2023年考研外语考前密押卷14

考研外语考前密押卷14

一、UseofEnglish

1、YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofind

asubstancewhich,when(1)nitroglycerine(硝化甘油)，

wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle(2)weakeningtheir

force.Hehadapersonal(3)____scientificreasontopursue

hissearch,becausehis(4)brotherhadbeenkilledwhen

acanofnitroglycerine(5)exploded.Theoilyliquidhad

been(6)forsomanydisastersthatits(7)had

finallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries.

While(8)anewformulaonemorning,thedoctorbrokea

testtubeandgashed(戈开)hisfinger.Hewasdaubing(涂搽)the

(9)withcollodion(火棉胶)，acoatingsolutionof

gun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol(乙醛)，(10)the

ideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!

(11)wastheanswer.Thenewmixture,(12)blasting

gelatine(爆胶)，wasnotonly(13)safetohandleas

dynamite,butitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!

Infact,sopowerful(14)thatitpavedthewayforawhole

new(15)_inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere

(16),roadswerebuilt,andcanalswerecutataspeedonce

(17)impossible.Ithadanotheruse,also-deathand

destructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthe

powerofhisnew(18)wouldsoawethemilitarymindthat

itwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.(19)itbecame

aweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand

(20)

A.mixingwith

B.mixedwith

C.wasmixingwith

D.wasmixedwith

2、⑵

A.not

B.with

C.without

D.but

3、(3)

A.also

B.and

C.aswell

D.aswellas

A.own

B.another

C.other

D.else

5、(5)

A.inchance

B.accidentally

C.byincident

D.unbelievably

6>(6)

A.due

B.blamed

C.caused

D.responsible

7、(7)

A.building

B.structure

C.mixing

D.manufacture

8、(8)

A.experimentingwith

B.experimentingon

C.experimentedwith

D.experimentedon

9、⑼

A.split

B.scar

C.wound

D.damage

10、(10)

A.when

B.as

C.then

D.while

11、(11)

A.It

B.There

C.This

D.Which

12、(12)

A.called

B.known

C.byname

D.named

13、(13)

A.so

B.thesame

C.as

D.very

14、(14)

A.wasthenewexplosive

B.thenewexplosivewas

C.wasnewexplosive

D.newexplosivewas

15、(15)

A.time

B.era

C.aspect

D.period

16、(16)

A.exploded

B.openedup

C.dugout

D.explored

17、(17)

A.believing

B.regarding

C.regarded

D.believed

18、(18)

A.weapon

B.mixture

C.explosive

D.discovery

19、(19)

A.Rather

B.Differently

C.Despite

D.Instead

20、(20)

A.officials

B.civilians

C.citizens

D.generals

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguages

ofitsown.Onelanguage,andonlyone,isunderstood-bythe

elite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruled

Indiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago.

Today,India.Tomorrow,unofficially,theworld.Thatiswell

underway;atfirst,becausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobal

empirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmerica,andnowbecausethe

world(andnotablyAmerica)hasacquireditsfirsttruly

global一andinteractive一medium,theInternet.

Itisestimatedtnatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishas

theirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseit

asasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountries,notably,orin

English-majorityones,like30millionrecentlyimmigrantsto

theUnitedStates,orCanada*s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.

Andelsewhere?Theguessis100million一1billiondepending

howyoudefine〃can〃.Letusbehold:inall,20-25%ofearth，s

6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEngland,

letaloneofDr.Johnson,butEnglish.

Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschool

andcarriesofmonolingualoldies-andnowastheInternet

spreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.Asbusiness

spreadsacrossfrontiers,thecompanythatwantstomoveits

executivesaround,andtopromotethebestofthem,regardless

ofnationality,encouragestheusesofEnglish.Sothe

executivewhowantstobeintheframe,or'tomovetoanother

employer,learnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearned

journals:German,RussianorFrench(dependingonthefield)

maybeusefultotheirexpertreaders,butEnglishisessential.

So,ifyouwantyourownworkpublished—andwidelyreadbyyour

peers一thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice.

Thegrowthofthecinema,andstillmoresooftelevision,has

spreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybe

dubbedintomajorlanguages,butforsmalleraudiencestheyare

usuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamily

hasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-room,and

usuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish.

ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystems

gaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenit

ahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasa1ibraryof

informationavailableattheclickofamouse.And,uniikethe

booksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrary,maybe

four-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessen,

asmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurely

dominate.

TheauthorcitestheexampleofIndiatoshow.

A.thebackwardnessofitsownlanguage

B.theimportanceoflearningEnglish

C.thewidespreadofEnglishlanguage

D.thegreatinfluenceoftheBritishempire

2、

Fromthepassage,wecanknowthat.

A.20-25%ofearth，s6billionpeoplecanuseAmericanEnglish

B.20-25%ofearth，s6billionpeoplecanuseDr.Johnsen's

English

C.20-25%ofearth's6billionpeoplecanusestandardEnglish

D.20-25%ofearth's6billionpeoplecanuseEnglishthough

notidiomatic

3、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedwhentheauthor

explainsthereasonsoftherapidgrowingnumberofEnglish

speaker?

A.NewpupilsarerequiredtolearnEnglishatschool.

B.MonolingualoldpeopleareencouragedtospeakEnglish.

C.EmployeeshavetolearnEnglishiftheywanttogetachance

ofpromotion.

D.ScholarsuseEnglishasthelanguageoftheiracademic

worksmoreoftenthanotherlanguages.

4、

Foreignmovieswon，tbedubbedintomajor1anguagewhen,

A.therearenotmanyaudiences

B.alltheaudiencesknowthatforeignlanguage

C.theaudiencesdon'tlikeitverymuch

D.thelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish

5、

Theword〃nudge〃inthefirstsentenceofparagraphsixmeans

A.progress

B.encouragement

C.push

D.growth

6、Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovided

scientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionofliving

organismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthe

visible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcentury

introducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplants

andanimals.Inthetwentiethcentury,electronmicroscopehave

provideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurface

structures.Nowanothertypeofmicroscope,onethatutilizes

0

山io

Xraysratherthanlightorelectrons,offersadifferentway

ofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperception

stillfartherintothenaturalworld.

ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;its

development,however,wasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940's

becausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewas

progressingrapidly.Duringthe1940's,electronmicrosccpes

routinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewith

avisible-lightmicroscope,whiletheperformanceofX-ray

microscopesresistedimprovement.Tnrecentyears,however,

interestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevived,largelybecauseof

advancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-ray

illumination.Asaresult,thebrightnessavailabletodayis

millions,oftimesthatofX-raytubes,which,formostofthe

century,weretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftX-rays.

ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveonthe

resolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobe

usedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Some

canform,picturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthe

promiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensional

imeiging.Unlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopy,X-ray

microscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwater,

whichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunder

conditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theillumination

used,so-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwenty

tofortyangstroms(anangstromisoneten-billionthofameter),

isalsosufficientlypenetratingto,imageintactbiological

cellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXrays

used,softX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighest

resolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rather,their

specialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwill

complementthoseperformedwith1ight-and-e1ectron-based

instruments.

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Thedetailseenthroughamicroscope.

B.Sourcesofilluminationformicroscopes.

C.Anewkindofmicroscope.

D.Outdatedmicroscopictechniques.

7、

Accordingtothepassage,theinventionofthevisible-light

microscopeallowedscientiststo.

A.seevirusesdirectly

B.developtheelectronmicroscopelateron

C.understandmoreaboutthedistributionofthechemical

elements

D.discoversingle-celledplantsanalanimalstheyhadnever

seenbefore

8、

Whydoestheauthormentionthevisible-lightmicroscopein

thefirstparagraph?

A.Tobeginadiscussion,ofsixteenth-centurydiscoveries.

B.ToputtheX-raymicroscopeinahistoricalperspective.

C.Toshowhowlimiteditsusesare.

D.Toexplainhowitfunctioned.

9、

WhydidittakesolongtodeveloptheX-raymicroscope?

A.Fundsforresearchwereinsufficient.

B.Thesourceofilluminationwasnotbrightenoughuntil

recently.

C.MaterialsusedtomanufactureX-raytubesweredifficult

toobtain.

D.X-raymicroscopesweretoocomplicatedtooperate.

10、

Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferred

aboutX-raymicroscopesinthefuture?

A.Theywillprobablyreplaceelectronmicroscopesaltogether.

B.Theywilleventuallyhemuchcheapertoproducethanthey

arenow.

C.Theywi11provideinformationnotavailablefromother

kindsofmicroscopes.

D.Theywilleventuallychangetheilluminationrangethat

theynowuse.

11、Formillionsofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresource

seemedillimitablehoweverfast,wecutdowntrees,nature

unaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromthe

sea,naturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedinto

theriver,naturewouldpurifyit,justasshewouldpurifythe

air,howevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehave

reachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpast

prayingfor,thatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmust

bemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish.

Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.

Therewi11alwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeet

ourneeds.Theaircanabsorbal1thefi1thwecaretoputin

it.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortof

oxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.Whoeverasks

whereoxygencomesfrom,totoeginwith?Theyshould-forwenow

consumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygenevery

year,thankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;

everycar,aircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygenin

quantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing.

Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimits

oftheearth,scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatweare

doingtothingslikewaterandoxygen,justaswehavetowatch

whetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhas

dawnedthattheearthisaspaceshipwithstrictlylimited

resources.Theseresourcesmust,inthelongrun,berecycled,

eitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut'surineis

purifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjustashisexpiredair

isregeneratedtobebreathedanew,soalltheearth'sresources

mustberecycled,soonerorlater.Uptonow,theslowpaceof

nature'sownrecyclinghasserved,coupledwiththefactthat

the“workingcapital"ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.

Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmen,inevenlarger

numbers,aregoingtorequireevenlargerquantities,thepace

ofrecyclingwi11havetobeartificiallyquickened.

Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmosphere,nomorethan

sevenmileshigh,athincrustofland,onlyoneeighthofthe

surfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveon,and

alimitedsupplyofdrinkablewater,whichwecontinuallyreuse.

Andintheearth,wehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandores,

which,westeadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannature,

restoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexset

oftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewater,thewater

irrigatestheplants,theplantshelptorenewtheair.

Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstance,

wecutdowntheforests,whichtranspirewaterandoxygen,we

builddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimals,

wepavetheearthandbuildreservoirs,alteringthewatercycle.

Sofar,naturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.But

nowwearebecomingsostrong,socleverandsonumerous,that

theyarebeginningtohurt.

Todaytherehasbeenachangeofattitudetowardsnature.This

isshownin

A.thepollutionofrivers

B.theoverfishingofseas

C.theincreaseinairpollutione

D.thefosteringofforests

12、

Theanalogydrawnbetweentheearthandaspaceshipisto

illustratetheideaof___onearth.

A.unlimitedresources

B.limitedresources

C.recycling

D.regeneration

13、

Thepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened

because______.

A.nature'sownpaceisslowingdownrapidly

B.the"workingcapital"ofrecycledmaterialhasallbeen

usedup

C.theearth，sresourcescannotbereplacedbyman

D.theearth'sgrowingpopulationrequiresmoreandmore

resources

14、

Whatdoesthesentence"Theairhelpspurifythewater”

illustrate?

A.Theecologicalbalance.

B.Thewatercycle.

C.Theearth's1imitedresources.

D.Thelifecycle.

15、

Whichofthefollowingbestconveysthe，ideathatmanhasbeen

carelessandunconcernedinhisrelationshipwithnature?

A.Hehasexploitedtheearth'sresources.

B.Hehasshownlittleunderstandingofnature'sways.

C.Hehasabusedtheearth，sresources.

D.Hehasnotappreciatednature'sbeautyandbenefits

sufficiently.

16、Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayis,

ofcourse,thevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamor

dominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreen

andtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthe

newspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalsto

usfromtheroadsidebillboardsalldayandflashesmessages

tousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawhole

newconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%

ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales.

AdvertisinghasbeenamongEngland5sbiggestgrowthindustries

sincethewar,intermsoftheratioofmoneyearningsto

demonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure?

Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturers

fromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageof

designinganddevelopingaproduct,thereisquiteenoughto

thinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwantto

buyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomer

appealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachine

tolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandn.ake

thethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenways

ofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinishedit,

bypretendingthatitconfersstatus,orattractslove,or

signifiesiiicinliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothis

authoritativelyenough,themanufacturerisinclover.

Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheir

product.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductis

onewhichgoesonunchangedforever.If,therefore,forone

reasonoranother,somealterationseemscalledfor-howmuch

bettertochangetheimage,thepacketorthepitchmadebythe

product,ratherthangotoailtheinconvenienceofchanging

theproductitself.

Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethree

mostauthoritativeprofessions:Church,Bar,andMedicine.The

greatskillrequiredofourpriests,mosthighlydevelopedin

missionariesbutpresent,indeedmandatory,inall,isthe

skillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneyto

somethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBar,an

essentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasive

caseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeople,withemotional

appealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonot

necessarilyhavetobelieveinyourself,justoneyouhave

studiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicine,

anydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnot

clinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparently

scientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethathe

knowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneed

toputthemright,justasadvertisingdoes-"Rundown?You

need,・・〃〃Noonewilldancewithyou?Adab-winmakeyou

popular.z/

Advertisingmenjsestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesa

lamp-post-forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywill

dressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachable

authorityor,failingthat,theywillevenbehappywiththe

announcement,“Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctors

ontelevision.Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoy

havingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyone

else.

Accordingtothepassage,modemadvertisingis

“authoritative,becauseofthewayit.

A.influencesourimageofthekindofpersonweoughttobe

like

B.interfereswiththeprivacyofhomelife

C.continuallyforcesusintobuyingthings

D.distractsusnomatterwherewetravel

17、

Advertisersareappreciatedbymanufacturersbecausethey

A.advisethemonwaysofgivingaproductcustomer-appeal

B.acceptresponsibilityforgivingaproductcustomer-appeal

C.advisethemonthebesttimetogoaheadwithproduction

D.consultthemduringthedesignanddevelopmentstages

18、

Accordingtothepassage,customersareattractedtoaproduct

becauseitappearsto.

A.haveasufficientlyattractivedesign

B.offergoodvalueformoney

C.fulfillthemanufacturer，sclaims

D.satisfytheirpersonalneeds

19、

TheadvertisingmanissaidtosharewiththeChurch,theBar,

andMedicine,theabilityto______.

A.convincepeopleofthetruth

B.winpeople，sconfidence

C.acceptpeople'sprejudices

D.exploitpeople*sfears

20、

Advertisingmendresspeopleupinwhitecoatbecause.

A.itmakestheiradvertisementsmoreconvincing

B.itmakestheiradvertisementsmoreconspicuous

C.themajorityofTVdoctorsaredressedupinwhiteccats

D.itmakestheactorstakethejobseriously

21>PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B>C、D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Everynowandthenastudycomesalongwhosechiefinterestlies

inhowpeculiarlyaskewitsfindingsseemtobefromthecommon

perceptionofthings.Sometimes,ofcourse,the''surprisingnew

study“itselfturnsouttobeoffinsomeway.Butifthedata

arefundamentallysound,thenwhatyoureallywanttoknowis

whysensiblepeopleholdsuchacontraryview.

(41).Researcherstookacloserlookatanearlierstudy

thathadbeenwidelyinterpreted,whenitwasfirstpublished

in2000,asproofthatthehomeworkmonsterwasgrowing,and

insatiable.ATimemagazinecoverarticlespawnedamini-genre

oftrendstories,allpeopledbypale,exhaustedkidsand

bewilderedboomerparentswhoseownhomeworkmemoriesseemed

toencompassonlyfeltpuppetsandshoe-boxdioramas.Butthe

newreportpointsoutthatwhiletheamountoftime

school-children12andunderdevotedtostudyathomedidindeed

growbetween1981and1997,theincreasewassmall:anaverage

of23minutesperweek.(42).

Sowhydosomanyparentsseemtothinkotherwise?Oneanswer

isthattherealincreaseinhomeworkthathasbeendocumented

isamongyoungerchildren.In1981,forinstance,onethirdof

6to8-year-oldshadsomehomework;cne-halfdidinthelate

90's.(43).Andsincechildren6to8aretheoneswe

particularlyliketothinkofasengagedinunstructuredplay

weimaginethemridingbikesinthehoneyedlightofwaning

afternoons,evenwhenwhattheymightwellbedoing,inthe

absenceofhomework,iswatchingTVhomeworkforthornseemslike

oneofthoseheavyhandedincursionsonthefreedomofchildhood.

(44)______,Thesechildrengotoeliteprivateschoolsorto

demandingpubliconeswherethecompetitivepressuresaresuch

thattheyeitherreallydohavehoursofhomeworkeachnight

ortakehoursfinishingitbecausethey(ortheirparents)are

soanxiousthatitbedonewell.Theycomefromthedemographic

thatmakesacultural,almostamoral,idealofenrolling

childreninsoccerandoboelessonsandkarateandballet,and

sotheirtimereallyisatapremium.(45).

A.Moreover,20percentfewerchildrenbetweentheagesof9

and12weredoinghomeworkatallin1997thanin1981.And

high-schoolstudentsspentnomoretimeonhomeworkthanthey

didinpreviousdecades.

B.ThatiscertainlythequestionraisedbyaBrookings

Institutionreportreleasedlastmonthshowingthattheamount

oftimekidsdevotetohomeworkhasnot,infact,significantly

increasedoverthelasttwodecades.

C.Behindtheseemingcontradictionsofsteadyhomeworklevels

andtheantihomeworkbacklash,inotherwords,isthereality

ofsocialclass.

D.Theyarelikelytohavebusyprofessionalparents,

oversubscribedthemselvesbutwithaninvestmentinseeing

theirchildrenproducebookreportsofakindthatteachers,

counselorsand,intime,collegeadmissionsboardswillfind

impressive.

E.Anti-homeworkcrusadesarenotnewin1901,forexample,

Californiapassedalawabolishinghomeworkforgradesone

througheightbuttheyhaveusuallybeenledbythesamekinds

ofpeople,whichistosay,elites.

F.Sinceparentsaremorelikelytohavetosuperviseafirst

orsecondgraderdoinghomeworkthananolderchild,theearlier

launchingofahomeworkregimenmightfeellikea

disproportionateincreaseintheparentalworkload.

G.Butthebiggeranswer,Isuspect,isthattheparentswetend

tohearfrominthepress,atschool-boardmeetingsandin

Internetchatgroups,theparentswithelaborated,

developmentallysavvycritiquesofstandardsandcurriculum

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

tr