierpoets（边塞诗人）

representedbyGaoShiandCenShen,andpastoralpoets（田园诗人）representedbyMeng

HaoranandWangWei.

Mid-Tang

TheoutstandingpoetBaiJuyisucceededDuFuwithpoemsreflectingtherealityofsociety.

LateTang

Wernmen.i.th.lat.Tan.Dynasty.th.poem.reflected.mor.an.more.th.hopeles.a

n.helples.feeling.o.th.people.Poet.tunie.t.th.them.o.nostaIgi.（怀

旧.fo.th.fbnne.splendo.（辉.）o.ol.tirnes.Th.mos.talente.o.thes.wer.L.Shangyi.an.D.Mu.wh.wer.ofte.

calle."Youn.L.Ba.an.D.Fu”.

FiclionintheMingandQingDynasty

I.th.Son.Dynasty.huabc.（话

本）.th.earlies.novel.writte.i.colloquia.languag.starte.t.appear.B.th.Min.an.Qin.dynasties.novel.gre.r

apidl.a..live!.an.fre.lilerar.form.Th.languag.o.lh.novel.wa.simple.eas.l.understand.an.welcome.b.th.

public.

FourfamousChineseclassicalnovels

RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms《二国演义》WaterMargin《水浒传》

JourneytotheWest《西游:己》DreamoftheRedMansions《红楼梦》

WinneroftheNoblePrizeinLiterature,MoYan

0.1.0ctobe.2012.th.Swcdis.Academ.announce.tha.M.Ya.ha.receive.th.Nobe.Priz.i.Literatur.fo.hi.

wor..Age.5.a.th.tim.o.th.announcement.h.wa.th.l()9t.recipien.o.th.awar.an.th.firs.eve.residen.o.inai

nlan.Chin.l.receiv.i..

M.Ya.ha.wriue.I.novels.an.severa.novella.an.shor.stor.colleclions.

《红高粱家族》RedSorghum^《天堂蒜蔓之歌》TheGarlicBalladsi《十三步》ThirteenStep,

《食草家族》TheHerbivorousFamily,《丰乳肥臀》BigBreastsandWideHips,《酒国》

TheRepublicofWine:ANovel,《红树林》RedForest1《檀香刑》SandalwoodDeath,《生

死疲劳》LifeandDeathArcWearingMeOut,《四H—•炮》Pow!2《蛙》Frog

Chapter5Education

WordsandExpressions

PrivateSchools私塾

OfficialSchools官学

theFourBooksandtheFiveClassics四书五经

ImperialExamination科举

Nine-yearCompulsoiyEducation九年制义务教育

VocationalEducation职业教育

CollegeEntranceExamination高考

Bachelor'sdegree学士学位

Master'sdegree硕士学位

Doctor'sdegree博士学位

ConfuciusInstitute孔子学院

PrivateSchools

Aprivateschoolreferstoaschoolsetupbyafamily,clan,orteacherthatgenerallyhadjustone

teacherwhogaveindividudtuition,andthathadnosettextbooksandnospecifiedtimespanof

study.

I.th.Sprin.an.Aulum.Period.privat.school.prevaile.an.man.scholar.o.differen.school.o.though.sprea.

thei.teachin.i.thi.way.Amon.them.th.privat.schoo.ru.b.Confuciu.wa.th.larges.an.mos.influential.

Contucius,privateschool:

3000ciples（弟子）;72virtuousandtalentedstudents

Confucius'educationalideas:

"EducationshouldbeforaE,irrespectiveoftheirsocialstatus?*（有教无类）

uSixarts'*:ritual,music,archery,chariot-riding,writing,andarithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、

御、书、数）

OfficialSchools

Officia.school.bega.durin.th.Wester.Zho.Dynasty.an.wer.sponsore.b.th.officia.constitutio.calle.Xia

ngxu..Onl.childre.o.noble.\ver.admitted.

TheteachingmaterialswerecenteredontheFourBooksandtheFiveClassics（四书五经）.

ImperialExaminationSystem（科举）

ImperialExaminationSysteminChinabeganintheSuiDynastyandlastedmorethan1,300years

untilthelastexaminationwasheldduringtheQingDynasty.

Itwasconductedattwolevels:xiangshi（乡试）andhuishi（会试）

Durin.th.Min.an.Qin.Dynas：y.（h.examinatio.wa.designe.t.selec.jinshi（进

i）.I.feature.writin.,whic.involve.th.writin.o.a.Eight-par.Essay（7U15i）.

Afte.tli.Opiu.Wa.i.l84.wit.th.sprea.o.th.Wester.ideolog.an.technolog.i.Chin..i.wa.unde.attac.b.peop

ie.I.wa.abolishe.i.1905.

Nine-yearCompulsoryEducation

T.efTec.o.Jul.l.I986.c

ation.

China'sNine-yearCompulsoryEducationiscomposedoftwoparts:six-yearsinprimaryschool

andthree-yearsinjuniorhighschool.

In1989,Chinalaunchedtwoambitiousprojects:ProjectHope（希望工程）andtheSpringBud

Project（春蕾”,划）TheseIwoprojectshavehelpedchildren,especiallygirls,inpoorareasLu

attendschools.

Th.Nationa.Colleg.Entranc.Examinatio.i.a.academi.cxaniinatio.hcl.annuall.i.Chin.aime.t.sele

c.high-schoo.graduate.fo.colleg.admissions.

HigherEducation

Mor.tha.tw.thousan.universities.colleges.an.institute.i.Cgrams.Student.w

h.hav.eame.Bachelo.o.Art.o.Scienc.degree.ma.appl.to.Maste.o.Art.o.Sgram.an.the.three-

yea.Docto.o.Philosoph.(Ph.D..programs.

ConfuciusInstitute

ConfuciusInstituteisnotageneralsenseoftheuniversity,butthepromotionanddissemiration

(传播)ofChinesecultureandChineselanguageeducation.

Chapter6DressandAdornmentCulture

WordsandExpressions

attire/costume/trappings服装、服饰

TheSilkRoad丝绸之路

TheMaritimeSilkRoad海上丝绸之路

embroidery/imkbr?id?ri/刺绣;刺绣品

LiBrocade黎锦

TheIntangibleCulturalHeritage非物质文化遗产

Chin.ha.man.ethni.group.wit..Ion.history.Fo.thousand.o.years.generation.o.clothin.designer.hav.de

vole.themselve.t.buildin.th.Kingdo.o.C.a.importa

ponen.o.Chines.culture.

Cheong-sam(QiPao)

Cheong-sa.cam.fro.Qizhuar.o.manch.women'.costume.Tfortabl.t.wear.s

nugl.fittin.th.fcmal.Chines.figure.It.nccklin.i.high.colla.closed.an.it.sleeve.ma.b.short.incdiu.o.ful.l

ength.dependin.o.th.seaso.o.th.wearer'.taste.Th.dres.i.buttcne.o.th.righ.side.wit..loos.bodice..fitte

.bin.t.se.of.th.beaut.o.lh.female*.figure.

Chinesetunicsuit(Zhongshansuit/Maosuit)

Ma.sui.(afte.Ma.Zedong).Su.Zroduce.th.styl.shortl.afte.th.foundin.o.th.Republi.o.Chin.

criiiiiciila.iiiipliualion.

TangCostumes

.lan.costunie.(literally."Chines.suit..i..Chines.jacke.tha.originate.a.th.en.o.th.Qin.Dynasty.Th.tangz

huan.evolve.fro.th.magu.(Chinese.马

褂).whic.th.Ha.Chines.wer.force.t.wea.i.durin.th.Qin.D

mo.people.The.ar.ofte.wor.b.men.althoug.wome.wea.the.a.well.

l.Cinunities.th.ZlK>ngsha.suit.th.wester.suit.an.th.ran.sui.ar.th.mai.fdrm.o.fornia.dies.fo.

me.o.man.occasions.

TheSilkRoad

TheSilkRoadreferstotheancienttraderouteconnectingAsiaContinentandEuropeanContinent,

usuallyitcanbeclassifiedintoNorthernSilkRoadontheland,andtheMaritimeSilkRoad.

Embroidery（刺绣）

Embroider.1..traditiona.Chines.handicraf.featurin.flowers.bird.an.scener.o.sil.o.othe.clot.i.colore.sil

.threads.Chines.embroider.date.bac.ove.3,00.years.I.ha.distinc.regiona.an.ethni.characteristics.

EmbroideryinChinaincludes:

ShuEmbroidery（蜀绣）fromSichuan,

SuEmbroidery（苏绣）fromSuzhou

S.joy..goo.rcputatio.o.th.firs.o.th.rIop-fbu.cinbroidcr.i.China.

XiangEmbroidery（湘绣）fromHunan

Yu.Embroider.（粤绣.fro.Guangdong.

LiBrocade

Acclaime.a.."livin.fossil.o.Chines.textiles.th.Li-styl.brocad.wa.chose.i.th.firs.batc.o.item.fo.th.Inta

ngibl.Ciiltiira.Heritag.lis.release.b.UNESC.i.2009.Th.L.brocad.ha.bee.par.o.China'.nationa.cultura.

heritage.bu.a.fe.peopl.nowaday.hav.th.skill.necessar.t.weav.th.specia.brocades.th.practic.i.i.dange.o

.bccomin.extinct.

Chapter7Part1FoodCulture

WordsandExpressions

foodie吃货

culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的

cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴

inainfuud主食，主粮（staplefoud）

aroma芳香,香味

seasonings调味品、调料

AgeneralintroductionofChinesefood

Chinesecuisine（菜肴）iswidelyseenasrepresentingoneoftherichestandmostdiverse

culinary（烹饪的）cuisinesandheritagesintheworld.

.mea.i.Cponents.Zhush.（niai.fdod；--ty

picalLrice.noodles.o.man（o.（steanie.bun）.an.accompanyin.dishe.o.vegetables.iTieat.fish.o.othe.item

s.know.a.ca.（dish.i.th.Chines.language.Thi.cultura.conceptualizatio.i.i.som.way.i.contras.t.cuisine.

o.Norther.Europ.an.th.USA.tein（®S..i.ofte.considere.th.mai.food（2fc^r）.

Cplet.presenc.o.color.aroma（T7§,香味.an.taste.（色香味俱全）

LChina.w.hav.eigh.branche.o.cuisine.

ShandongCuisine山东菜系（鲁菜）

GuangdongCuisine广东菜系（粤菜）

SichuanCuisine四川菜系（川菜）

HunanCuisine湖南菜系（湘菜）

JiangsuCuisine淮扬菜系（苏菜）

ZhejiangCuisine浙江菜系（浙菜）

FujianCuisine福建菜系（闽菜）

AnhuiCuisine安徽菜系（徽菜）

HainanCuisine

Haina.i.note.fo.it."Fou.Bes.Know.Dishes.-.Wenchan.Chicken.Jiaj.Duck.Dongsha.Mutton东

lll.an.Hel.Crab和乐蟹.

Chapter7Part2TeaandWineCulture

ABriefIntroductiontoTeaCulture

Tea（茶）commonlydenotesthedrinkmadefromsteeping（浸泡）theprocessedleaves,buds（芽）,

ortwigsoftheteabush（茶树）inwater.

O.bot.casua.an.forma.Chines.occasions.le.i.consume.regularly.I.addilio.t.bein..drink.Chines.te.i.us

e.i.Traditiona.Chines.medicin.an.i.Chines.cuisine.

I.i.universall.acknowledge.tha.Cdu

u.an.drill.lea.

Attheendofthesixteenthcentury,theDutch（荷兰人）broughtwordtoEuropethattherewasa

kindofmagicleafintheeast,fromwhichtastydrinkscouldbemade,andthiswasthefirsttime

（hatEuropeansheardoflea.

1.1610.th.Eas.Indi.Company（东印度公

司.wa.th.firs.t.sei.te.t.Europe.afte.whic.th.habi.o.drinkin.te.too.roo.there.Britai.i.famou.fo.it.te.drin

king.

TheClassificationsofChineseTea

Greentea绿茶Blacktea红茶Oolongtea乌龙茶

Yellowtea黄茶Whitetea白茶Scentedtea花茶

Compressedtea砖茶

Uniquecustomsoftakingteaindifferentregions:

GuangdongMorningtea

FujianKongfutea

Sichuan"Covered-bowltea"

TibetanButteredlea（酥油茶）

InnerMongoliaMilktea

HainanLaobaTea

HainanLaobaTea

“Laob.tea”

（Laob.mean.father.i..specia.scen.i.Haikou..po.o.te.wit.som.snacks.peopl.si.aroun.a.ol.table.fb.killin

.tim.an.strengthenin.th.relationshi.wit.their.fnends.i.hasn'.th.limitatio.o.tim.o.place.Mos.o.place.

o.traditiona.Laob.te.ar.barel.furnished.th.price.o.foo.an.te.ther.ar.cheap.Th.teahous.o.Laob.te.i..littl.

worl.o.society..mirro.o.th.traditiona.lif.i.Hainan.

TheFunctionsofOfferingTea

Toshowrespect

Toapologize

Toexpressthankstotheeldersonone'sweddingday

TeaEtiquette

Servin..cu.o.te.i.mor.tha.mer.politeness.

Wlic.uffcrc.lca.i.i.uuiisidcic.polil.t.a.lcas.lak..sip.

Whc.yo.pou.tca.th.rul.o.ful.cu.fo.win.an.hal.cu.fo.tcaMshoul.b.observcd.

ChineseWineCulture

TheOriginofChineseWine

Chines,wine.a..specia.for.o.culture.ha..histor.o.mor.（ha.fiv.thousan.year..

Cliines.win.niakin.ca.b.trace.bac.a.fa.a.400.BC.t.th.earl.perio.o.tli.NeoIithi.Yangsha.Cultur.（新石

器时代的仰韶文.）.Durin.ii.lon.development.Chines.win.ha.develope.distinctiv.characteristics..

TypesofChineseWine

Huangjiu(yellowricewine)

Huangji.i.on.o.thre.dominate.brewe.wine.(bec.an.grap.wine.i.th.world.Huan.Ji.predate.al.th.othc.il

quors.wit..histor.o.severa.thausan.years.Amon.thes.iiquor.th.Shaoxin.Ric.Win.i.th.rnos.famous.

Baijiu(whitewine)

Beingmadefromsorghum,corn,barleyorwheat

FruitWine

Fermente.alcoholi.beverage.mad.fro..variet.o.bas.ingredient.!othe.tha.grapes).Ma.als.hav.additiona

.flavor.take.fro.fruits.flowers.an.herbs.

RedWine

.typ.o.win.mad.fro.dark-colourc.(black.grap.varictics.Tcns.vi

olct.typica.o.youn.wincs.throug.t.bric.re.fo.matur.wine.an.brow.fo.olde.re.wines.

Beer

Toastetiquette

ChineseDrinkingEtiquette(礼仪)

TheChinesepeoplecaremoreaboutthepeoplewedrinkwith.

ThatisChinesedrinkingetiquettereflectstherespectofthedrinkers

Thehostandguestshavetheirownscatandorderoftoast(微洒顺序)

Whentoast,thehostcomefirst,andfirstlyjheyshouldtoastthemosthonoredguest.

Thewinevesselmustbefull.

Theyoungershouldtoasttheelderanddrinkallofthewine.［先干为敬)

WesternDrinkingEtiquette

Thedrinkingetiquetteofwestshowtherespectofwine.

T.dislinguis.win.w.ncc.I.wale.il.uuloi.siiicl.il.fragrance.last.il.laslc(XR!M闻其香、品其味).

Tjoying.s.somctiinc.thc.drin.thcmsclvcs.Tcourag.othcr.t.drink.ncithc.d.thc.c

or.side.lettin.othe.drun.i..wa.l.sho.thei.etiquette.

Chapter4TraditionalFestivalsandCustoms

WordsandExpressions

Legalholiday/officialholiday法定节假日

Solarcalendar阳历

Lunarcalendar阴历/Agriculturalcalendar农历

SpringFestival（春节）

LanternFestival（元宵节）

Tomb-sweepingFestival/QingMingFestival（清明节）

DragonBoatFestival（端午节）

Mid-autumnFestival（中秋节）

DoubleNinthFestival（重阳节）

IntangibleCulturalHeritage非物质文化遗产

SpringFestival（春节）

China’.mos.importan.festiva.fall.o.th.1s.da.o.th.1s.luna.mont.eac.year.Famil.meniber.gathe.jus.a.

the.d.fb.Christma.i.th.West.

Customs

SpringCleaning

Writeandpastecouplets（对联）ondoors

Setofffireworks

ReceiveGiftMoney

Greeteachother

LanternFestival（元宵节）

Th.Lanter.FestivaLcelebrate.o.th.l5t.da.o.th.firs.luna.nionth.i.closel.relate.t.th.Sprin.Festival.I.mar

k.th.en.o.th.Ne.Yea.celebrations.fbllowin.whic.iif.return.t.normal.Tminen.activit.o.th.La

nter.Festiva.i.th.gran.displa.o.beaulifu.lanterns.

Customs

GuessingRiddles

EalingYuanxiau

Tomb-sweepingFestival（清明节）

Tomb-sweepin.Da.i..tim.t.remembe.th.dea.an.th.dearl.departed.Mor.important.i.i..perio.t.hono.an.t.

pa.respec.l.one'.deceased（亡故的.ancestcr.an.famil.members.I.fall.i.earl.spring.

uQin.Ming.literal!.mean.<lPur.Brightnessn.

Afte.th.festival.th.teniperatur.rise.an.rainfal.increase.1.readines.fo.sprin.plowin.（#W.an.sowing.

Customs

Visitthegravesoftheancestors

Sweeptheashesonthetomb

Gotothesuburb（TaQing）

DragonBoatFestival（端午节）

Th.Drago.Boa.Festiva.fall.o.th.5t.da.o.th.5t.luna.monlh.

Customs

EatingZongzi

Holdingdragonboatraces

Mid-autumnFestival（中秋节）

TheMid-AutumnFestivalfallsonthe15thdayofthe8thlunarmonth,usuallyinOctober.

TheroundshapetoaChinesemeansfamilyreunion,thereforetheMid-AutumnFestivalismost

romanticizedinChinaasadayoffamilyreunionandafestivalwithfriends.

Customs

Eatingmooncakes

Enjoyingthefullmoon

DoubleNinthFestival（重阳节）

Th.Doiible-Nint.Festiva.fall.o.th.nint.da.o.th.nint.luna.niont.an.ha..histor.o.mor.tha.l,70.years.Th.n

int.da.o.th.nint.luna.mont.i..da.whe.th.tw.Yan.number.mcct.S.i.i.calle.Chon.Yang.