题型综合练04 完形填空（题型专练）（上海专用）（原题版及全解全析）

1/25题型综合练04完形填空目录第一部分风向速递洞察考向，感知前沿第二部分分层突破固本培优，精准提分A组·保分基础练考向01句内层次题考向02句组层次题考向03语篇层次题B组·抢分能力练第三部分真题验证对标高考，感悟考法一、新意境典型试题例1：2026嘉定区一模（隐性订阅支出与消费陷阱）（一）新意境解析主题聚焦现代“隐性订阅支出”

，直击当下消费痛点——自动续费的订阅服务（如视频会员、健身APP、云存储）成为“背景消费”，让消费者被动消费、财务失控。意境新颖之处在于：贴近数字时代消费新场景，突破传统“购物消费”的浅层话题，深入探讨“订阅经济”背后的企业营销陷阱与消费者行为弱点，现实共鸣极强；融合数据支撑（人均月订阅支出273美元、遗忘取消使企业利润提升200%）与政策解决方案（FTC“点击即取消”政策），形成“现象-问题-对策”的完整逻辑链，兼具现实意义与前瞻性。（二）语境与题目关联试题围绕“消费者被动性→企业利用→数据佐证→政策干预→幽默反思”展开，第22题“passiveconsumers”、第24题“takeadvantageof”、第32题“endingasubscription”等题目，均精准贴合“隐性订阅”的核心意境，每个选项的选择都需紧扣“自动续费导致消费失控”的逻辑，而非孤立的词汇辨析。例2：2026徐汇区一模（太空环境对人体健康的影响）（一）新意境解析主题聚焦航天医学，探讨太空失重、辐射等环境对宇航员身心的长期影响（骨密度流失、视力变化、认知衰退等），以及从早期动物实验到空间站长期研究的科研历程。意境新颖之处在于：跨学科融合（航天+医学+生物学），突破传统“健康保健”话题，聚焦前沿航天探索中的人体适应难题，兼具科普性与学术深度；以约翰・格伦的真实经历（太空任务后内耳损伤）为切入点，将科学研究与真实案例结合，既具故事性又不失严谨，避免了科普话题的空洞化。（二）语境与题目关联试题围绕“早期探索局限→太空健康隐患→科研进展→未来意义”展开，第23题“medicalchallenges”、第27题“medicalconcerns”、第34题“potentialmedicalproblem”等题目，均服务于“太空环境对人体的挑战”这一核心意境，选项需匹配航天医学的专业语境（如第28题“equivalenttoseveraldecadesofageing”描述骨密度流失程度）。例3：2026杨浦区一模（沉没成本效应）（一）新意境解析主题引入经济学概念“沉没成本效应”

，揭示人们“因既往投入无法收回而坚持错误决策”的非理性行为（如看完难看的电影、受伤后仍去健身房、化石燃料的持续投资）。意境新颖之处在于：将抽象经济概念具象化，结合日常场景（观影、健身）与宏观社会议题（能源投资），让学术概念贴近生活，兼具思辨性与趣味性；深入剖析现象背后的心理机制（减少浪费的欲望、心理“银行账户”），并探讨其利弊与应对方法，突破传统“科普概念”的浅层解读，兼具深度与实用性。（二）语境与题目关联试题围绕“概念定义→日常案例→宏观表现→心理原因→应对建议”展开，第21题“poorfinancialdecisions”、第25题“onalargerscale”、第32题“anchoredtopastdecisions”等题目，均紧扣“沉没成本效应”的核心逻辑，选项需体现“非理性坚持”的行为特征（如第23题“continuehittingthegym”）。二、新考法典型试题例1：2026松江区一模（核心名词的逻辑语义精准匹配）（一）新考法解析突破“单纯考查名词词义”的传统，聚焦抽象名词与全文核心逻辑的深度适配，要求考生不仅认识名词，更能通过全文语境判断其在“技术应用-政策困境-核心问题”链条中的精准语义，体现“词汇服务于逻辑”的考查导向。（二）具体题目与剖析题目：Thecentralquestionnowisoneof

35.(答案：D.commitment)原文语境：技术已存在且证实有效，但需制定强力政策、保障资金支持，核心是“是否有落实的决心”。剖析：选项辨析：A.technology（技术，前文已强调“技术存在”，排除）；B.finance（资金，仅为问题之一，非核心）；C.efficiency（效率，与语境无关）；D.commitment（投入、决心，涵盖“政策决心+资金保障”的核心逻辑）。考法突破：不是孤立考名词词义，而是要求考生通过前文“政策修订、资金不足、地区差异”等困境，提炼出“核心问题是社会是否有落实技术的决心”，需结合全文逻辑链判断，而非仅依赖词义翻译。例2：2026虹口区一模（熟词生义的语境精准适配）（一）新考法解析突破“熟词仅考常见义”的传统，聚焦熟词在特定主题（心理学）中的深层语义，要求考生跳出词汇常规含义，结合“习惯的定义与形成机制”的语境，推断其精准语义，体现“语境决定词义”的考查导向。（二）具体题目与剖析题目：whatmakesahabitahabitisthatit’sabehaviourthat’sstarted

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byspecificcues.(答案：D.automatically)原文语境：习惯的核心特征是“无需思考、自动触发”，由环境提示引发。剖析：词汇常规义与语境义：“automatically”常见义为“自动地”，但此处需结合心理学中“习惯的自动性”特征——与前文“doitwithoutthinking”呼应，精准体现“习惯由提示自动触发”的核心定义。考法突破：不是单纯考副词词义辨析，而是要求考生理解“习惯”的心理学定义，通过“无需思考”的语境逻辑，排除“barely（几乎不）、thoroughly（彻底地）、early（早地）”等干扰项，体现“词汇语义与主题定义的深度绑定”。例3：2026静安区一模（逻辑连词的跨语境衔接）（一）新考法解析突破“连词仅考前后句关系”的传统，聚焦连词在“跨场景对比”中的逻辑衔接，要求考生理解不同语境（语言相似度、学习难度）的对比关系，而非仅判断简单的“转折、递进”，体现“逻辑关系的语境适配性”。（二）具体题目与剖析题目：29

languageswithsignificantculturaldifferencesfromEnglish...generallyrequireabout44weeks.(答案：B.Bycontrast)原文语境：与英语相似的语言（西语、法语）需24-30周学会，而文化差异大的语言（希腊语、俄语）需44周。剖析：逻辑关系判断：前文讲“相似语言学习周期短”，后文讲“差异语言学习周期长”，是明确的对比关系。考法突破：干扰项“A.Inessence（本质上）、C.Inaddition（此外）、D.Tosomeextent（在某种程度上）”均不符合“跨语言对比”的语境逻辑，需考生结合“语言相似度与学习难度”的核心话题，判断连词的逻辑适配性，而非仅记忆连词的基本含义。总结新意境的核心特征主题聚焦数字时代新现象（隐性订阅）、前沿跨学科议题（航天医学）、学术概念具象化（沉没成本）

，突破传统日常、校园、简单健康等浅层话题；意境兼具“现实共鸣与深度”，要么直击当下痛点（如订阅陷阱），要么回应前沿探索（如太空健康），且多结合数据、案例或政策，逻辑完整且有现实意义。新考法的核心特征词汇考查“去孤立化”，无论是名词、副词还是连词，均需结合全文逻辑链、主题定义或跨语境关系判断，而非单纯记忆词义；侧重“语境适配的精准性”：抽象名词需匹配核心逻辑（如commitment呼应“决心”）、熟词需适配主题定义（如automatically呼应“习惯自动性”）、连词需衔接跨场景逻辑（如Bycontrast呼应“语言难度对比”）；强调“语义的深层关联”，每个题目的正确选项都需服务于全文核心意境，形成语义闭环，而非仅满足语法正确。01、句内层次题Muchofthehappinesswegetfromourfavoritefoodscomesfromthememoriestheystimulateforusandthepeoplewe’rewithwhilewe__44__them.Pastandpresent__45__shapethefoodswefindcomforting.44.A.enjoy B.memorize C.order D.recallStartassmallasyoucan,becausethisismorelikelytobeachievable,repeatableandrewarding—threethingsweneedtohappentoshiftfroma(n)(55)_________newbehaviourtoahabit.55.A.hopeful B.hopeless C.effortful D.effortlessLotsofactivitiesarelinkedtobetterbrainhealthinoldage,likegettingmoreeducationwhenyou’reyoungerandphysicalactivity.Expertssayregularlyspeakingmultiplelanguagesmaybeespecially___44___though.“Weuselanguageinallaspectsofdailylife,soabilingualbrainis___45___working,”44.A.beneficial B.common C.impractical D.rareTheseincludemediajobs,suchaswritingadvertisementsandarticles,alongwithmanyjobsinthefinancialfieldsandeventech-relatedjobssuchascomputerprogramming.AIisgoodat___44___data,sofinancialanalystsandmarketresearchanalystsmayfindtheirjobs___45___.44.A.searching B.providing C.analyzing D.storing45.A.atrisk B.atwork C.atlast D.atleastManufacturingisaone-waybusiness.Rawmaterialsgointoafactoryandfinishedproductscomeout.Oncethosegoodsare____21____,producersusuallywashtheirhandsofthem.Certainlytheydonotworrythatmostoftheproductsareeventuallyburntorburiedinlandfill,which____22____theplanet.Inonly50years,theworld’sconsumptionofrawmaterialshasnearlybecomefourtimesasbig,tomorethan100billiontons,butonlylessthan9%ofthisisreused,resultingina____23____ofmaterials.21.A.accepted B.designed C.sold D.stored22.A.rules B.saves C.heals D.pollutes23.A.analysis B.availability C.waste D.variety02、句组层次题Backin1930,theeconomistJohnMaynardKeynespredictedthatwithtechnologicalchangeandimprovementsin-productivity,we’donlybeworking15hoursaweekbynow.Butwhileworkinghourshave___21___by26%.mostofusstillaverage42.5hoursaweek.21.A.declined B.increased C.continued D.kept“We’reataninterestingstageofastartup;it’scalledtheValleyofDeath,”saysSriram.“Weareinthespacewherewehaven’tsubmittedforregulatoryapprovalyet,butwe’relookingtocommercializeinthenexttwoyears.”Nevertheless,theimpatiententrepreneuris___51___.A.delightful B.insightful C.open-minded D.optimisticHowever,interpretinganimalbehaviorthroughhumaneyescanbe____44____,observesMarcHauser,aHarvardpsychologyprofessorandevolutionarybiologist.Inthecucumber-grapestudy,forexample,themonkeyscouldhave____45____thecucumberssimplybecausetheywereannoyedthattheydidn’tgetagrapeoncetheysawit.44．A．critical B．pessimistic C．problematic D．marvellous45．A．setaside B．thrownaway C．heldonto D．aimedatSomecountriestrytomotivatedoctorstoworkinruralareas,offeringslightlyhighersalariesorotherbenefitstothosewillingto______33______outsidecities.Theymayalsorewardhospitalsbasedoneffectivenessinhelpingpatients,______34______payinghospitalsbasedonthenumberofprocedurestheyperform.Thiscouldreducecostsforpatients.33.A.relax B.practice C.specialize D.volunteer34.A.asopposedto B.aswellas C.regardlessof D.priorto03、语篇层次题47,theycheckedtoseewhichgeneswereespeciallyactiveintheenamel-producingcells.ItturnedoutthatgenesdesignedtobindtocalciumwereparticularlybusyButthesefindingsare54.Asanydentistwilltellyou,preventionisbetterthancure.55,abettercurewouldbealwayswelcome.Thereisnodoubtthatthisresearchoffersanewprospectforfuturedentalcare.47.A.Then B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Still55.A.Likewise B.Furthermore C.Nevertheless D.InsteadUndersuchcircumstances,itisnosurprisethatmorepeopleareturningtoprivate(butexpensive)healthcare.Forsome,however,thereare___22___.Theyareturningtheirbackonmodernpills,tabletsandresortingtootherconventionalmedicine.A.programs B.alternatives C.measures D.scalesTheywere____24____thatthesekindsofrobotsrequireglasssyntacticflotationfoam,atypeoffloatingmaterialusedinvariousmarineapplications.____25____money,alltheycouldaffordwassomePVCpipesandducttape(强力胶布).____26____,theysearchedthecityforvariousspareparts,gatheringwhatevertheycouldtobringtheirvisiontolife.A.Therefore B.Otherwise C.Moreover D.HoweverEffectivemonitoringofendangeredspeciesiskeytotheirsurvival.Studyingthe21,range,andhabitsofwildanimalsisessentialtoensuretheirhabitatremainsfreefromdevelopmentandillegalhunters.Traditionalmethodsofmonitoringwildanimals,especiallylargeones,includeradio-tagging（无线电标记）.Todothis,individualanimalsmustatfirstbecapturedsothatcollarscanbe22Theycouldeffectivelycreateatruepictureofindividualrhinos'activitieswithouttheuseofanyinvasive（侵入的）techniques.Consequently,theteamwereinterestedtoknowwhetherthetrackers'knowledgecouldbeeffectively29acomputerizedtechniqueformonitoringanimalmovementIfthatisdonerepeatedly,conservationistscandrawupa32ofall,oratleastasignificantproportionoftheindividualswithinthepopulation.Afterthat,conservationistscanuseittoidentifyananimalanditsmovementsbyitsprint.21.A.flexibility B.diet C.movement D.behaviorPassage1（【来源】上海市上进才中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题）Acriticallifeskillisfadingout—andespeciallyfastamongyoungadults.Whatarethekeycharacteristicsthatshapethelengthandqualityofourcareers,1andlivesmorebroadly?Thesocio-economicenvironmentwegrowupincertainlyhasasubstantialinfluence.Cognitive(认知的)abilitiesareanother2one:theyenablebetterdecision-makinginallaspectsoflife.Butanotherfactoroftengetsless3despitebeingjustasimportant:personality.Infact,studiesconsistentlyfindthattraitssuchasconscientiousness(thequalityofbeingdependableanddisciplined),emotionalstabilityoragreeablenesshaveastrongerlinkwith4success,relationshipdurabilityandlongevitythanthelinksbetweenthoseoutcomesandsomeone’sintelligenceorsocio-economicbackground.Intuitively,thismakessense.Lifeisn’tjustaboutknowingwhatyoushoulddo,orhavingtheresourcestodoit,it’sabout5.Beingmotivatedandpersistentisahugehelp.It’seasytoimaginewhytheadvantageofconscientiousnessisgrowingovertime.Whencontemporarydailylifeisfullof6:fromalways-onmobileinternettoirresistiblefoods,theabilitytoputlong-termwellbeingaheadofshort-termkicksbecomesasuperpower.Generativeartificialintelligencecouldsuperchargethis7.Anindustriousstudentmightusealargelanguagemodelasapersonaltutortostrengthentheirknowledgeofaconcept;theirlessconscientiouscounterpartmight8thesameLLMwithwritingtheiressay,losingknowledgeacquisitionaltogether.Allthismakesitfrustratingthatlevelsofconscientiousnessinthepopulationappeartobeindecline,withasustainedfallespeciallypronouncedamongyoungadults.Peopleintheirtwentiesandthirties,9,reportfeelingincreasinglyeasilydistractedandcareless,andlesslikelytomakeanddeliveroncommitments.Whileafullexplanationoftheseshiftsrequires10investigation,smartphonesandstreamingservicesseemlikelycontributors.Thesheerconvenienceoftheonlineworldmakesreal-lifecommitmentsfeelchaoticand11,amentalburdentheonlineworldsparespeople.Andtheriseoftimespentonlineandtheattendantdeclineinface-to-faceinteractionsenablebehaviourssuchas“ghosting”.Collapsingconscientiousnessisnottheonlyvisiblepersonalityshift.Neuroticism—afunctionofthemuch-discussedincreaseinanxiety—has12almostasmuch.Whiletheclassificationofpersonalitycanfeelunclear,thescienceissolid.Lifeisfullofchallenges.Lesscommitted,lessconnectedandmoreeasilydistressedpeoplewill13themlesswell.14,whilethetrendsareundoubtedlytroubling,weshouldn’tbefatalistic,becausedamagedpersonalitycanberebuilt.Conscientiousnesswillseparatethosewhojustsurvivefromthosewhothriveinthe21stcentury.Wecaneachdecidewhichhalfofthat15wefallon—butironically(讽刺地)thatwilltakesomededication.1．A．domains B．possessions C．relationships D．settings2．A．obvious B．authoritative C．controversial D．trending3．A．correspondence B．preference C．credit D．status4．A．permanent B．financial C．corporate D．professional5．A．thinkingbig B．followingthrough C．startingout D．actingfast6．A．technologies B．cuisines C．conveniences D．temptations7．A．dynamic B．motive C．superpower D．resistance8．A．task B．integrate C．switch D．stuff9．A．bycontrast B．asaresult C．inparticular D．aboveall10．A．official B．thorough C．internal D．pilot11．A．businesslike B．pointless C．autonomous D．effortful12．A．advanced B．worsened C．risen D．persisted13．A．navigate B．classify C．clarify D．investigate14．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Nevertheless D．Instead15．A．divide B．survival C．personality D．trendPassage2（【来源】上海外国语大学闵行外国语中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题）Intheearly1920sIntheearly1920s,ErnestHemingwaywasalittle-knownjournalistinEurope.Then,in1925,hepublished“InOurTime”,abookofshortstories;inJulyofthatyear,hestartedto16“TheSunAlsoRises”,hisfirstnovel,whichfictionalizedhisadventures.Itbecamethemost17bookaboutthe“LostGeneration”inpost-warEurope.Hemingwaybecamefamous“graduallyandthensuddenly”.Eightothernovelsfollowed,asdidPulitzerandNobelprizes.HeremainsthemostfamousAmericannovelistofhiscenturyandhisWikipediapagealsogetsmore18thanothers,includingF.ScottFitzgeraldandJohnSteinbeck.Why?Therearethreereasons.First,nobodyhad19likehimbefore.Ashortcleansentenceisafinething.Heknewwhatto20,asheexplained:“Ifawriterknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,thereaderswillhaveafeelingofthosethingsstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.”This21styleinfluencedwritersoffiction—notablyNormanMailer,CormacMcCarthyandRaymondCarver—aswellasjournalists.Second,hisheroesattractedfamous22.Hedefinedcourageas“graceunderpressure”:martially,forthesoldierFrederickHenryin“AFarewelltoArms”;physically,forthefishermanSantiagoin“TheOldManandtheSea”.In1955,JohnF.Kennedy,the35thUSPresident,askedforHemingway’s23tousethisdefinitioninhisbiography“ProfileinCourage”.JohnMcCain,alatepolitician,24Hemingway’sfavouritenovel“ForWhomtheBellTolls”inoneofhisownbooks:“Theworldisafineplaceandworththe25forandIhateverymuchtoleaveit.”Third,andperhapsmostimportant,Hemingway’slifebecame26.Hemarriedfourtimes,drankhard,waswoundedintheFirstWorldWar,reportedontheOmahaBeachlandingsinthesecond,ranwiththebullsinSpainandsurvivedaplanecrashinAfrica.Butbeneaththeseemingconfidence,hisinnerworldwas27;hesufferedfromdepression.Thathasprovidedadequatematerialforbiographiesanddocumentaries.Butadaptationsofhisworkare28.FitzgeraldandSteinbeckenjoyhigherratingsandmorereviewsontheirliteraryworks.Forexample,TheGreatGatsbybyFitzgeraldhasbeenadaptedintoseveralwidelydiscussedfilmsandTVseries.Hemingway’sheroes,29,arebecomingold-fashioned.Ifso,hemayenduplikeLordByronandOscarWilde:read30byafew,readaboutbymany.16．A．naildown B．pickup C．reflecton D．workon17．A．celebrated B．overestimated C．interesting D．disgusting18．A．credits B．views C．reviews D．funds19．A．written B．spoken C．succeeded D．outlived20．A．catchon B．spreadaround C．messup D．leaveout21．A．raw B．brief C．humble D．gentle22．A．admirers B．investors C．reporters D．musicians23．A．invitation B．donations C．permission D．changes24．A．extended B．recalled C．revised D．quoted25．A．shopping B．fighting C．advertising D．arranging26．A．misery B．legend C．revolution D．prejudice27．A．shallow B．primitive C．delicate D．enormous28．A．remarkable B．inaccessible C．rare D．rich29．A．moreover B．therefore C．however D．namely30．A．keenly B．leisurely C．casually D．rarelyPassage3（【来源】上海市上海交大附中嘉定分校2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题）Doyouworkwithsomeonewhoisn’tateamplayer?Maybethey’reoverlyfocusedoncompletingandpromotingtheirownwork.Ortheydon’t31wheneveryoneelseisstrugglingtomeetadeadlineorpullingapresentationtogether.Thisisn’t32frustrating;itcanaffectyourentiregroup’sperformance.Andhowcanyouencouragethemtothinkmoreabouttheteam?Whatthe33SayWhenateammemberprocrastinates(拖延)ordisplaysabadattitude,there’sarealriskofsocialinfluencethat34themoraleandproductivityofthosearoundthem.“Weallpickuponsubtlecuesfromotherpeople,andthataffectsourbehaviorsandactions,”saysSusanDavid,founderoftheHarvard/McLeanInstituteofCoachingandauthorofEmotionalagility.“Thatleadstopoorteamefficiency,lowerlevelsof35,andlessfocusonthesharedgoal.”Ignoringtheissueoftenendsuponlymakingitworse.“Therearealotofnegativeconsequencestosomebodynotcarryinghisorherloadonateam,”saysAllanCohen,aprofessorofmanagementatBabsonCollegeandauthorofInfluenceWithoutAuthority.“Thelongeritgoeson,theworseitgets36howfrustratedothermembersofthegroupwillbecome.”Here’showtoworkwithacoworkerwhoisn’tateamplayer.Don’tjumptoconclusionsIt’shumannaturetomake37aboutthereasonsbehindsomeoneelse’sbehavior,evenwhenwelackrealevidence,saysCohen.“That’showourbrainswork,”heexplains.Butthisshortcutdoesn’talwaysleadustotherightconclusions.Insteadofassumingthatsomeoneisjustaslackerorlackscommitment,“doalittle38first,”hesays.Therootsoftheperson’sbehaviormaysurpriseyou.Itcouldbethattheyaredealingwithastressfulsituationathomethatisleadingto39attheoffice.Orthey’renotsurehowtobestcontribute.StartadialogueApproachyourcolleaguewithfriendlyquestions,ratherthan40.“Considerthisagoodopportunitytopracticeyourleadershipskills,”saysDavid,“evenifyouaren’tinaleadershippositionontheteam.”Youmightask:“Whatelseisgoingonforyourightnow?”or“What’smotivatingyou?”Thisshouldgiveyouenough41toseetheexperiencefromtheirperspective.IdentifynewopportunitiestomotivateAteammembermaynotonlydistancethemselvesbecausethey’reconfused,buttheycouldfindtheworkthey’vebeenassignedtobe42andboring.Theymaywantmoreresponsibilityoranopportunitytogrowtheirskills.Ifthatappearstobe43,“thinkaboutwhetherthereisamoresuitableroleforthispersonontheteam,”saysDavid.Lookforwaysto44them,eveninformally,tobettershowcasetheirskillsetsorofferthemnewwaystolearn.“Everyonelikestodevelopandprojectasenseofcompetence,orofmastery,”saysDavid.“Peoplearehighly45bynotwantingtolettheirteammatesdown,”saysCohen.“Getthemintothegame,andthey’llgotogreatlengthstoperformbetterfortheteam.”31．A．support B．contribute C．interfere D．inspire32．A．overly B．easily C．readily D．simply33．A．Researchers B．Experts C．Psychologists D．Investigators34．A．doawaywith B．givesaway C．bringsdown D．getridof35．A．regulation B．commitment C．dominance D．validity36．A．intermsof B．inresponseto C．bymeansof D．withregardto37．A．alterations B．distinctions C．assumptions D．resolutions38．A．experiment B．exploration C．examination D．exploitation39．A．disagreement B．disapproval C．disappointment D．distraction40．A．defense B．accusations C．compliments D．remarks41．A．advice B．insight C．knowledge D．evidence42．A．pointless B．limitless C．priceless D．powerless43．A．occasion B．idea C．case D．event44．A．reevaluate B．reassign C．rediscover D．reconsider45．A．tailored B．fulfilled C．transformed D．motivatedPassage4（【来源】上海市卢湾高级中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试卷）Althoughcompetitionisafactoflife,itmakesbusinessdifficult,contributingtoanever-downwardpressureonprices,ever-risingcosts(suchasthefundingofnewproductdevelopmentandmarketing),andanurgentneedtooutsmartcompetitors.46,thebenefitsoffindingamarketgap—asmallpartofamarketthatisfreeofcompetition—areobvious:greatercontroloverprices,lowercosts,andimprovedprofits.Theidentificationofamarketgapisoftenallthatisneededto47anewbusiness.In2006,TwitterfounderJackDorseycombinedshort-formcommunicationwithsocialmedia,providingaservicethatnooneelsehad48.Freetomostusers,revenue(收入)comesfromcompanieswho49promotionaltweetsandprofiles:Twitterearnedadvertisingrevenuesof$582millionin2013.Notallgapsareprofitable,50.TheAmphicar,forinstance,wasacarproducedinthe1960sforUSconsumerswhowantedtodriveonroadsandrivers.Itwasatotallynewidea,butthemarketwastoosmalltobeprofitable.Thiswasalsotrueforbottledwaterforpets—launchedintheUSin1994,ThirstyCat!AndThirstyDog!failedto51petowners.Snapple,themanufacturerofhealthyteaandjuicedrinks,isacompanythathas52foundasustainableandprofitablemarketgap.Aglanceatthebeverage(饮料)counterofanysupermarketrevealsthatdozensofbrands53forsales.Manycompanieshavefailedinthishighlycompetitivemarket:forexample,Pepsitriedtocapturea(n)54marketformorningcolawithitsshort-lived,high-caffeinedrink,AM.SuccessforSnapplecamefrompositioningtheproductasauniquebrand—Snapplewasoneofthefirstcompaniestomanufacturejuicesanddrinksmadecompletelyfromnaturalingredients.ItsfoundersranahealthstoreinManhattan,andthecompanyusedtheslogan:“100%Natural.”Snapple55students,commuters(通勤者),andlunch-timeofficeworkerswithanewhealthy“snack”drink.Distributionwasthroughsmall,inner-citystoreswherecustomerscould“grab-and-go.”These56helpedtosecureaprofitableandsustainablemarketgap,distinguishingSnapplefromitscompetitorsinthe1980sand1990s.In1994salespeakedat$674million.Unoccupiedmarketterritorycanpresentmajoropportunitiesforcompaniesbutthechallengeliesinidentifyingwhichgapsareprofitableandwhichare57.Duringthe1990s,manycompaniesbecame58aboutthepotentialofthe“green”market,acrossawholerangeofgoods.Butthismarkethasfailedtomaterializeinanyprofitableway.Thismarksoneofthepotentialproblemsinidentifyingmarketgapsbasedonmarketresearch:sometimesconsumershavestrongattitudesoropinionsontrendsorissues—suchasecology—thattheyare59toconsiderwhenpurchasingproducts,especiallyiftheyaffectcost.Manymarketgaps,itseems,are60,butunrealistic.46．A．Onthewhole B．What’smore C．Incontrast D．Asamatteroffact47．A．launch B．purchase C．investigate D．defeat48．A．helped B．enjoyed C．spotted D．permitted49．A．careabout B．relyon C．lookafter D．payfor50．A．otherwise B．consequently C．however D．instead51．A．thinkabout B．appealto C．pointat D．learnfrom52．A．successfully B．instantly C．unfortunately D．insecurely53．A．wait B．compete C．search D．exchange54．A．non-existent B．non-productive C．non-profit D．non-random55．A．equipped B．charged C．bothered D．targeted56．A．analyses B．strategies C．prospects D．perspectives57．A．directions B．traps C．objections D．events58．A．guilty B．particular C．concerned D．excited59．A．pleased B．disappointed C．unwilling D．grateful60．A．tempting B．tremendous C．revealable D．differentPassage5（【来源】上海市敬业中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题）Asmarketingmovesdeeperintopsychology,theboundarybetweenpersuasionandoverreachgrowsincreasinglythin.Shopsoncereliedonshelfdesignandpleasantsmellstoguideconsumers;today,they61neuroscience(神经科学)anddataanalyticsforinsightintowhatthebraindesires—oftenbeforetheshopperbecomesawareofit.Thenextfrontieris62.Smarttrolleys(购物车)equippedwithRFIDtagsmaysoonidentifycustomersthemomenttheyenterthestore,linkingthemtopast63andsuggestingitemstheyhave“forgotten”tobuy.Screensbesidethecheckoutcouldadjusttheiradvertisementsaccordingtothebuyer’sgender,age,orfacialexpression.Intheory,technologycouldevenregister64signalsofemotion—ahintofhesitation,aflashofinterest—andrespondwithinstantrecommendations.Suchinnovationspromiseconvenience,buttheyalso65theboundarybetweenserviceandmonitoring.Manyconsumersalreadyacceptbeingtrackedonlineinexchangefordiscountsorpersonalizedoffers.Yetwhensimilarsystemsappearinphysicalstores,thesenseofbeing66cangenerateuneasiness.PrivacyadvocateswarnthatRFIDchipsandbehaviouralcamerascreate“invisiblepollution,”allowingcompaniestorecordnotonlywhatpeoplebuybutalsohowthey67whilebuyingit.Someneuroscientistsarguethatthesedevelopmentsaresimplythe68extensionofwhatwealreadyknowaboutdecision-making.Brainimaginghasshownthatemotionsarenot69toreasoningbutessentialcomponentsofit.Withoutemotionalclues,peoplestruggletochoosebetweenalternatives,evenunimportantones.Formarketers,thismeansthatthemosteffective70worksnotthroughdeliberatereasoningbutthroughemotionalsignals—smells,sounds,andmemoriesthatguidebehaviourbelowthelevelofawareness.71,therearelimits.AsEricSpangenbergofWashingtonStateUniversityobserves,notechnologycanmakeaconsumerbuysomethingcompletelyunwanted.Whatitcandoisinfluence72—encouragingonebrandofcoffeeoveranother,onemodelofphoneoveritscompetitor—withoutthebuyerrealisingwhy.Butoncepeoplesensetheyarebeingcontrolled,theentiremechanismcollapses.73spreadsfasterthananyadvertisingcampaign.Thescienceofshopping,then,isnotmerelyabout74more.Itisaboutbalancinginsightintodesirewithrespectforitslimits—aspacewherethehumanmindremainsboththe75andthelastlineofdefence.61．A．makeup B．setaside C．lookto D．takeoff62．A．adaptation B．recognition C．communication D．intervention63．A．purchases B．careers C．complaints D．traditions64．A．intense B．delicate C．contradictory D．persistent65．A．soften B．define C．symbolize D．guard66．A．protected B．evaluated C．overlooked D．observed67．A．feel B．look C．act D．respond68．A．impossible B．curious C．unsettling D．logical69．