高考英语二轮复习 重难点突破 题型四 语篇型语法填空（版）（原卷版）

题型四语篇型语法填空目录TOC\o"1-1"\h\u一、考情解读 1二、命题分析预测 1三、聚焦核心素养 1四、析考情·题型突破 1五、精选考点题型专练 12一、考情解读该题型把语法放在语境中进行考查,要求考生自主运用语法知识解题。这种题型要求考生重视语篇阅读理解能力,理清语法基本概念。二、命题分析预测语法填空对考生的语篇阅读能力提出了更高要求,旨在考查考生在语篇层面上理解句意和文意、分析语言结构的能力以及正确运用基础语法和构词法的能力。建议考生在平时的学习中,根据构词法来记忆和复习单词,掌握各词类的不同用法,遇到长难句能正确分析句子结构,从而正确理解句意。在练习中,要特别关注与中国传统文化相关和反映中国建设新成就的语篇素材。三、聚焦核心素养语法填空题以语篇为依托,考点明确,重点突出,考查的知识面较广,重视对基础语法知识的考查,突出语法的表意功能。该题型重在检测考生在语境中综合运用英语知识的能力,培育考生的文化意识,锻炼考生的逻辑思维能力,从而提升考生分析、解决问题的能力。四、析考情·题型突破命题特点1.选材特点(1)短文型语法填空通常为一篇200词左右的短文,选材一般以说明文为主,记叙文和议论文为辅。(2)题材多样,所选材料符合考生的认知水平,可读性强。(3)难度适中,与高中课本中的阅读材料难度相当,符合高中中等学生的阅读水平,篇章与语句的结构变化多样。(4)趋势:所选材料的词数有增加趋势,句子结构更加复杂,对考生的句式理解和分析能力提出了更高的要求。2.设题特点(1)设空。篇首一般不设空,为考生提供一个完整的背景信息,便于考生开篇明义。有提示词类填空题和无提示词类填空题的比例一般为7∶3;有提示词的填空题可填1—3个单词,无提示词的填空题只能填1个词。(2)考点设置广泛。语法填空主要考查考生对重点词汇(以实词为主)和基础语法知识的掌握情况。考点涉及动词的时态、语态和主谓一致,非谓语动词,并列连词,三大从句的引导词,名词单复数与词形转换,形容词和副词的构词规律、比较级,介词、冠词和代词的基本用法及固定搭配等。(3)考查重在基础,突出重点。对介词、冠词等的考查一般涉及1道小题,而对动词(包括非谓语动词)、形容词、副词、名词、连接词的考查相对较多。此外,高考对基础语法的考查并不忌讳连续设题、重复设题。(4)答案的规律。无提示词类填空题往往填冠词、代词、介词、并列连词、从句的引导词等。有提示词类的题,给出的单词的词形变化是有规律可循的,如:动词通常最终变为不同的时态、语态或非谓语动词,形容词通常最终变为副词、名词或其比较级、最高级,副词通常最终变为其比较级或最高级,名词通常最终变为复数形式或形容词等。Clove1主题:"嫦娥四号"无人探测器登月成功词数:177难度:★★★建议时间:9分钟高考真题Chinahasbecomethefirstcountrytolandaspacecraftonthefarsideofthemoon.TheunmannedChang'e-4probe(探测器)—thenamewasinspiredbyanancientChinesemoongoddess—61(touch)downlastweekintheSouthPole-Aitkenbasin.Landingonthemoon'sfarsideis62(extreme)challenging.Becausethemoon'sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe,Chinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspot63itcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular64(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moreso65thefamiliarnearside.ChineseresearchershopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang'e-466(find)andstudyareasoftheSouthPole-Aitkenbasin."Thisreallyexcitesscientists,"CarlePieters,ascientistatBrownUniversity,says,"becauseit67(mean)wehavethechancetoobtaininformationabouthowthemoon68(construct)."Dataaboutthemoon'scomposition,suchashow69iceandothertreasuresitcontains,couldhelpChinadecidewhether70(it)plansforafuturelunar(月球的)basearepractical.

命题分析▶素养解读本文介绍了"嫦娥四号"在月球背面成功着陆的重大事件,展示了中国社会主义建设新成就,彰显民族自豪感,引导考生关注中国科技成果、关注时事,坚定理想信念和爱国主义情怀,增强"四个自信"。庖丁解牛本题的易错点集中在谓语动词和词形转换上。▶第61题,首先要分析句子结构,空处填谓语动词,根据时间状语可知,填一般过去时。touchdown表示"着陆,降落",为不及物动词短语,此处考生容易因词汇掌握不牢固而错用被动语态。▶第62题,该题要考虑形容词变副词时去-e不去-e的情况,要求考生牢固掌握词尾变化规则。解题思路61.touched考查动词时态。句中有时间状语lastweek,故用一般过去时。62.extremely考查形容词变副词。修饰后面的形容词challenging需用副词extremely。63.where考查定语从句。先行词是spot,后跟定语从句,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词erest考查名词。句中含有"be+of+名词"结构(相当于"be+形容词"),beofparticularinterest=beparticularlyinteresting,故填名词interest。65.than考查介词。本句中含有more,空格后为比较对象,因此本空应填than。空前的so为副词,替代上文中的"deepcraters"。66.tofind考查非谓语动词。usesth.todo"用……做……",为常用搭配。67.means考查时态和主谓一致。根据上下文时态可知,本句也应用一般现在时,主语是it,故谓语动词用means。68.isconstructed考查被动语态。此处表示"月球是如何构成的",应用被动语态,且此处描述的是客观情况,故填isconstructed。constructvt.建造,构建。69.much考查固定用法。howmuch"多少",修饰不可数名词。【易错点拨】howmuch+不可数名词;howmany+可数名词复数。70.its考查代词。此处表示"它的计划",空后为名词,故用形容词性物主代词its。Cloze2主题:对北极熊数量的关注与研究词数:164难度:★★★建议时间:8分钟高考真题ThepolarbearisfoundintheArcticCircleandsomebiglandmassesasfarsouthasNewfoundland.Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°,thereisevidence61theyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen62(poor)studied;however,biologistscalculatethatthereareabout20,000-25,000polarbearsworldwide.

Modernmethods63trackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s,andareexpensive64(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavut65(report)increasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa66(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.Scientistshaverespondedby67(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements,leadingtotheillusion(错觉)thatpopulationsare68(high)thantheyactuallyare.Of69nineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,six70(be)stable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.

命题分析▶素养解读文章通过介绍科学家对北极熊数量变化的关注与研究,引导考生关注生态和自然,提高环境保护意识,深入思考人与自然的和谐相处之道。本题难点集中在同位语从句、非谓语动词等考点上。庖丁解牛▶第61题,要分析出这是一个主从复合句,"theyrange...Canada"是对evidence的具体内容的解释,根据同位语从句引导词的特点可知,此空填that。▶第64题,要熟练掌握及运用"sth.+be+adj.+不定式"结构,本题中Modernmethods与第二个谓语相隔较远,如能识别出这个结构,就很容易填出toperform。解题思路61.that考查名词性从句。本句含有一个同位语从句,解释了名词evidence"证据"的具体内容,空处在从句中不充当成分,也无意义,故填that。62.poorly考查副词。应用副词poorly"不好地,不足"修饰动词studied。63.of/for考查介词。名词method后接介词of/for,表示"……的方法"。【知识拓展】其他常见的表示"方法"的名词与介词的搭配way常与介词of搭配,如:thewayoflearningEnglish;approach常与介词to搭配,如:theapproachtodealingwiththisproblem;means常与介词of搭配,如:aneffectivemeansofcommunication。64.toperform考查非谓语动词。此处属于"sth.+be+adj.+不定式"结构,sth.通常是不定式动作的承受者,不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。65.havereported考查时态和主谓一致。句中的时间状语Inrecentyears多与现在完成时连用,主语someInuitpeople为复数意义,因此本空填havereported。【技巧点拨】现在完成时的其他标志性词语有:just,already,ever,never,yet,before,lately,recently,foralongtime,uptonow,sofar,inthelastfewyears/weeks/months等。在文中看到这些词语,通常用现在完成时。66.belief考查名词。根据空前的a可知,此处leadingto后应接名词作宾语,故本空填belief"信念"。【知识拓展】以-ve结尾的动词变名词时,常把-ve变为-f。如:relieve(v.解除,减轻)→relief(n.宽慰,轻松;解脱)。67.noting考查非谓语动词。介词by后跟动词时应用其-ing形式作宾语,故本空填noting。68.higher考查比较级。根据空后的连词than可知,本句表示比较意义,因此本空应填比较级higher。69.the考查冠词。Ofthenineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations意为"在这19个已知的北极熊亚种群当中",本空应填定冠词the,表示特指。70.are考查时态和主谓一致。本句中其他分句的谓语动词用了一般现在时,且空处所在分句的主语six表示复数意义,故本空应填are作该分句的谓语动词。Cloze3主题:跑步的益处词数:173难度:★★建议时间:8分钟高考真题Accordingtoareviewofevidenceinamedicaljournal,runnerslivethreeyears61(long)thannon-runners.Youdon'thavetorunfastorforlong62(see)thebenefit.Youmaydrink,smoke,beoverweightandstillreduceyourriskof63(die)earlybyrunning.

Whilerunningregularlycan'tmakeyouliveforever,thereviewsaysit64(be)moreeffectiveatlengtheninglife65walking,cyclingorswimming.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin201466showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall67(cause).

Thebestexerciseisonethatyouenjoyandwilldo.Butotherwise...it'sprobablyrunning.Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto68(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.Runningischeap,easyandit'salways69(energy).Ifyouaretime-poor,youneedrunforonlyhalfthetimetogetthesamebenefitsasothersports,soperhapsweshouldallgive70atry.

命题分析▶素养解读本文主要介绍了跑步的益处,培养考生有效地陈述事件、传递信息以及表达个人观点和情感的能力,并引导考生积极运动,关注身心健康,进而形成积极向上的生活态度。庖丁解牛▶第62、63题的提示词均为动词,首先判断两个设空处都填非谓语,然后根据语境判断非谓语的形式。第63题除了考查介词后用动词-ing外,还考查die的不规则变化。▶第68、69题的提示词均为名词,首先判断空处在句中作什么成分,以此来确定空处所填词的词性,再根据构词法对词汇进行变形。解题思路61.longer考查比较级。句中有than,故用long的比较级longer。62.tosee考查非谓语动词。本句有谓语,因此此处应用非谓语动词;分析句子结构及句意可知,此处应用动词不定式tosee作目的状语。63.dying考查非谓语动词。短语reduceone'sriskof...表示"降低某人……的风险",介词of后跟动词作宾语时要用其-ing形式。64.is考查时态和主谓一致。本文主体时态为一般现在时,再结合语境可知,本句中宾语从句也应用一般现在时;宾语从句的主语为it,故用is。65.than考查介词。此处表示跑步比散步、骑行或游泳更能有效地延长生命。根据句中的more可知,此处应用介词than引出比较对象。66.that/which考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为astudy,指物,且定语从句中缺少主语,故填关系代词that/which。67.causes考查名词。此处cause是可数名词,意为"原因",句中的all表示"所有",其后应用可数名词的复数形式,故填causes。68.strengthen考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处为动词不定式作目的状语,故本空应填动词strengthen,意为"增强,加强"。69.energetic考查形容词。and连接两个并列分句,and前面的cheap和easy均为形容词,故空处应用形容词energetic作表语,意为"需要能量的"。70.it考查代词。giveitatry意为"试一试",根据语境可知,it指代running。考法1有提示词类命题角度1提供动词WudangmartialartsbasedontheTaoistideology______(create)byafamousTaoist______(name)ZhangSanfeng,intheearlyyearsoftheMingDynasty.

【解析】分析句子结构可知,第一空在句中作谓语,根据时间状语intheearlyyearsoftheMingDynasty可知,此处为过去的动作,应用一般过去时;本句主语Wudangmartialarts为复数形式,且与create为被动关系,因此谓语动词应用复数形式,且为被动语态,故第一空应填werecreated。第二空用非谓语动词作后置定语,name与其逻辑主语Taoist为动宾关系,应用过去分词,故第二空应填named。Yetthereislife—anastonishing_______(vary)ofcreaturesthatyou'llneverimagine.

【解析】根据空前的anastonishing和空后的of可知,空处应填名词,avarietyof为常见搭配,表示"各种各样的,多种的",故填vary的名词形式variety。命题角度2词形转换当提示词为名词、形容词、副词时,设空处考查词形转换的可能性比较大。具体各词类间的转换如下:其解题步骤为:Asweallknow,bakedorfriedfoodsmaybe_______(taste),buteatingtoomanyofthemwill_______(probable)resultinsomeillnesses.

【解析】第一空在句中作表语,表示"好吃的",应用taste的形容词形式tasty;第二空在句中修饰动词result,应用probable的副词形式probably。Also,searchenginesrankby_______(popular)ratherthanaccuracy,sosolidfactscanbetrickytofind.

【解析】句意:此外,搜索引擎根据受欢迎程度而不是准确性进行排名,因此很难找到确凿的事实。空处作介词by的宾语,再根据ratherthan后的名词accuracy可知,此处应用名词形式。故填popularity。Thereisnodenyingthefactthatelectivecoursescan_______(broad)ourhorizons.

【解析】句意:不可否认,选修课可以开阔我们的视野。分析句子结构可知,空处作从句的谓语,且在情态动词后,应用动词原形,故填broaden。特别提醒有时考查的词形转换只涉及词义的变化,词性并不改变,通常涉及以下两类:1.考查与词根意义相反的派生词,此时,应根据句子意思及上下文的逻辑关系,在词根前加un-,im-等或在词根后加-less等。2.考查名词加后缀表示职业,如science→scientist[2018全国Ⅲ第66题],music→musician等。命题角度3形容词或副词的比较等级当括号中所给词为形容词或副词时,除了考虑词形转换外,也有可能是考查其比较等级。1.句中通常会有信号词,比如than。2.句中含有带比较等级的固定句型,或并列结构中使用比较等级。The______(hard)youtrytobeathim,themorelikelyyouwillgethit.Hecontrolsyou!

【解析】分析句子结构可知,此处为"The+比较级...,the+比较级..."结构,表示"越……,就越……",故填harder。命题角度4名词的数括号中所给词为名词时,有时可能不是考查词形转换,而是考查名词复数。1.所填词前通常有many,several,oneof等修饰可数名词复数的标志性词语。2.所填词为可数名词,但其前没有限定词修饰时,通常考虑复数形式。3.根据句意确定名词的数。Shelickedthebabyconstantlytokeepitclean.Anysmellmightattractnatural_______(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.

【解析】由设空位置可以判断出动词attract缺宾语,因此要用名词,enemy为可数名词,结合语境可知此处应填名词复数,故填enemies。命题角度5提示词为代词当提示词为代词时,设空处所填词一般有以下三种情况:1.作定语:填形容词性物主代词。2.作主语:填名词性物主代词。3.作宾语:填代词宾格、名词性物主代词或反身代词。Studentsinvolvedinserviceprojectshelp_______(they)aswellastheircommunities.

【解析】空处作动词help的宾语,且由语境可知,此处表示"帮助他们自己",空处所填词与主语Students是一致的,应用反身代词作宾语。故填themselves。考法2无提示词类首先,分析句子结构确定要填哪类词。其次,根据上下文逻辑关系及语意确定具体用哪个词。解题时要注意以下6条规律:1.缺少主语或宾语,要填it或关系代词(1)缺主语如果在谓语动词前设空,应首先考虑以下两种情况:①it:指代上文提到的某物或某事,或固定句式中作形式主语,或强调句型中用it。②关系代词:在定语从句中作主语的关系代词that,which,who等。Theydon'tgiveup;instead,theyremindthemselveshowimportant_______istokeepgoing.

【解析】分析句式可知,空处在宾语从句中作形式主语,代替后面不定式短语tokeepgoing,故填it。Relaxationisverynecessary,_______willenhanceyourawarenessandabilitytoconcentrate.

【解析】分析句子结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为relaxation,且关系词在从句中作主语,指物,故用关系代词which。(2)缺宾语如果空前为及物动词、及物动词短语或者介词,要考虑以下两类:①it:指代上文提到的某事或某物,或在固定句式中作形式宾语。②关系代词:在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom等。However,therailwayquicklyprovedtobeagreatsuccessandwithinsixmonths,morethan25,000peoplewereusing_______everyday.

【解析】根据语境可知,空处指代上文出现的"therailway",故此处应用it。2.在名词、代词、动词-ing前设空,可以考虑用限定词或介词(1)限定词如果在名词前设空,应首先考虑限定词。因为根据英语的习惯,名词前一般要有限定词。常考查的限定词包括冠词(a,an,the)、关系词(whose等)、疑问代词(what,which等)和不定代词(no,some,any,each,every,either,neither,many等)。MaryMoemaylooklike_______averagegrandmother,butsheisnot.

【解析】此处修饰可数名词单数,且表示泛指,应用不定冠词,又因为average的发音以元音音素开头,故填an。Theoldbank,_______appearanceisnotaprettysight,isextremelybeautifulontheinside.

【解析】分析句子结构可知,空处在此引导非限制性定语从句,该从句修饰先行词Theoldbank;根据句意可知,Theoldbank与appearance之间为所属关系,故用whose。(2)介词如果在名词或代词前设空,而该名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语,也不作动词的宾语,该空很可能填介词。此时要特别注意所填词与空前的词是否可以构成固定搭配。However,adsarenotjustatoolforgettingpeopletobuythings;theyalsoserve_______awindowintoculture,societyandhistory.

【解析】句意:然而,广告不仅仅是一种让人们买东西的工具,也是文化、社会和历史的窗口。serveassth.为固定搭配,表示"可用作……,起……作用"。3.若两个或多个单词/短语之间或两个句子间没有连接词,可能要填连词,常考查的有表示承接、平行、递进等关系的and、表示选择关系的or和固定结构或句式中的连词。Itwastimeforhertohaveanewbaby,_______itwasalsotimefortheyoungpandatobeindependent.

【解析】由语境及句子结构可知,前后分句之间为平行关系,因此用and。4.若两个句子(一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一般考虑填从句的引导词。_______itcried,sherockeditbackandforthandgaveitcomfortingpats.

【解析】分析句子结构可以看出,逗号前后为两个句子,缺少从句的引导词。结合语境可知,应用When或If引导时间或条件状语从句。故填When/If。Thenextday,mybrotherandIwenttothebeach_______wewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.

【解析】分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,该从句修饰先行词beach,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where。5.在形容词或副词前设空,表示程度要考虑用how,so,too等;在名词前设空,如果是感叹句考虑用what等;不定式前设空,要考虑用疑问代词或疑问副词。Teenscametogethertodoprojectsforpeoplewhoare_______oldorpoortodothem.

【解析】根据语境可知空处表示程度,修饰old和poor,故此处要填副词too,构成"too+adj.+todosth."结构,表示"太……而不能做某事"。故填too。6.若句子结构较完整,空后的谓语动词是原形,且与上下文在时态上或与主语在数上不一致,很可能填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do,does,did等)。如果是一般疑问句则要考虑填助动词(do,does,did,have,has,had等)或情态动词(can,may等)。Whatisacceptableinonecountry_______beconsideredextremelyrudeinanother.

【解析】句中的"Whatisacceptableinonecountry"是主语从句,空格后的beconsidered是谓语;又因be是原形,故空格处应填情态动词或表示强调的助动词;由语境可知,此处应填表示"可能"的情态动词may。Thenthedriverstoodupandasked,"_______anyoneloseasuitcaseatthelaststop?"

【解析】句尾的问号提示该句为疑问句,由语境可知,"丢失"是发生在过去的动作,且空处位于疑问句句首,故填助动词Did。五、精选考点题型专练类型1中国特色Cloze1DecoratingwithPlants,FruitsandFlowersforChineseNewYearChineseNewYearisa61(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants,fruitsandflowers62(carry)specialsignificance.Theyrepresenttheearth63(come)backtolifeandbestwishesfornewbeginnings.

Thesearesomeofthemostpopularinmanypartsofthecountry:Oranges:Orangetreesaremore64decoration;theyareasymbolofgoodfortuneandwealth.Theymakegreatgiftsandyouseethemmanytimes65(decorate)withredenvelopesandmessagesofgoodfortune.

Bamboo:Chineselovetheir"LuckyBamboo"plantsandyouwillseethemoftenintheirhomesandoffices.66__(certain)duringtheholidayperiod,thisplantisamust.Bambooplantsareassociated67health,abundanceandahappyhome.Theyareeasy68(care)forandmakegreatpresents.

BranchesofPlumBlossoms(梅花):The69(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.Theplumtreesare70firsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化).Theyrepresentthepromiseofspringandarenewaloflife.

Cloze2DietshavechangedinChina—andsotoohasitstopcrop.Since2011,thecountry61(grow)morecornthanrice.Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover62past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.

Atasteformeatis63(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.Anotherreasonforcorn’srise:Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcorninsteadofrice64(improve)waterquality.Cornuseslesswater65riceandcreateslessfertilizer(化肥)runoff.Thisswitchhasdecreased66__(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.

AccordingtotheWorldBank,Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal67(globe)fertilizerconsumption.TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernment68(start)asoil-testingprogram__69givesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.Thatpreventedtheemission(排放)of51.8milliontonsofcarbondioxide.China’sapproachtoprotectingitsenvironmentwhile__70(feed)itscitizens"offersusefullessonsforagricultureandfoodpolicymakersworldwide,"saysthebank’sJuergenVoegele.

Cloze3Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia’sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop61(attract).

Soitwasagreathonourtobeinvitedbackstageatthenot-for-profitPandaBase,whereticketmoneyhelpspayforresearch.I62(allow)togetupclosetothesecuteanimalsatthe600-acrecentre.Fromtomorrow,IwillbetheirUKambassador.Thetitlewillbe63(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.Butmyconnectionwithpandasgoesback64mydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,65IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter66(permit)tofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.Myambassadorialdutieswillinclude67(introduce)Britishvisitorstothe120-pluspandasatChengduandothersataresearchcentreinthemistymountainsofBifengxia.

Onmyrecentvisit,Iheldalivelythree-month-oldtwinthathadbeenrejectedby68(it)mother.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew69(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed,70otheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.

类型2社会与历史Cloze4Sometimeafter10000BC,peoplemadethefirstrealattempttocontroltheworldtheylived56,throughagriculture.Overthousandsofyears,theybegantodependlesson57couldbehuntedorgatheredfromthewild,andmoreonanimalstheyhadraisedandcropstheyhadsown.

Farmingproducedmorefoodperperson58huntingandgathering,sopeoplewereabletoraisemorechildren.And,asmorechildrenwereborn,morefood59(need).Agriculturegavepeopletheirfirstexperienceofthepoweroftechnology60(change)lives.

Byabout6000BC,people61(discover)thebestcropstogrowandanimalstoraise.Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththe62(season),plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,63(make)useofannualfloodstoirrigate(灌溉)theirfields.

Thisstyleoffarminglastedforquitealongtime.Then,with64riseofscience,changesbegan.Newmethods__65(mean)thatfewerpeopleworkedinfarming.Inthelastcenturyorso,thesechangeshaveaccelerated.Newpowermachineryandartificialfertilizers(化肥)havenowtotallytransformedawayoflifethatstartedintheStoneAge.

Cloze5（2020新高考Ⅱ(海南)）Thesedays,itisnotunusualfor10-to12-year-oldstopublishtheirownwebsitesorforsecondandthirdgraders56(begin)computerclasses.Atthesametime,computergamesarebecomingincreasinglypopularasmajorpublishinghousescontinuetodevelop57(education)computerprogramsforchildreninpreschool.Also,technologicalknow-howhasbecomea58(require)formostjobsinanincreasinglydigitalworld,asthecomputerhasbecomeacommontoolinmost59(profession).

TheDigitalWorldisasetofvolumes60aimtodescribehowdigitalsystemsinfluencesocietyandhelpreadersunderstandthenatureofdigitalsystemsandtheirmanyinteractingparts.Eachvolumeinthesetexplores61widerangeofmaterials,explainsthebasicconceptsofmajorapplicationsofdigitalsystems,62discussestheinfluencestheyhaveoneverydaylife.Becausethenumberofpossibletopics63(be)practicallylimitless,wefocusonasampleofthemostinterestingandusefulapplicationsandtoolsandexplainthebasicprinciplesoftechnology.Readers64(encourage)tocontinueexploringthedigitalworldwiththeguidanceof65(we)FurtherResourcessectionfeaturedineachvolume.

Cloze6Somethingsignificantishappeningtotheworldpopulation—itisaging.Themedian(中位数的)ageofanAmericanin195056(be)30—todayitis41andisexpected57(increase)to42by2050.ForJapan,the58(number)aremorestriking—22in1950,46todayand53in2050.In2015,onein12peoplearoundtheworldwereover65;by2050,itwillbeoneinsix.

Thisagingofthepopulationisdriven59twofactors.Thefirstisdecliningbirthrates,whichmeansoldgenerationsarelarge60(compare)toyoungergenerations,andso,onaverage,thepopulationbecomes61(old)thanbefore.Thisis62(particular)trueintheUS.Thesecondreasonisthatpeoplearelivinglonger.AchildbornintheUStodayhas63veryrealisticchanceoflivingbeyond100andneedstoplanaccordingly.

Peopletendtofocusonthefirstfactor.However,greaterattentionshould64(place)onlongevity(长寿).Itisn’tjustthatpeopleare,onaverage,livinglonger.It’salsothattheyareonaveragehealthier65moreproductiveforlonger.Therefore,theycanworkforlonger,consumemoreandingeneralbeaboosttotheeconomy.

类型3工作与职业Cloze7A90-year-oldhasbeenawarded"WomanOfTheYear"for61(be)Britain’soldestfull-timeemployee—stillworking40hoursaweek.NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,62sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.Heryearsofhardworkhave63(final)beenacknowledgedafteracustomernominated(提名)hertobeCheshire’sWomanOfTheYear.

Pickingupher"LifetimeAchievement"award,proudIrene64(declare)shehadnoplans65(retire)fromher36-year-oldbusiness.Irenesaid,"Idon’tseeanyreasontogiveupwork.IlovecominghereandseeingmyfamilyandallthefriendsI66(make)overtheyears.IworknotbecauseIhaveto,67becauseIwantto."

GranddaughterGayleParks,31—whoworksalongsideherinthefamilybusiness—saiditremainedunknownastowhonominatedIrenefortheaward.Shesaid,"Wedon’thaveanyideawhoputgrandmaforward.Whenwegotacall68(say)shewasshort-listed,wethoughtitwas69joke.Butthenwegotanofficialletterandwewereblownaway.Wearesoproudofher.It’s70(wonder)."

Cloze8Shelookslikeanyotherschoolgirl,fresh-facedandfulloflife.SarahThomasislookingforwardtothechallengeofhernewA-levelcourse.Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-year-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-term61(rest).Instead,sheisearning￡6,500adayas62modelinNewYork.

Sarah63(tell)thatshecouldbeBritain’snewsupermodel,earningamilliondollarsinthenextyear.HerfatherPeter,44,wantshertogiveupschooltomodelfull-time.ButSarah,64hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wants65(prove)thatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher66(educate).

Shehasturneddownseveral67(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegree68engineeringorarchitecture.

Sarahsays,"MydadthinksIshouldtaketheoffernow.Butatthemoment,school69(come)first.Idon’twanttogettooabsorbedinmodeling.Itis70(certain)funbutthelifestyleisalittleunreal.Idon’twanttohavenothingelsetofallbackonwhenIcan’tmodelanymore."

类型4饮食与健康Cloze9FewpeopleIknowseemtohavemuchdesireortimetocook.MakingChinese56(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.Manywesterners57cometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheap58canbetoeatout.Istillremember59(visit)afriendwho’dlivedhereforfiveyearsandI60(shock)whenIlearntshehadn’tcookedonceinallthattime.

Whileregularlyeatingoutseemsto61(become)commonformanyyoungpeopleinrecentyears,it’snotwithoutacost.Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe62(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.Therecouldbeaneven63(high)costonyourhealth.Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein64(weigh)problems.

Ifyouarenotgoingtosufferthisproblem,thenIsuggestthatthenexttimeyougotoyourmum’shome65dinner,getafewcookingtipsfromher.Cookingfoodcanbefun.Youmightalsobegintonoticetheeffectsnotonlyonyourhealthbutinyourpocket.

Cloze10Therehasbeenarecenttrendinthefoodserviceindustrytowardlowerfatcontentandlesssalt.Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)61amethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside62(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.

Fatandsaltareveryimportantpartsofadiet.Theyarerequired63(process)thefoodthatweeat,torecoverfrominjuryandforseveralotherbodilyfunctions.Whenfatandsalt64(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.As65result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.Even66(bad),theamountoffastfoodthatpeopleeatgoesup.Fastfood67(be)fulloffatandsalt;by68(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.

Havingenoughfatandsaltinyourmealswillreducetheurgeto