专题09阅读理解说明文精读定位比对分析（题型专练）

专题09阅读理解说明文目录第一部分题型解码高屋建瓴，掌握全局第二部分考向破译微观解剖，精细教学典例引领方法透视变式演练考向01细节理解题考向02推理判断题【重难】考向03词义猜测题考向04主旨大意与段落作用题第三部分综合巩固整合应用，模拟实战题型简介上海高考英语阅读理解说明文是必考体裁，占阅读理解板块20%30%，选材贴合上海本地教学大纲，多来自2025年徐汇、浦东等区模考及市重点校模拟题，涵盖科技发明、社会现象、文化习俗、学术研究等主题。文本特征鲜明，以客观说明为核心，语言严谨、逻辑清晰，多采用总分、分总或因果递进结构，常出现专业术语但搭配通俗解释。题型侧重考查考生对细节的精准捕捉、推理判断及主旨归纳能力，注重与上海高考“强调语言应用、贴近现实场景”的命题导向契合，是检验考生逻辑思维和文本解读能力的核心题型。设题类型上海高考英语说明文设题围绕“理解+应用”分层设计，核心分为4类：一是细节理解题（占比40%50%），考查对具体数据、事实、概念的定位，如2025年杨浦一模题中对“人工智能垃圾分类系统工作步骤”的提问；二是主旨大意题，要求概括段落或全文主旨，常以“Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthepassage?”形式呈现；三是推理判断题，需基于原文信息推断隐含意义，避免主观臆断，如推断作者态度、某现象的影响；四是词义猜测题，考查对专业术语或陌生词汇的语境理解，多结合上下文举例、定义进行命题。此外，偶尔涉及“指代判断题”“段落作用题”，贴合上海高考对文本深度解读的要求。命题方式上海高考英语说明文命题严格遵循《上海高考英语考试说明》，具有鲜明地域特色和规律性。命题素材优先选取近12年上海各区模考（如闵行、长宁）及复旦附中、上海中学等校模拟题的改编文本，确保题材贴近上海考生认知。命题时注重“细节定位清晰、推理有据可依、主旨贴合文本”，避免无依据的主观设问。题干设计简洁明确，选项干扰性强，常设置“偷换概念”“扩大范围”“过度推理”等陷阱（如2025年普陀一模题中混淆“实验现象”与“实验结论”）。同时，命题侧重考查文本逻辑关系，如因果、对比、例证等，与上海高考强调“逻辑思维能力”的命题趋势高度契合。解题思路解答上海高考英语说明文需遵循“先梳结构、再抓细节、最后验逻辑”的思路。第一步，快速浏览全文，标注段落主旨句（多在首句/尾句），理清文本结构（总分、分总等），把握核心说明对象；第二步，审题时圈画题干关键词（如人名、数字、术语），根据关键词定位原文对应段落，精准捕捉细节信息，避免通读全文浪费时间；第三步，解答推理题和主旨题时，立足原文信息，排除主观臆断和干扰选项，结合上海模考常见陷阱（如偷换概念）进行验证；第四步，做完后快速复盘，检查答案是否与文本逻辑一致，尤其注意细节题的答案是否与原文表述完全匹配，确保解题过程“有依据、不主观”。考向01细节理解题【例11】（2025年上海市嘉定区高三二模）Beyondtechnologicaldrivers,socioeconomicshiftshavefurtherspedupthistransition.Thedeclineoflongtermjobstability,worsenedbyautomationandglobaloutsourcing,hasledtoadeclineinconventionalemploymentmodels.Meanwhile,societyisbeingincreasinglypolarizedbetweenthosewhopossessfinancialcapitalbutlacktimeandthosewithavailabilitybutlimitedfinancialmeans.Theondemandeconomyservesasamechanismthroughwhichthesetwogroupscanexchangevalueefficiently.Whichofthefollowingisadrivingforceoftheeconomictransitionintroducedinthepassage?A.Peopletendtohaveeithermoneyortime.B.Businessflexibilitybenefitsworkersequally.C.Fulltimeemployeesarebeinglessavailable.D.Automationisgraduallyreplacedbyglobaloutsourcing.答案A详解：第一步，题干核心是找经济转型的驱动力，定位原文关键句。原文提及社会两极分化，即一类人有经济实力但缺时间，另一类人有时间但经济条件有限，这一社会现象推动了经济转型。第二步，逐一分析选项。A项“人们往往要么有钱要么有时间”，是对原文该两极分化现象的同义概括，符合题意；B项中“同等惠及劳动者”在原文无对应信息，属于无中生有；C项“全职员工数量减少”并非原文提及的转型驱动力，原文仅说传统雇佣模式衰退；D项与原文“自动化和全球外包加剧了工作稳定性下降”相悖，两者是共同作用而非替代关系。综上答案选A。关键词定位法抓核心信息：圈画题干中的时间、地点、专有名词等关键信息，快速在原文中找到对应段落和句子。比如题干问某设备的续航时间，同义替换比对法辨正误：选项常对原文内容进行同义改写，需注意名词与代词、动词与短语的替换。并列信息梳理法解多元细节：若题干涉及多个细节点，如原因、作用等，可梳理原文中的并列连词（and、inaddition等）连接的内容，逐一匹配选项，避免遗漏关键信息。数字与限定词核对法防偏差：说明文常含数据、范围等限定内容，解题时需核对选项中数字、程度词是否与原文一致。【变式11】（2025年上海市浦东新区高三二模）produce...eninghasgainedpopularityinrecentyearsaspeopleseektoconnectwithnatureandgrowtheirownfoodinthemidstofthecity.Oneofthemainadvantagesofurbangardeningistheaccesstofresh,organicproduce...Urbangardeningalsopromotesenvironmentalsustainability.Itreducestheneedfortransportingfoodfromdistantfarms,thusdecreasingcarbonemissions.Inaddition,greenspacesinthecityhelptoimproveairqualityandreducetheurbanheatislandeffect.Moreover,itprovidesasenseofmunity.Howdoesurbangardeningpromoteenvironmentalsustainability?A.Byincreasingcarbonemissions.B.Byreducingtheneedforlongdistancefoodtransportation,improvingairquality,andreducingtheurbanheatislandeffect.C.Byhavingnoimpactontheenvironment.D.Bycausingmorepollution.答案B详解：第一步，题干关键词为“promoteenvironmentalsustainability”，定位原文对应段落。第二步，原文明确提到城市园艺减少长途食品运输需求、降低碳排放、改善空气质量并缓解城市热岛效应，这些均是其促进环境可持续性的表现。第三步，排除错误选项。A项“增加碳排放”与原文“decreasingcarbonemissions”相悖；C项“对环境无影响”和D项“造成更多污染”均与原文环保相关的表述冲突。B项完整复刻原文细节，故答案选B。【变式12】（2025年上海七宝中学高三5月月考）Technology...kilometers...eighingjust1.8kilograms,hasbeendevelopedbytheTaishanCulturalTourismGroupincooperationwithKenqingTechnology...Theroboticexoskeletoncanfunctionnonstopformorethanfivehoursonasinglecharge,coveringapproximately14kilometers...addingthattheestimatedcostislessthan10,000yuanapiece.Whichofthefollowingdetailsabouttheroboticexoskeletonistrue?A.Itweighs18kilograms.B.Itcanworkcontinuouslyforoverfivehourspercharge.C.Itcovers140kilometersononecharge.D.Itsestimatedcostis10,000yuaneach.答案B详解：第一步，题干围绕外骨骼机器人的细节判断正误，需逐一核对选项与原文数据。第二步，匹配原文信息：A项将原文“1.8kilograms”改为“18kilograms”，数值错误；B项与原文“functionnonstopformorethanfivehoursonasinglecharge”表述一致，正确；C项把“14kilometers”改为“140kilometers”，篡改数据；D项将“lessthan10,000yuan”改为“10,000yuan”，忽略限定词。综上答案选B。【变式13】（2025年上海市浦东新区高三二模）Urbangardeninghasgainedpopularityinrecentyearsaspeopleseektoconnectwithnatureandgrowtheirownfoodinthemidstofthecity.Oneofthemainadvantagesofurbangardeningistheaccesstofresh,organicproduce.Gardeningenthusiastscangrowavarietyoffruits,vegetables,andherbsinsmallspaces,suchasbalconies,rooftops,ormunitygardens.Whatkindofproducecanbegrowninurbangardens?A.Onlyflowers.B.Fruits,vegetables,andherbs.C.Onlygrains.D.Noproducecanbegrowninurbanareas.答案B详解：第一步，题干聚焦城市花园可种植的作物，定位原文关键语句。原文明确提到园艺爱好者可种植多种水果、蔬菜和香草。第二步，分析选项。A项“仅花朵”、C项“仅谷物”均与原文作物类型不符；D项“无法种植作物”与原文描述完全相反；B项与原文细节精准匹配，故答案选B。考向02推理判断题【例21】（2025年上海市静安区高三二模）MUSEUMSusedtostandforsomethingboringandbarelyrelevanttoreallife.Thosekindsofplacesstillexist,buttherearefarfewerofthem,andthemoresuccessfuloneshavechangedoutofallrecognition.Tobesure,museumsremainshowcasesforcollectionsandwarehouseofvaluables,buttheyhavealsobeepitsofpopulardebatesandplaceswherechildrengoforsleepovers.Theyarenolongerplaceswherepeoplelookoninfearbutwheretheylearnandargue,astheywouldatuniversitiesorartschools.NicholasSerotadescribesthemuseumas“aforumasmuchasatreasurebox”.Bydescribingthemuseumas“aforumasmuchasatreasurebox”,NicholasSerotaimpliesthat____A.museumsnowdisplayobjectsmuchrelevanttolifeB.museumsprovidechancesfordiscussionandstorepreciousobjectsC.thevalueoftheobjectskeptinmuseumscausesdebateD.museumsregardsleepovervisitorsasnewtreasure答案B详解：第一步，定位关键表述的上下文逻辑。原文先点明如今成功的博物馆既有收藏珍宝的属性，又成了大众辩论的场所和孩子们体验过夜活动的地方，兼具收藏与交流学习功能。第二步，拆解题干引言的含义，“treasurebox”对应前文“showcasesforcollectionsandwarehouseofvaluables”，即收藏珍贵物品；“forum”对应“pitsofpopulardebates”“wheretheylearnandargue”，即提供讨论交流的平台。第三步，分析选项。A项仅提及展品与生活相关，未涵盖“收藏”层面；C项说展品价值引发争议，原文未提及争议与展品价值的关联；D项将过夜访客比作珍宝，属于无依据臆断；B项完整匹配“讨论场所”和“收藏珍宝”两层含义，符合推理结果。综上答案选B。立足原文找推理依据：推理需以文本细节为根基，不可脱离原文凭空猜测。优先定位题干相关的句子及上下文，标记数据、观点、因果关系等关键信息，以此作为推理的核心支撑。解读隐含逻辑链：说明文常通过因果、转折、对比等逻辑呈现内容。比如遇到“however”“thus”等连词时，要重点分析前后句的逻辑关系，如转折后内容可能暗示前文观点的局限性，因果关系中可由结果反推隐含原因。精准把控语气与态度：关注作者对说明对象的表述用词，若多用“remarkably”“effectively”等褒义词，可推断作者持肯定态度；若出现“problematic”“unfortunately”等词，大概率隐含否定或担忧的态度。排除显性与错误选项：直接摘抄原文内容的选项多非正确答案，因其无需推理；同时排除与原文细节相悖、范围扩大或缩小的选项，聚焦符合逻辑推导的选项。【变式21】（2025年上海市浦东新区高三二模）Ifanything,highlightingAI'sroleinscience,theNobelmitteealsorevealeditsownuntimelyapproach.AlfredNobel's1895visionrewardedtheindividualgeniusplantingflagsinPhysics,Chemistry,andMedicine.Buttoday'schallenges,suchasclimatechange,cancer,extinction,don'trespectthoseboundaries.Rareisthepurechemistorbiologist;monisthegeochemist,theputationalevolutionarytheorist.AIismakingthesedivisionslessdistinct,linkingvastdatasetsacrossdisciplinesandboostingunexpectedcooperation.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheNobelmittee'sapproach?A.Itfitsperfectlywithmodernscientificresearch.B.Itfocusesmoreoninterdisciplinarycooperation.C.Itisnotsuitablefortoday'sprehensivescientificchallenges.D.IthasbeenupdatedtoadapttoAI'sdevelopment.答案C详解：第一步，定位关于诺贝尔委员会的关键描述。原文提到诺贝尔委员会的模式源于1895年，侧重奖励物理、化学、医学等单一学科的杰出个人，而如今气候变化等挑战打破了学科界限，跨学科人才更常见，AI也在弱化学科划分。第二步，推导逻辑关系。通过“revealeditsownuntimelyapproach”及转折词“but”，可推断其模式与当下科学研究现状不匹配。第三步，排除错误选项。A项与“untimelyapproach”相悖；B项，侧重跨学科合作是如今的科研特点，而非诺贝尔委员会的模式；D项，原文未提及该模式已更新适配人工智能；C项符合“模式过时，不适应如今综合性科学挑战”的推理，故答案选C。【变式22】（2025年上海市七宝中学高三5月月考）Microplasticsareverysmallpiecesofplastic,smallerthan5millimeters.Theyefrombiggerplasticitemsbreakingdown,likeshoppingbags,takeoutcontainers,anddrinkbttles.Thesetinybitscangetintowater,soilandairandtheycanmoveupthefoodchainanddepositinourbody.Afterjustoneday,researcherscouldseethatthemicroplasticshadmovedthroughthemice’sstomachs,gotintotheirbloodandendedupintheirhair.Aftertwomonths,themicethatdrankwaterwithagedmicroplasticshadmoredamagedskinandfallinghairthanthosewithnewmicroplastics.Whatcanweinferaboutmicroplasticsfromtheresearchonmice?A.Newmicroplasticsareharmlesstolivingcreatures.B.Microplasticscanspreadinorganismsandcauseharm.C.Agedmicroplasticsonlydamagetheskinandhairofanimals.D.Microplasticstakemonthstoenterthebloodofanimals.答案B详解：第一步，梳理实验相关的核心细节。实验显示一天内微塑料就穿过老鼠的胃进入血液并留存于毛发，两个月后饮用含老化微塑料水的老鼠皮肤损伤和脱毛情况更严重。第二步，合理推导实验结论。从微塑料在老鼠体内的传播路径和造成的损伤，可推断其在生物体内可扩散且具有危害性。第三步，分析选项。A项说新型微塑料无害，原文仅对比出老化微塑料危害更大，并非新型微塑料无危害；C项中“only”表述绝对，原文未排除老化微塑料对其他部位的危害；D项与“仅一天就进入血液”的实验结果相悖；B项符合实验体现的微塑料传播性和危害性，故答案选B。【变式23】（2025年上海市虹口区高三二模）Ofcourse,therearetypicallymanyparticipantsinthepricingprocess:Accountingprovidescostestimates;marketingmunicatesthepricingstrategy;salesprovidesspecificcustomerinput;productionsetssupplyboundaries;andfinanceestablishestherequirementsfortheentirepany'sfinancialhealth.Inputfromdiversesourcesisnecessary.However,problemsarisewhenthephilosophyofwideparticipationiscarriedovertothepricesettingprocesswithoutstrongcoordinatingmechanisms.Whatcanbeinferredfromthewideparticipationinthepricingprocess?A.Decisionmakingrequiresgatheringprehensiveinformation.B.Thecoordinatingmechanismwon'tworkwithoutalotofinput.C.Potentialcustomersareeasilyupsetatanystageoftheprocess.D.Thepanylosesmoneyunlesseveryoneintendsforthebest.答案A详解：第一步，分析原文逻辑。原文指出定价过程有会计、营销、销售等多个部门参与，且各部门分别提供成本评估、客户反馈等不同信息，并强调多渠道意见很有必要，仅在缺乏协调机制时才会出现问题。第二步，推导隐含结论。多个部门参与本质是为了收集各维度信息，保障定价决策全面。第三步，排除干扰选项。B项颠倒逻辑，原文是无协调机制会出问题，而非协调机制依赖大量意见；C项提及消费者容易不满，原文无相关表述；D项说人员全力以赴才能避免亏损，属于过度推测；A项符合“多部门参与提供多元信息，助力决策”的隐含逻辑，故答案选A。考向03词义猜测题【例31】（2025年上海市普陀区高三一模）Botany,onceacoresubjectinmanyuniversities,hasseenasharpdeclineinrecentyears.Onemajorissueistheshiftofresearchfunding.Previously,alargeportionoffundsfromtheNationalScienceFoundationwasallocatedtobotanyprojects.Now,mostfundinghasbeenredirectedtomedicalandtechnologicalresearch.Anotherproblemisthewidespread"plantblindness"amongthepublic.Ecologicalrestorationprojectsaresufferingbecauseofthelackofprofessionalswhocanidentifyandprotectrareplantspecies.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“plantblindness”mostprobablymean?A.ThedifficultyincuringplantdiseasesB.ThelackofinterestinbotanycoursesC.TheinabilitytonoticeandvalueplantsD.Theshortageofplantprotectionequipment答案C详解：第一步，定位“plantblindness”的上下文逻辑。前文提植物学衰落，后文指出这一现象导致生态修复项目受影响，原因是缺少能识别和保护珍稀植物的专业人才。第二步，结合语境推导含义。该短语应与“忽视植物、无法重视植物”相关。第三步，分析选项。A项“治疗植物病害的困难”、B项“对植物学课程缺乏兴趣”、D项“植物保护设备短缺”均与上下文提及的“识别保护植物”的核心话题无关；C项“无法注意到并重视植物”符合语境推导，故答案选C。定义解释定位法：若生词后有thatis、inotherwords等引导词，或破折号、括号等标点，其后内容多为该词的定义或解释。比如原文中“Plantblindness,namelytheinabilitytonoticeplantsinone'senvironment,isbeingmon”，可通过“namely”后的内容猜出“plantblindness”指“植物盲”。逻辑关系推导法：借助转折（but、however）、并列（and、also）等逻辑词推断词义。遇到转折词时，生词含义常与前文内容相反；遇到并列词时，词义多与相邻词汇相近。例如“Hisplanispragmaticratherthanidealistic”，通过“ratherthan”可推断“pragmatic”与“idealistic（理想化的）”含义相反，即“务实的”。举例归纳法：当生词后有suchas、forexample等词引出例子时，可通过例子归纳生词的范畴。如“Manyaquaticcreatures,includingfish,turtlesanddolphins,areaffectedbywaterpollution”，由例子可猜出“aquaticcreatures”指“水生生物”。指代对象溯源法：针对it、they等代词类猜测题，需向前追溯前文提及的人或事物，结合主谓一致、逻辑搭配确定指代对象，避免混淆指代主体。【变式31】（2025年上海市闵行区高三一模）TheconversationaltoneofanAIchatbotorvoicebasedassistantisagoodwaytolearnnewconcepts,butitmayactuallymakeusmorewillingtobelieveinaccuracies,paredwithinformationpresentedinastaticarticle.However,DurianPersonalitiesofferacure:Its“unapproachability”beesafilteringmechanism,avoidingfrivoloussocialinteractionsandencouragingdeeperengagementinvaluableinterpersonalconnections.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“frivolous”inthepassageprobablymean?A.RegularB.UnnecessaryC.NonprofitableD.Timeconsuming答案B详解：第一步，借助逻辑关系找线索。原文提到榴莲人格的“不可接近性”成为一种过滤机制，目的是避免某种社交互动，同时促进有价值的深度人际交流，“avoiding”和“encouraging”后的内容形成对比。第二步，推导词义。“frivolous”修饰的社交互动应与“valuable（有价值的）”含义相反。第三步，筛选选项。A项“规律的”、C项“无利可图的”、D项“耗时的”均与“有价值的”不构成反义；B项“不必要的”符合“过滤掉无意义互动、保留有价值交流”的逻辑，故答案选B。【变式32】（2025年上海七宝中学高三5月月考）Thenewenergystoragesystemadoptsamodulardesign,whichallowsforeasyexpansion.Forinstance,asmallscaleunitcanpower5households,andaddingtwomoremodulescandoubleitscapacity.Thisscalabilitymakesthesystemsuitableforbothruralareasandurbanmunitieswithvaryingenergydemands.Theunderlinedword“scalability”inthepassagemostprobablymeans____A.TheabilitytobeadjustedinsizeorcapacityB.ThequalityofbeingenvironmentallyfriendlyC.ThefeatureofbeingeasytoinstallD.Thecharacteristicoflowenergyconsumption答案A详解：第一步，通过举例信息锁定词义。前文提到该储能系统采用模块化设计，并举出小型机组可供5户家庭用电，增加两个模块可使容量翻倍的例子。第二步，归纳例子核心特征。例子重点体现系统可通过增减模块调整供电容量。第三步，分析选项。B项“环保属性”、C项“易安装的特点”、D项“低能耗的特性”均未在例子中体现；A项“调整尺寸或容量的能力”与例子呈现的功能一致，故答案选A。【变式33】（2025年上海市松江区高三二模）Urbanheatislandsformwhenbuiltupareasabsorbmoresolarradiationthansurroundingruralregions.Thisphenomenonintensifiesinsummer,asconcreteandasphaltretainheatlongerthansoilandvegetation.Tomitigatethiseffect,citiesareplantingmoretreesandinstallinggreenroofs.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mitigate”inthepassagemean?A.StrengthenB.AnalyzeC.ReduceD.Ignore答案C详解：第一步，梳理上下文因果与措施逻辑。前文指出城市热岛效应在夏季加剧，后文提到城市种植更多树木、搭建绿色屋顶，这些均是针对热岛效应的应对举措。第二步，推导词语含义。结合常识和语境，这些措施的目的应是减轻热岛效应。第三步，排除错误选项。A项“加强”与措施目的相悖；B项“分析”、D项“忽视”均不符合应对环境问题的合理逻辑；C项“减轻”符合语境，故答案选C。考向04主旨大意与段落作用题【例41】（2025年上海市浦东新区高三二模）TheWorldofUrbanGardeningUrbangardeninghasgainedpopularityinrecentyearsaspeopleseektoconnectwithnatureandgrowtheirownfoodinthemidstofthecity.Oneofthemainadvantagesofurbangardeningistheaccesstofresh,organicproduce.Gardeningenthusiastscangrowavarietyoffruits,vegetables,andherbsinsmallspaces,suchasbalconies,rooftops,ormunitygardens.Urbangardeningalsopromotesenvironmentalsustainability.Itreducestheneedfortransportingfoodfromdistantfarms,thusdecreasingcarbonemissions.Inaddition,greenspacesinthecityhelptoimproveairqualityandreducetheurbanheatislandeffect.Moreover,itprovidesasenseofmunity.munitygardensbringpeopletogether,fosteringsocialinteractionandasharedsenseofresponsibilityfortheenvironment.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.ThewaystogroworganicproduceinurbanareasB.ThechallengesofdevelopingmunitygardensC.ThegrowingpopularityofgardeninginruralregionsD.Themultiplebenefitsofurbangardening答案D详解：第一步，定位关键信息。文章标题点明主题是城市园艺，首句引出其受欢迎的背景，后文通过“oneofthemainadvantages”“also”“moreover”依次列出三个核心优势。第二步，整合核心内容。全文围绕城市园艺展开，分别阐述了其能提供新鲜食材、推动环境可持续发展、增强社区凝聚力三大好处。第三步，排除错误选项。A项仅提及种植方式，属于单一细节，非主旨；B项“挑战”与原文“优势”相悖；C项“农村地区”与“urbangardening”的主题不符；D项“城市园艺的多种益处”契合全文核心，故答案选D。主旨大意题解题方法标题/首尾句定位法：说明文主旨常浓缩在标题或首尾段，段落主旨多在段首句。快速浏览这些关键位置，可初步锁定核心话题，比如介绍某类技术的文章，首段常点明技术名称及核心价值。高频词提炼法：文中反复出现的名词、名词短语大概率是说明对象，围绕其展开的核心内容就是主旨。例如全文多次提及“urbangardening”，且围绕其优势展开，主旨就与城市园艺的价值相关。逻辑词串联法：借助“firstly”“moreover”“inaddition”等递进词，梳理文章分论点，整合分论点即可得出主旨，避免遗漏关键要点。段落作用题解题方法段首段作用：多为引出说明对象，常通过现象、例子或设问开篇，激发读者兴趣，同时奠定全文说明基调。段中段作用：多为过渡衔接，既承接前文提及的观点，又通过“however”“furthermore”等逻辑词引出下文新内容；也可能是补充细节，用数据、例子支撑前文论点。段尾段作用：多为总结全文，重申说明对象的意义或影响；部分段落会提出建议、展望，升华主题，或引发读者对相关问题的思考。【变式41】（2025年上海市松江区高三二模）Prolongedsittinghaslongbeenlinkedtoaseriesofhealthrisks,includingobesityandheartdisease.However,arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofMilanhasofferedasimplesolution.Theresearchteamdivided50volunteersintotwogroups.Onegroupsatcontinuouslyfor4hours,whiletheothergrouptook1030secondwalkingbreaksevery10minutesduringthe4hourperiod.Theresultsshowedthatthegroupwithwalkingbreaksincreasedtheirenergyconsumptionbyupto60%paredwiththecontinuoussittinggroup.Theresearchersexplainedthatevenshortwalkingbreakscanactivatemusclesthatremainidlewhensitting,whichinturnboostsmetabolicrate.Thisfindingprovidesapracticalwayforofficeworkersandotherpeoplewhohavetositforlonghourstoimprovetheirhealthwithoutspendingextratimeonexercise.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.AstudyprovingtheharmofprolongedsittingB.AsimplemethodtoreducehealthrisksfromlongsittingC.TherelationshipbetweenmetabolicrateandmuscleactivityD.Theimportanceofexerciseforofficeworkers'health答案B详解：第一步，梳理文章逻辑。开篇先指出久坐的健康隐患，随后通过转折词“however”引出米兰大学的研究，接着介绍研究分组及过程，最后说明研究结果和该结果带来的实用价值。第二步，锁定核心内容。全文核心围绕“短时步行休息”这一解决久坐健康风险的简单方法展开。第三步，分析选项。A项仅提及久坐危害，未涉及文章重点“解决办法”；C项是研究中的细节原理，非主旨；D项“锻炼的重要性”范围过广，文章聚焦的是短时步行休息这一特定方式；B项精准概括了“缓解久坐健康风险的简单方法”这一核心，故答案选B。【变式42】（2025年上海市宝山区高三一模）Smarthomedeviceshavebeeincreasinglymoninmodernfamilies,butmanyelderlypeoplestillstruggletousethem.Toaddressthisproblem,atechpanyhasdevelopedasimplifiedsmarthomesystemtailoredtotheelderly.Thesystemreplacesplexoperationinterfaceswithlargebuttoncontrollersandvoicemandsthatsupportdialects.A3monthtrialinvolving80elderlyresidentsinamunityshowedthat75%ofthemcouldproficientlyusethesystemafterjustoneweek.Thesystemcanautomaticallyadjustroomtemperature,reminduserstotakemedicine,andcallfamilymembersincaseofemergency.Inthefinalsurvey,mostparticipantssaidthesystemmadetheirdailylifemuchmoreconvenient.Thefirstparagraphmainlyservesto____Thefirstparagraphmainlyservesto____A.introduceaproblemandacorrespondingsolutionB.criticizeelderlypeopleforbeingslowtolearnnewtechnologyC.paredifferentsmarthomesystemsonthemarketD.provethepopularityofsmarthomedevicesamongfamilies答案A详解：第一步，分析首段内容。首段前半句提出核心问题——智能家居设备普及但老年人使用困难，后半句给出解决方案——某科技公司研发了适配老年人的简化智能家居系统。第二步，判断段落功能。该段落核心作用是先抛出社会问题，再引出对应的解决办法，为下文介绍系统细节和试用效果做铺垫。第三步，排除错误选项。B项“批评老年人”与原文客观表述不符，无批评语气；C项“对比不同系统”，首段未提及多个系统对比；D项“证明智能家居普及”只是开篇铺垫信息，非段落主要作用；A项准确概括了首段“提出问题+给出方案”的核心作用，故答案选A。【变式43】（2025年上海市闵行区高三二模）Couldapillmakesocialsituationsfeellessthreatening?That'sthefocusofaclinicalexperimentthatCacioppoisoverseeing.Forayearandahalf,96lonelybuthealthysubjectshavebeentakingacertainamountofpregnenolone,achemicalsubstanceassociatedwithmemoryenhancementandstressreduction.Thegoaloftheresearchistoseehowbalancingpregnenolonelevelsaffectsthesubjects.Thepillcouldhelpreducethefearthatmakeslonelypeoplewithdrawandactmorecalmlyinsocialsituations.It'slikedrivinginthewinterwhenyoucan'tseeclearly.Thepillcanclearyourview,helpingyouseethingsclearlyinsteadoffeelingafraidofeveryone.Thenyoubeemorewillingtolistentoothers.Besides,theresearchalsorecordschangesinthesubjects'hormonelevelsandsocialinteractionfrequencyeverymonth.Whatisthefunctionofthethirdparagraph?A.ToexplaintheprincipleofhowthepillworksB.TolistthesideeffectsoftakingthepillC.TointroducethebackgroundoftheexperimentD.Tosummarizetheoverallresultoftheresearch答案A详解：第一步，定位第三段内容并梳理上下文逻辑。第一段提出实验核心问题，第二段介绍实验对象和目标，第三段用“开车”的比喻，说明药物能帮助孤独人群消除社交恐惧、更理性社交，还提及记录激素水平和社交频率的监测方式。第二步，分析段落功能。该段通过比喻和具体说明，解释了药物在改善社交状态上的作用原理。第三步，筛选选项。B项“副作用”原文未提及；C项“实验背景”是第一段的作用；D项“实验结果”，全文未提及最终结果，仅为实验目标和作用分析；A项符合第三段解释药物作用原理的功能，故答案选A。1（2025·上海奉贤·三模）Thefactthatyourhairturnsgreybecauseofstressisnothingmorethananoldwives’tale.It’struethatstressisn’tgoodforyou,butit’snotgoingtoturnyouintoasilverforjustyet.Infact,theansweresfromthecellsinyourhair.Thesearewhatdeterminethecolorandeventually,thefadetogrey.Mostofusstarttonoticeourfirstgreyhairsbythetimewehitourthirties.Ageneralruletogobyisthatbytheageof50,halfofthepopulationwillhavelostthecolorin50percentoftheirhair.Butwhydoesithappen?Firstly,weneedtounderstandhowhairgetsitscolor.Yourhairismadeupofcellscalledmelanocytes(黑色素细胞)whichproducepigments(色素)astheygrowintothehairfiber.Therearetwodifferenttypesofmelanins(黑色素):eumelanins(真黑色素)andpheomelanins(类黑色素).Theformerproducesblackandbrownpigments,whilethelatterproducesredandyellowpigments.Theexactamountofthesepigmentsdetermineswhetherapersonhasblack,brown,blondeorredhair.Asweage,theabilityofthemelanocytestoproducemorepigmentsweakens.Thatisbecauseourhairgrowsindifferentphases.Thegrowingphaselastsbetweenthreeandfiveyears,afterwhichourfollicles(毛囊)turnoffforaboutthreemonthstorestandgetreadytogrowmorehairs.Thisgoesroundandroundand,afteratime,ourbodiesaren’tasgoodatproducingnewhairs.Scientistsarecontinuingtotryandfindwaystopreventgreyinghair.AteamofscientistsinFranceisworkingtotryandstopthemelanocytesfrombeingdamagedattheendofeachhaircycle.Theyaretryingtouseaspecialenzyme(酶)toprotectthecellsfromdamage.Ifsuccessful,itcouldleadthewayfornewproductsthatkeepourlocksfullofcolorforyearstoe.1．Whatdoesthephase“anoldwives’tale”inparagraph1probablymeans?A．Anincorrectbelief B．AuselesstalkC．Ascientificrule D．Ahelpfulexperience2．Whatdoweknowaboutredhair?A．Itdoesn’tturngreyaspeoplegetolderB．ItcontainsmorepheomelaninsthaneumelaninsC．Theamountofpigmentsinitdoesn’tchangeovertimeD．Peoplewithredhairhaveweakerabilitytoproducepigments.3．WhatdotheFrenchscientistsaimtodo?A．Torepairdamagedhairfollicles.B．ToprotecthaircellsagainstdamageC．Toshortenthehaircycletoprotectthehair.D．Tostudytherelationshipbetweenhealthandhaircolor.4．Whatcanweinferfromthearticle?A．Greyhairhasnothingtodowithstress.B．Greyhairisasymbolofdeclininghealth.C．Ittakesthreemonthsfornewhairtogrow.D．Thegrowthandcolorchangeofhairdependoncells.【答案】1．A2．B3．B4．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍头发变白的科学原理，包括黑色素细胞的作用、衰老对色素生成的影响，以及法国科学家对预防头发变白的研究。1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“Thefactthatyourhairturnsgreybecauseofstressisnothingmorethananoldwives’tale.It’struethatstressisn’tgoodforyou,butit’snotgoingtoturnyouintoasilverfoxjustyet.(头发因为压力而变白的说法只不过是……。虽然压力确实对你不好，但它还不会让你马上变成白发苍苍的人。)”可知，作者认为“压力导致头发变白”的说法不正确，由此可推测，画线短语“anoldwives’tale”意为“错误的观念”符合语境。故选A项。2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Therearetwodifferenttypesofmelanins:eumelaninsandpheomelanins.Theformerproducesblackandbrownpigments,whilethelatterproducesredandyellowpigments.(黑色素有两种不同类型：真黑色素和类黑色素。前者产生黑色和棕色色素，后者产生红色和黄色色素。)”以及“Theexactamountofthesepigmentsdetermineswhetherapersonhasblack,brown,blondeorredhair.(这些色素的确切含量决定了一个人是黑发、棕发、金发还是红发。)”可知，红发的颜色由类黑色素（产生红色色素）决定，说明红发中类黑色素的含量多于真黑色素。故选B项。3．细节理解题。根据尾段中的“AteamofscientistsinFranceisworkingtotryandstopthemelanocytesfrombeingdamagedattheendofeachhaircycle.Theyaretryingtouseaspecialenzymetoprotectthecellsfromdamage.(法国的一组科学家正在努力阻止黑色素细胞在每个头发生长周期结束时受到损伤。他们试图使用一种特殊的酶来保护细胞免受损伤。)”可知，法国科学家的目标是保护头发细胞（黑色素细胞）免受损伤。故选B项。4．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Infact,theansweresfromthecellsinyourhair.Thesearewhatdeterminethecolorandeventually,thefadetogrey.(事实上，答案来自你头发中的细胞。正是这些细胞决定了头发的颜色，并最终决定了头发是否会变白。)”及第五段中的“Asweage,theabilityofthemelanocytestoproducemorepigmentsweakens.(随着我们年龄的增长，黑色素细胞产生更多色素的能力会减弱。)”可知，头发生长和颜色变化依赖于头发中的细胞（如黑色素细胞）。故选D项。2（2025·上海·三模）In1988,AbelardoMorell,aCubanbornphotographerandteacher,transformedanordinaryclassroominBostonintosomethingextraordinary.Hecoveredthewindowswithblackplastic,leavingonlyasmallholeinthematerial.Whathappenednextamazedhisstudents—anupsidedownimageoftheworldoutsideappearedonthebackwall,asifbymagic.Peoplewalkingonthestreet,trees,andcarswereallprojectedinsidethedarkenedroom.Thiseffectiscreatedusingadevicecalledacameraobscura,whichmeans“darkroom”inLatin.Itisoneoftheoldestformsofimagemaking,datingbacktoancienttimes.ArtistslikeLeonardodaVinciandscientistssuchasAristotlestudiedthisfascinatingphenomenon.Whenlightpassesthroughasmallholeintoadarkspace,itreflectsandprojectstheoutsidescene,buttheimageappearsupsidedown.Thiseffectamazedearlythinkersandeventuallyledtotheinventionofthemoderncamera.Morellwassoinspiredbythereactionsofhisstudentsthathedecidedtotakephotographsoftheimagesinsidethecameraobscura.Aftermanyexperimentsinhishome,includingusinghisson’sbedroomasatestspace,hedevelopedatechniquetocapturethesedreamlikesceneswitharealcamera.Theresultswereamazing.Morell’sphotographsshowedauniquemixoftheoutsideworldlayeredoverordinaryindoorsettings—suchasalivingroomorbedroom—makingthemlooklikescenesfromadream.Thismomentmarkedthebeginningofanewartisticdirectionforhim.Sincethen,hehascreatedmanypowerfulandcreativeimagesbyturningroomsintocameras.Morelllaterbuiltaportable(可以携带的)cameraobscurathatcouldbeusedanywhere—fromrooftopsinNewYorktodesertlandscapes.Hisgoalistohelppeopleseetheworldinnewways.Bybiningscience,art,andimagination,hisworkencouragesviewerstopauseandreflectonthebeautyandmysteryofeverydaysurroundings.5．WhathappenedwhenMorellcoveredthewindowsandmadeasmallholeintheclassroom?A．Theoutsideviewappearedinside. B．Theroomfilledwithstrangeshadows.C．Theoutsideviewwasvisiblebutunclear. D．Theroomturnedpletelydarkandquiet.6．Theartistsarementionedinparagraph2inorderto_____.A．explainwhofirstcameupwiththecameraobscuraB．highlightthatMorell’sideawaspletelyoriginalC．paremodernphotographywithclassicalartstylesD．showthelonghistoryandartisticvalueofthetechnique7．WhydidMorellcontinuedevelopinghiscameraobscuraphotographyaftertheclassroomexperiment?A．Hisstudents’excitementenco