阅读理解主旨大意题（重难题型）-2023年高考英语一轮复习

考点29阅读理解主旨大意题(重难题型)

高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确

获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信

息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括

能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。

在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：

(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?

(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis.

(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis...

(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison.

(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

(7)Whafsthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.

(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?

(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?

(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.

从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心

思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。

怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意

——主题句定位法

文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思

想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小

段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要

表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。"主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方

法。

但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，

尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主

题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。

因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法（skimming）,浏览时，一

般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：

1.中心主题句出现在文首

开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见

的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。

新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对

全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。

,经典殍题

[2022年全国甲卷B篇】

Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshaperecognition

abilitiestoahumantwoyearold.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattooluse

whilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclear

frontoftheboxhada“keyhole“inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"to

choosefrom.Insertingthecorrect^tkey^^wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryear

beforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（对称的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewill

needtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan"allocentricframeofreference”.Inthe

experiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.

Wheretrialanderrorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin's

cockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwoyearold

babies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisual

clues（线索），oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignalReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShapeSorters

27.【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段"Coffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativeto

Australasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshaperecognitionabilitiestoahumantwoyearold.（科芬的凤头鹦鹉是

一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似）”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状

的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulShapeSorters（凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工）”符合文意，最适合作为

本文标题。故选D。

2.主题句出现在文尾

在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，

即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。

,经典殍题

【2021全国甲卷D篇】

Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.

Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.But

wewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeopleareso

muchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.

Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthe

standardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidethe

club-women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief-theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboysto

saythatmembersoftheirgender（性另U）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsact

onthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare"really,really

smart."Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbeediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakea

geniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.

Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalmunication,we'reallpositionedtosee

flashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因

素）likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,future

geniusesefromthosewith"intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力），andsimplegoodfortune,whoare

abletochangetheworld."

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlike

B.GeniusTakesManyForms

C.GeniusandIntelligence

D.GeniusandLuck

4.【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意题。A项（天才的想法相同）文章没有涉及；C项（天才和智力）只是文章的一个细节不

能作为文章的主旨；D项（天才和运气）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一个小细节。根据

文章的最后——句Asawritersays,futuregeniusesefromthosewith"intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力）,

andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智

慧、创造力和毅力”的人和简单的好运，那些能改变世界的人。纵观全文可知，天成具有多样性，故选B

项。

Lacrosse（曲棍球）isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainfor

war.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.

Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled64cross”.Theplayerhitaball

intothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheball

atahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthe

lacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.

l.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse-APopularGameinCanada

【答案】D

【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。

4.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句

阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。

分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳

形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。

[2022年全国甲卷C篇】

AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins（企鹅）

longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeepersweledherandkickstartedwhatwastobeatripGinniwould

neverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer（职业）asa

professionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingand

hersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotakethepluege.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventually

gettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlastminutecheap

dealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmerican

mainland.ctIjustdecidedIwantedtogo,“shesays."IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,I

justwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowards

Antarctica.t4Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftan

impressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“Ginnisays."IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustrose

outofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperatic

soundsitwasmakingunderwater.

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithome

toGinni.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

31.【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了GinniBalinton去南极旅行的经历，再根据第一段

“ThesegentlelovelygatekeepersweledherandkickstartedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.（这些

温柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行）”和倒数第二段GinniBalinton对南

极之旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了GinniBalinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘。由此可知，Anunforgettable

experience.（一次难忘的经历）能够概括文章主旨。故选B。

4.主题句出现在文章的中间

通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步

的解释、支撑或发展。

TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethreedayeventisnotfixedtothesamedates

eachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetter

attendedbylocals.

Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattend

thefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthe

sands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowing

another,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderful

traditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.

Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhair

isthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.

67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders.

A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestival

B.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethreedaySaharaFestival

C.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestival

D.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival

【答案】A

【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕

式上的活动。答案选A。

怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题

、方法技巧,

——高度概括法

对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择

或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主

旨大意，再定标题。

标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。

标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选

择文章的标题呢？

首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体

现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过

度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。

其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，

仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，

太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，

也可以是句子。

再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂

和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般

比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。

最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为

核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句

为：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th

2004inBeijing.

话题：Stamps

控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames

标题：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynames

模拟检矶

Passage1

（2021•福建南平•二模）Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorother

healththreateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.

Thewearable"panicbuttons^^introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.Buttheyonlyworkifpeople

actuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Todaytherearepassivewearablesthatautomatically

detectfalls,andcamerabasedsystemstomonitoreldersafety.

ingfroma40yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelessmunicationfield,RafiZackdecidedtofinda

betteralternative.""Peoplearen'tdevotedtowearingsmalldevices24/7,andcamerabasedsystemsareaninvasion

（侵才［J）ofprivacy,9,hepointsout,“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmatters

becausethemedicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.Wehavetofind

outhowtosolvethatproblem.^^

Zackisacofounder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO

（ElderlyCareHomeObserver）,acloudconnectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.

Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcanmonitoroneperson（ortwo

persons,inafutureversion）inastandardsizedapartmentinaseniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,

breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealth

worseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson'slocation,posture（姿势），motionand

breath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHOwascertified（认证）in

2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.

""Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.^^saidSMK

DirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara."'Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersand

nursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare?ssolution.Zacknoted,“Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelive

aloneasaresultofsocialdistancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesor

privacyinvadingcameras.9,

1.WhafstheadvantageofECHOover"panicbuttons”?

A.Ithascamerabasedsystems.B.Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.

C.Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras.D.Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.

2.WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?

A.Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.

B.Itmonitorsdangeroushealthrelatedevents.

C.Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.

D.Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.

3.WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?

A.If11beemorepopularwiththeelderly.

B.It511stop17,000deathshappeningannually.

C.Ifllbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.

D.It'llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.

4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AnAdvancedMedicalInstrument

B.AHightechMonitorfortheElderly

C.TheInventionofaHealthcareDevice

D.TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility

【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了在家独立生活是每个老年人的理想选择。但是，跌倒或其他危害健

康的事件可能会迅速改变一切。EchoCareTechnologies该公司开发了ECHO（老人护理家庭观察者），这是

一种基于雷达技术和机器学习的云连接显示器。该设备可以检测到跌倒，呼吸困难，溺水淹没浴缸和其他

危险事件。

1.【答案】C

［解析］细节理解题。根据第二段“Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninan

emergency."（但是，只有在人们实际佩戴它们并且在紧急情况下可以到达按钮时，它们才起作用。）以及第

四段“Zackisacofounder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO

（ElderlyCareHomeObserver）,acloudconnectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.（Zack

是EchoCareTechnologies的联合创始人，首席执行官兼研发副总裁，该公司开发了ECHO（老人护理家庭

观察者），这是一种基于雷达技术和机器学习的云连接显示器。）可知，ECH是机遇雷达技术和机器学习的

云连接显示器。以及最后一段最后一句话"withouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacyinvadingcameras”可知，

ECHO让老人不承受可穿戴设备或侵犯隐私的相机的负担。所以C项说法正确。故选C项。

2.【答案】B

【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段"Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandother

dangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringand

analyzingtheperson'slocation,posture（姿势），motionandbreath.”（该设备可以检测到跌倒，呼吸困难，溺水

淹没浴缸和其他危险事件。通过持续监视和分析人员的位置，姿势（姿势），运动和呼吸，它可以警告潜

在的健康状况恶化状况。）可知，该设备不仅仅发送警告信号，同时可以检测和分析一系列危险事件。A项

说法错误。以及"ECHOwascertified（认证）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.”（ECHO

于2019年在日本获得了世界上人口老龄化最多的认证（认证）。）可知，只在日本获得了认证。C项说法错

误。D项文中未提及。故选B项。

3.【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidents

happenannually.（浴室是主要的测试区域，每年约发生17,000起致命事故。）以及“Bathroommakers,home

securityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare^solution.”（浴室制造商，家庭安全

服务提供商和疗养院对EchoCare的解决方案非常感兴趣。）可知，每年在浴室会发生17000起致命的事故是，

不是死亡。B项说法错误。文中提到浴室制造商，家庭安全服务商以及疗养院会感兴趣。所以C项说法错

误。D项文中未提及。故选A项。

4.【答案】B

【解析1主旨大意题o根据第——段"Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallor

otherhealththreateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.★在家独立生活是每个老年人的理想选择。但是,

跌倒或其他危害健康的事件可能会迅速改变一切。）以及第四段“Zackisacofounder,CEOandvicepresidentof

R&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO（ElderlyCareHomeObserver）,acloudconnected

monitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.（Zack是EchoCareTechnologies的联合仓始人，首席执

行官兼研发副总裁，该公司开发了ECHO（老人护理家庭观察者），这是一种基于雷达技术和机器学习的

云连接显示器。）可知，本文主要介绍了ECHO,这是一种基于雷达技术和机器学习的云连接显示器，旨在

监测老人的安全。故选B项。

Passage2

（2021-山西晋中•三模）Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedpassionate（有同情心的）loveandempathy

（认同感）fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,a

UniversityofCalifornia,Davis'studysuggests.

Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens（代金券）they

hadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresent-iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhen

giventheopportunitytoshareandhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudy

initiallyincluded74preschoolagechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin

54motherchildpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere6.

“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswhoexpressedstronger

passionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,9,saidPaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorof

psychology,"'passionatemotherslikelydevelopemotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealso

providinganearlyexampleofsatisfyingtheneedsofothers,9,researcherssaidinthestudy,publishedinNovember

inFrontiersinPsychology^^EmotionScience.

Ineachlabexercise,afterattachingamonitortorecordchildren'sheartrateactivity,theexaminertoldthe

childrentheywouldbeearningtokensforavarietyofactivities,andthatthetokenscouldbeturnedinforaprize.

Thetokenswereputintoabox,andeachchildeventuallyearned20prizetokens.Thenbeforethesessionended,

childrenweretoldtheycoulddonateallorpartoftheirtokenstootherchildren.

Takentogether,thefindingsshowedthatchildren'sgenerosityissupportedbythebinationoftheir

socializationexperiences-theirmothers9passionatelove-andtheirphysiologicalregulation,andthatthesework

like""internalandexternalsupportsfortheabilitytoactprosociallythatbuildoneachother^^.

Inadditiontoobservingthechildren'spropensity（习'性）todonatetheirgameearnings,Hastingssuggested

that“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforce（力口强）thegenerousbehaviorthatproducedthatgood

feeling.^^

5.Howdoyoungchildrenlovedbytheirmothertendtobeeinlateryears?

A.Considerate.B.Emotional.

C.Generous.D.Optimistic.

6.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theprocessoftheresearch.B.Theresultoftheexperiment.

C.Thereactionsofthechildren.D.TheimportanceofMom'slove.

7.AccordingtoHastings,whatfactorcouldstrengthenchildren'sgoodbehaviors?

A.Theirmomslovethemdeeply.B.Theydonatethetokenseasily.

C.Theybehavephysiologically.D.Theyarecalmeraftersharing.

8.Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthispassage?

A.WhatContributestoGenerosity?

B.TheMoreYouGive,theCalmerYouWillBe

C.DoYouPrefertoReceiveorGive?

D.MoreGiving,LessReceiving

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍在小时候从母亲那里学到的恻隐之心和认同之情的孩子比同龄人更慷慨。

5.【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。由第一段“Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedpassionate（有同情心的）loveand

empathy（认同感）fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,

aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis5studysuggests.”（加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究表明，那些经历过母亲慈

悲之爱和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通过慷慨对待他人，将想法转化为行动。）可知，早期受到母亲关爱

的孩子后期往往变得更加慷慨。选项C与文意相符，故选C。

6.【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。通读第二段内容可知，该段介绍了对74名学龄前儿童进行的试验。首先在实验室针

对两种情况对他们进行模仿测试，两年后又对这些母子的行为和反应进行分析。说明本段介绍的是研究的

过程。选项A与文意相符，故选A。

7.【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。由最后一段中的"Hastingssuggestedthat"beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcould

reinforcethegenerousbehaviorthatproducedthatgoodfeeling.”（Hastings认为，”分享后处于更平静的状态可

以加强产生那种良好感觉的慷慨行为"）可知，分享后更平静的状态可以加强慷慨行为,选项D与文意相符，

故选D。

8.【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，特另U是根据第——段“Youngchildrenwhohaveexperienced...generoustoothers,

aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis9studysuggests.”（加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究表明，那些经历过母亲慈

悲之爱和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通过慷慨对待他人，将想法转化为行动。）可知，文章介绍的是小时

候从母亲那里学到的恻隐之心和认同之情的孩子比同龄人更慷慨。选项A与文意相符，故选A。

Passage3

（2021-山西晋中•三模）NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellprettymuch

anything.ThereareotherInternetauction（拍卖）sites,butnoneeclosetoeBayforbrandnamerecognition.Andfor

goodreason:eBayisthelargestEnglishlanguageonlineauctionsiteintheworld.BuyersetoeBayforthebest

chanceoffindingtheparticularthingtheywant.Sellerseforthelargestpoolofbuyers,whichtheyhopemeansthe

bestchanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.

BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearchfield,orclickthroughthe

categorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.Insideanindividualitemlisting,you'llseethecurrentaskingprice,anda

littlebuttontoclickifyouwishtoplaceyourownbid.Enteraprice,occasionallyebacktoseeifsomeonehasbid

higherthanyouandwaitfortheendoftheauctionperiod.Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhaveto

doisarrangepaymentandshippingmethodwiththeseller.eBayisonlyinthebusinessofputtingbuyersand

sellerstogetherforasmallfeefromtheseller.Itdoesn'thandletheactualpaymentorshippingofgoods.Inother

words,itisn'tabigdepartmentstore,orawarehouse.Ifstheownerofafleamarket,andyouhavetodoyourown

dealswiththeindividualsellersintheirvirtualstalls.

TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersandhowaproxy（代理人）bidcansaveyou

fromgoingonlineeveryhalfhourtoupyourbid.ExperiencedeBayusersalsoknowhowtouseescrows（公正托管）

toguaranteegoods,andhowtoavoidsellingtrickssuchasfakebidsthatpushupprices.Themoreoftenyoubuy

oneBay,themoreyoulearn.

9.WhyiseBaythebestwebsiteforpeopletobuyandsellthings?

A.Becauseithasallbrandproducts.

B.BecausethetradelanguageisEnglish.

C.Becausesellersandbuyerscanclosetheirdeals.

D.Becausesellerscanfindaswimmingpoolthere.

10.Whatshouldyoudofirstifyouwanttobuysomethingatthesite?

A.Findthecurrentaskingprice.

B.Clickabuttontoplaceyourownbid.

C.Enterapricewhichishigherthanothers.

D.Findwhatyouwantinthecategorieslist

11.Whatshouldthebuyerdoifhe/shewinsthebid?

A.GetgoodsfromeBay.

B.Determinepaymentandshipment.

C.Sendsomebodyforthegoods.

D.Talkaboutthepriceofthegoods.

12.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthelastparagraph?

A.HowtobeaskillfulbuyerateBay.

B.Howtomakesureofqualifiedgoods.

C.Howtoavoidbeingcheatedbyothers.

D.Howtospareyoufromgoingonlinefrequently.

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一个可让全球网民上网买卖物品的线上拍卖及购物网站eBay,以及如

何进行买卖的技巧等。

9.【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellpretty

muchanything.”（几乎所有人都知道eBay是个网站，你可以买卖任何东西。）及“BuyersetoeBayfbrthebest

chanceoffindingtheparticularthingtheywant.Sellerseforthelargestpoolofbuyers,whichthey

hopemeansthebestchanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.”（买家来eBay是为了找到他们想要的东西。

卖家的目标是最大的买家群体，他们希望这意味着最有可能以最高价格卖出的机会。）可知，eBay是人们

买卖物品的最佳网站是因为在eBay,买卖双方都能成交，选项C与文意相符，故选C。

10.【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearch

field,orclickthroughthecategorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.5,（在eBay上买东西很简单。您可以在搜索字

段中键入术语，或者通过单击类别列表来获得所需的内容。）可知，如果你要在网站买东西，你需要在分

类列表中找到你想要的或在搜索栏键入你需要的东西。选项D与文意相符，故选D。

11.【答案】B

（解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhavetodoisarrangepayment

andshippingmethodwiththeseller."（如果你的出价最高，你就赢了！现在你所要做的就是与卖方安排付款

和装运方式。）可知，在你获胜之后，你需要的是安排支付和装运的方式。选项B与文意相符，故选B。

12.【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句"TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersand

howaproxy