福建省2025中考语文课前小测文言文基础知识

文言文基础知识一、写人叙事类(一)人物篇第1篇咏雪1.重点字词。(1)古今异义①与儿女讲论文义古义：___________________________________________今义：子女②与儿女讲论文义古义：_____________________________________________________今义：文章的意思③未若柳絮因风起古义：__________________________________________今义：因为(2)重点实词①谢太傅寒雪日内集_________________________________________________②俄而雪骤_________________________________________________________③未若柳絮因风起___________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)撒盐空中差可拟。(倒装句)(2)即公大兄无奕女，左将军王凝之妻也。(判断句)第2篇陈太丘与友期行1.重点字词。(1)通假字尊君在不______________________________________________(2)重点实词①陈太丘与友期行___________________________________________________②太丘舍去___________________________________________________________③相委而去___________________________________________________________④下车引之____________________________________________________________⑤元方入门不顾_________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)友人惭，下车引之。(2)待君久不至，已去。(省略句)第3篇卖油翁1.重点字词。(1)通假字①但手熟尔________________________________________________②徐以杓酌油沥之_____________________________________________________(2)一词多义射eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(陈康肃公善射,尔安敢轻吾射))(3)古今异义①但微颔之古义：_____________________________________________________今义：但是②尔安敢轻吾射古义：____________________________________今义：安定③因曰：“我亦无他，惟手熟尔。”古义：___________________________________________________今义：原因(4)词类活用形容词作动词①尔安敢轻吾射______________________________________________名词作动词②但微颔之________________________________________________________动词作名词③尔安敢轻吾射__________________________________________________(5)重点实词①公亦以此自矜_____________________________________________②尝射于家圃___________________________________________________③有卖油翁释担而立_____________________________________________④睨之久而不去__________________________________________________⑤康肃忿然曰____________________________________________________⑥以我酌油知之___________________________________________________⑦以钱覆其口____________________________________________________⑧徐以杓酌油沥之__________________________________________________⑨康肃笑而遣之__________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)吾射不亦精乎？(反问句)(2)以钱覆其口，徐以杓酌油沥之。第4篇周亚夫军细柳1.重点字词。(1)通假字①军士吏被甲______________________________________________②改容式车_______________________________________________________(2)一词多义①军eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(军霸上,上自劳军,至霸上及棘门军))②使eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(使人称谢,于是上乃使使持节诏将军))(3)古今异义①于是上乃使使持节诏将军古义：_______________________________________________________今义：节日；节约②亚夫乃传言开壁门古义：______________________________________________________今义：墙；像墙那样的直立的山石(4)词类活用名词作动词①介胄之士______________________________________________________②军霸上_____________________________________________________③持节诏将军________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)天子为动，改容式车。(被动句)(2)曩者霸上、棘门军，若儿戏耳，其将固可袭而虏也。第5篇唐雎不辱使命1.重点字词。(1)通假字①故不错意也____________________________________________________②仓鹰击于殿上_________________________________________________(2)一词多义①徒eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(亦免冠徒跣,徒以有先生也))②怒eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(此庸夫之怒也,怀怒未发))③使eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(秦王使人谓安陵君曰,安陵君因使唐雎使于秦,))④然eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(虽然，受地于先王,秦王怫然怒))(3)古今异义①岂直五百里哉古义：__________________________________________________今义：挺直；使笔直②休祲降于天古义：____________________________________________________今义：休息③以五百里之地易安陵古义：_________________________________________________________今义：容易④徒以有先生也古义：_________________________________________________________今义：徒弟；学生⑤秦王色挠古义：________________________________________________________今义：(用手指)轻轻地抓⑥长跪而谢之古义：___________________________________________________________今义：感谢⑦大王加惠古义：______________________________________________________今义：增加(4)词类活用形容词作动词①请广于君________________________________________________________②轻寡人与________________________________________________使动用法③伏尸百万，流血千里伏：_________________________________________________________流：___________________________________________________________名词作动词④天下缟素_________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)此三子者，皆布衣之士也。(判断句)(2)受地于先王。(倒装句)(3)请广于君。(倒装句)第6篇陈涉世家1.重点字词。(1)通假字①为天下唱____________________________________②卜者知其指意____________________________________③固以怪之矣______________________________________________④将军身被坚执锐____________________________________________________⑤发闾左適戍渔阳___________________________________________________(2)一词多义①次eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(陈胜、吴广皆次当行,又间令吴广之次所旁丛祠中))②会eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(会天大雨,与皆来会计事))③王eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(王侯将相宁有种乎,陈胜王))④将eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(上使外将兵,项燕为楚将))⑤书eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(乃丹书帛曰,得鱼腹中书))⑥故eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(广故数言欲亡,扶苏以数谏故))(3)古今异义①等死古义：_______________________________________今义：等候；等待②卒中往往语古义：_____________________________________今义：表示根据以往的经验，某种情况在一定条件下时常存在或经常发生③今亡亦死古义：______________________________________________________今义：死④又间令吴广之次所旁丛祠中古义：____________________________________________________今义：空隙⑤今诚以吾众诈自称公子扶苏、项燕古义：_________________________________________________________今义：(心意)真实⑥比至陈古义：_____________________________________________________今义：比较⑦会天大雨古义：______________________________________________________今义：有一定目的的集会⑧号令召三老、豪杰与皆来会计事古义：____________________________________________________今义：担任会计工作的人员⑨或以为死，或以为亡古义：____________________________________________________今义：或许；也许⑩三老、豪杰皆曰古义：_______________________________________________今义：才能出众的人(4)词类活用名词作动词①大楚兴，陈胜王__________________________________________________②尉果笞广__________________________________________________③置人所罾鱼腹中_______________________________________名词作状语④狐鸣呼曰_________________________________________________________⑤乃丹书帛曰_________________________________________________⑥法皆斩________________________________________________________意动用法⑦天下苦秦久矣______________________________________________________形容词作名词⑧将军身被坚执锐_________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)辍耕之垄上。(省略句)(2)祭以尉首。(倒装句)(3)吴广以为然。(省略句)(二)治国劝谏篇第7篇曹刿论战1.重点字词。(1)一词多义①故eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(公问其故,故逐之))②从eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(民弗从也,战则请从))(2)古今异义①又何间焉古义：___________________________________________今义：隔开；不连接②弗敢加也古义：________________今义：增加③牺牲玉帛古义：______________________________________今义：为了正义的目的舍弃自己的生命④肉食者鄙，未能远谋古义：_______________________________________今义：轻视⑤小大之狱古义：________________今义：监狱(3)词类活用名词作动词①神弗福也_____________________________________________________②公将鼓之_____________________________________________________名词作状语③下视其辙________________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)衣食所安，弗敢专也，必以分人。(省略句)(2)何以战？(倒装句)(3)忠之属也。可以一战。(省略句)第8篇邹忌讽齐王纳谏1.重点字词。(1)通假字孰视之______________________________________(2)一词多义①朝eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(朝服衣冠,于是入朝见威王,燕、赵、韩、魏闻之，皆朝于齐,))②孰eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(吾与徐公孰美,孰视之，自以为不如))③美eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(吾妻之美我者,徐公不若君之美也))(3)古今异义①今齐地方千里古义：____________________________________________今义：本地；当地②能面刺寡人之过者古义：___________________________________________今义：尖的东西进入或穿过物体③能谤讥于市朝古义：___________________________________________今义：诽谤④臣之妻私臣古义：_____________________________________________今义：自私⑤宫妇左右莫不私王古义：______________________________________今义：方位词。左和右两方面⑥朝廷之臣莫不畏王古义：_____________________________________________今义：不要⑦邹忌修八尺有余古义：______________________________________今义：修理；整治⑧明日徐公来古义：____________________________________________今义：明天(4)词类活用名词作动词①朝服衣冠__________________________________________________________意动用法②吾妻之美我者_________________________________________________名词作状语③能面刺寡人之过者___________________________________使动用法④闻寡人之耳者_____________________________________________形容词作动词⑤私我也______________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。(判断句)(2)此所谓战胜于朝廷。(倒装句)(3)能谤讥于市朝，闻寡人之耳者，受下赏。(倒装句)(4)忌不自信。(倒装句)(5)与坐谈。(省略句)第9篇出师表1.重点字词。(1)一词多义①中eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(而中道崩殂,宫中府中))②道eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(而中道崩殂,以咨诹善道))③分eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(今天下三分,而忠陛下之职分也))④遗eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(以光先帝遗德,以遗陛下))⑤论eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(宜付有司论其刑赏,每与臣论此事))(2)古今异义①此诚危急存亡之秋也古义：__________________________________________今义：秋季②诚宜开张圣听古义：_________________________________________________________今义：指商店等设立后开始营业③此先汉所以兴隆也古义：____________________________________________今义：用在下半句表示结果④先帝不以臣卑鄙古义：______________________________________今义：(语言、行为)恶劣；不道德⑤猥自枉屈古义：______________________________________________今义：卑鄙，下流⑥庶竭驽钝古义：_____________________________________________今义：众多⑦晓畅军事古义：________________________________________今义：(文章)明白流畅⑧未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也古义：_____________________________________________今义：极端憎恨或悔恨⑨由是感激古义：___________________________________________今义：因对方的好意或帮助而感动并产生谢意⑩臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳古义：_________________________________________今义：布衣服⑪今当远离，临表涕零古义：______________________________________今义：鼻涕⑫当奖率三军古义：_____________________________________今义：奖励；夸奖⑬后值倾覆古义：____________________________今义：(物体)倒下(3)词类活用形容词作动词①亲贤臣，远小人_____________________________________②苟全性命于乱世___________________________________形容词作名词③作奸犯科及为忠善者___________________________________________________________________________________④此皆良实________________________________________⑤优劣得所_______________________________________________⑥攘除奸凶____________________________________________________名词作动词⑦以光先帝遗德__________________________________________________⑧故五月渡泸，深入不毛_______________________________________________名词作状语⑨北定中原_____________________________________________________动词作名词⑩恐托付不效__________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间。(倒装句)(2)此悉贞良死节之臣。(判断句)(三)读书学习篇第10篇孙权劝学1.重点字词。(1)通假字孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪______________________(2)一词多义①当eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(当涂掌事,但当涉猎))②见eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(见往事耳,大兄何见事之晚乎))(3)古今异义①见往事耳古义：________________今义：看到；看见②见往事耳古义：__________________________今义：过去的事情③但当涉猎古义：________________________________________今义：但是④孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪古义：______________________________________今义：孤单⑤孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪古义：________________________________________________今义：治理⑥孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪！古义：__________________________________________今义：学位的最高一级⑦即更刮目相待古义：______________________________________今义：更加2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)蒙辞以军中多务。(倒装句)(2)及鲁肃过寻阳，与蒙论议。第11篇送东阳马生序1.重点字词。(1)通假字①四支僵劲不能动______________________②同舍生皆被绮绣_________________________________③与之论辨________________________________(2)一词多义①患eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(又患无硕师名人与游,无冻馁之患矣))②故eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(故余虽愚,余故道为学之难以告之))③道eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(益慕圣贤之道,余故道为学之难以告之))④至eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(色愈恭，礼愈至,至舍，四支僵劲不能动))⑤质eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(援疑质理,非天质之卑))⑥慕eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(益慕圣贤之道,略无慕艳意))(3)古今异义①余幼时即嗜学古义：__________________今义：剩下②走送之古义：____________________________今义：人或鸟兽的脚交互向前移动③以是人多以书假余古义：__________________________________今义：不真实的，与“真”相对④未尝稍降辞色古义：_____________________________________今义：颜色⑤或遇其叱咄古义：________________________________今义：或者⑥穷冬烈风古义：___________________________________________今义：生活贫困，缺少钱财⑦媵人持汤沃灌古义：________________________________今义：烹调后汁儿特别多的副食⑧日再食古义：_______________________________________今义：表示又一次⑨右备容臭(xiù)古义：______________________________________________今义：气味⑩有司业、博士为之师古义：____________________________________今义：学位的最高一级(4)词类活用名词作动词①腰白玉之环__________________________________________名词作状语②手自笔录____________________________________________③戴朱缨宝饰之帽_________________________________________________④主人日再食_____________________________________________________⑤不必若余之手录__________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)弗之怠。(倒装句)(2)每假借于藏书之家。(倒装句)(3)余则缊袍敝衣处其间，略无慕艳意。二、写景游记类第12篇三峡1.重点字词。(1)通假字略无阙处_____________________________(2)一词多义①自eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(自三峡七百里中,自非亭午夜分))②绝eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(哀转久绝,绝多生怪柏,沿溯阻绝))(3)古今异义①或王命急宣古义：_______________________________今义：或者②至于夏水襄陵古义：______________________________今义：表示另提一事③不以疾也古义：_________今义：疾病④略无阙处古义：______________________________________今义：简单(跟“详”相对)(4)词类活用动词作名词①虽乘奔御风________________________________________________名词作动词②每至晴初霜旦__________________________________________形容词作名词③回清倒影_____________________________________________(5)重点实词①沿溯阻绝_______________________②属引凄异______________________③不见曦月___________________________________④至于夏水襄陵_______________________________⑤空谷传响_______________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)其间千二百里，虽乘奔御风，不以疾也。(否定句)(2)有时朝发白帝，暮到江陵。(省略句，倒装句)第13篇答谢中书书1.重点字词。(1)一词多义①欲eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(夕日欲颓,实是欲界之仙都))②自eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(自康乐以来,自非亭午夜分))(2)古今异义①四时俱备古义：___________________________________________今义：指比较长的一段时间②晓雾将歇古义：___________________________________________今义：休息③夕日欲颓古义：_______________________________________________今义：萎靡(3)词类活用名词作动词①五色交辉_________________________________________________形容词作动词②夕日欲颓______________________________________________(4)重点实词①四时俱备_________________________________②沉鳞竞跃_______________________________________③欲界之仙都____________________________________________________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)夕日欲颓，沉鳞竞跃。(省略句)(2)实是欲界之仙都。(省略句)第14篇记承天寺夜游1.重点字词。(1)古今异义①月色入户古义：_________________________________________今义：人家；住户②念无与为乐者古义：_____________________________________________今义：想念③但少闲人如吾两人者耳古义：_____________________________________________今义：但是④盖竹柏影也古义：___________________________________今义：器物上部有遮蔽作用的东西(2)词类活用名词作动词相与步于中庭____________________________________________________(3)重点实词①相与步于中庭____________________________________②庭下如积水空明____________________________________③怀民亦未寝______________________________________④欣然起行____________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)相与步于中庭。(倒装句，省略句)(2)何夜无月？何处无竹柏？但少闲人如吾两人者耳。(倒装句)第15篇与朱元思书1.重点字词。(1)通假字①蝉则千转不穷___________________________________②窥谷忘反__________________________________(2)一词多义①绝eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(天下独绝,猿则百叫无绝))②上eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(负势竞上,横柯上蔽))③百eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(一百许里,猿则百叫无绝))(3)古今异义①一百许里古义：_____________________________________今义：或许②鸢飞戾天者古义：________________________________________今义：罪过(4)词类活用名词作动词①任意东西________________________________________________形容词作动词②互相轩邈_______________________________________动词作名词③猛浪若奔________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)急湍甚箭，猛浪若奔。(2)蝉则千转不穷，猿则百叫无绝。第16篇桃花源记1.重点字词(1)通假字便要还家_______________________________________(2)一词多义①舍eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(便舍船,屋舍俨然))②寻eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(寻向所志,寻病终))③作eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(其中往来种作,设酒杀鸡作食))(3)古今异义①芳草鲜美古义：___________________________________今义：(菜肴、瓜果等)滋味好②率妻子邑人来此绝境古义：____________________________________________今义：男女两人结婚后，女子是男子的妻子③率妻子邑人来此绝境古义：________________________________________今义：没有出路的境地④阡陌交通古义：_________________________________________今义：原是各种运输和邮电事业的统称，现仅指运输事业⑤无论魏晋古义：___________________________________________今义：表示在任何条件下结果都不会改变⑥不足为外人道也古义：____________________________________今义：不充足⑦问所从来古义：_________________________________________今义：从过去到现在(多用于否定式)(4)词类活用名词作状语①复前行______________________________________________________意动用法②渔人甚异之_____________________________________________名词作动词③处处志之_____________________________________________(5)重点实词①具答之___________________________________②遂与外人间隔___________________③余人各复延至其家______________________________④及郡下__________________________________⑤诣太守______________________________________⑥欣然规往_____________________________________⑦后遂无问津者_______________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田、美池、桑竹之属。(2)黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。(3)问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。(省略句)第17篇小石潭记1.重点字词。(1)一词多义①清eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(水尤清冽,以其境过清))②可eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(潭中鱼可百许头,不可久居))③从eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(从小丘西行百二十步,隶而从者))④游eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(皆若空游无所依,同游者))⑤环eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(如鸣珮环,四面竹树环合))(2)古今异义①潭中鱼可百许头古义：________________今义：允许，许可②崔氏二小生古义：___________________________________________今义：指戏曲中生角的一种，扮演青年男子③乃记之而去古义：_________________________________________________今义：从所在地到别的地方(跟“来”相对)④不可久居古义：____________________________________________今义：住(3)词类活用名词作状语①从小丘西行百二十步______________________________________________②斗折蛇行，明灭可见______________________________________________③其岸势犬牙差互________________________________使动用法④凄神寒骨______________________________________________(4)重点实词①水尤清冽________________________________________②为坻，为屿，为嵁，为岩坻：______________________________________嵁：_____________________________________③日光下澈____________________________________④悄怆幽邃悄怆：________________________________________邃：______________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)青树翠蔓，蒙络摇缀，参差披拂。(2)其岸势犬牙差互，不可知其源。第18篇岳阳楼记1.重点字词。(1)通假字①属予作文以记之______________________________________②百废具兴_______________________________________(2)一词多义①观eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(予观夫巴陵胜状,此则岳阳楼之大观也))②或eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(或异二者之为,而或长烟一空))③极eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(南极潇湘,此乐何极))④一eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(一碧万顷,而或长烟一空))(3)古今异义①气象万千古义：____________________________________________今义：大气的状态和现象②微斯人古义：______________________________________今义：细小；轻微③前人之述备矣古义：_________________________________________今义：准备④至若春和景明古义：____________________________________________今义：景致；风景⑤则有去国怀乡古义：__________________今义：国家(4)词类活用动词作名词①百废具兴_____________________________________名词作状语②先天下之忧而忧__________________________________③后天下之乐而乐___________________________________形容词作动词④而或长烟一空_____________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)属予作文以记之。(省略句)(2)微斯人，吾谁与归？(倒装句)第19篇醉翁亭记1.重点字词。(1)一词多义①归eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(太守归而宾客从也,云归而岩穴暝))②谓eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(太守谓谁,太守自谓也))③临eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(有亭翼然临于泉上者,临溪而渔))④乐eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(山水之乐,而不知太守之乐其乐也,))(2)古今异义①非丝非竹古义：______________________________________今义：竹子②四时之景不同古义：___________________________________今义：规定的时候；某个时候③野芳发而幽香古义：____________________________________今义：送出；交付④醉翁之意不在酒古义：_______________________________________今义：心愿；意向⑤林霏开古义：___________________________________________今义：打开(3)词类活用名词作状语①山行六七里_________________________________________________②杂然而前陈者________________________________________________名词作动词③名之者谁__________________________________________________④故自号曰醉翁也_________________________________________________⑤至于负者歌于途__________________意动用法⑥而不知太守之乐其乐也_____________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)望之蔚然而深秀者，琅琊也。(判断句)(2)醉能同其乐，醒能述以文者，太守也。第20篇湖心亭看雪1.重点字词。(1)一词多义①是eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(是日更定矣,是金陵人))②白eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(上下一白,余强饮三大白而别))(2)古今异义①余住西湖古义：________________________________________今义：剩下②余强饮三大白而别古义：_______________________________________________今义：像霜或雪的颜色(跟“黑”相对)③是日更定矣古义：________________________________________今义：对；正确(跟“非”相对)(3)词类活用名词作动词①大雪三日________________________________________________②是金陵人，客此_________________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)大雪三日，湖中人鸟声俱绝。(2)雾凇沆砀，天与云与山与水，上下一白。(3)湖中焉得更有此人！三、说理哲思类第21篇《论语》十二章1.重点字词。(1)通假字①不亦说乎_________________________②吾十有五而志于学_____________________________(2)一词多义知eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(人不知而不愠,温故而知新))(3)古今异义①不亦君子乎古义：_______________________________今义：指人格高尚的人②可以为师矣古义：____________________________今义：表示可能或能够③饭疏食古义：_________________________________今义：清除阻塞使通畅；疏通④饭疏食，饮水古义：_________________________________________今义：无色、无味、无臭的液体⑤匹夫不可夺志也古义：__________________________________今义：平常人或无学识、无智谋的人(4)词类活用名词作状语①学而时习之___________________________________________________②吾日三省吾身___________________________________________________形容词作名词③温故而知新_________________________________________________动词作名词④传不习乎_______________________________________________名词作动词⑤饭疏食，饮水_____________________________________________(5)重点实词①人不知而不愠______________________________②为人谋而不忠乎__________________________③三十而立_______________________________④四十而不惑_____________________________________⑤学而不思则罔_____________________________________________⑥思而不学则殆____________________________________⑦人不堪其忧_______________________________________⑧子在川上曰____________________________⑨三军可夺帅也_________________________________________⑩博学而笃志___________________________________________⑪切问而近思___________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)学而时习之，不亦说乎？(2)贤哉，回也！(倒装句)(3)知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。(4)三人行，必有我师焉。第22篇诫子书1.重点字词。(1)古今异义①险躁则不能治性古义：_________________________________________今义：地势险恶、复杂，不易通过；险要②险躁则不能治性古义：_________________________________________今义：治理(2)词类活用形容词作名词①非宁静无以致远_________________________________________________形容词作动词②非学无以广才__________________________________________(3)重点实词①诫子书__________________________________②非淡泊无以明志淡泊：_______________________________明志：_______________________________________③非宁静无以致远_______________________________④非学无以广才_____________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)静以修身，俭以养德。(2)非淡泊无以明志。第23篇得道多助，失道寡助1.重点字词。(1)通假字亲戚畔之_____________________________________________(2)古今异义①委而去之古义：_______________________________________今义：把事交给别人去办；委任②亲戚畔之古义：______________________________________今义：跟自己家庭有婚姻关系或血统关系的家庭或它的成员③池非不深也古义：__________________________________________今义：池塘(3)词类活用名词作动词域民不以封疆之界___________________________________________________(4)重点实词①三里之城________________________________________②环而攻之而不胜_______________________________________③兵革非不坚利也____________________________________④委而去之____________________________________⑤寡助之至______________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)以天下之所顺，攻亲戚之所畔，故君子有不战，战必胜矣。(2)域民不以封疆之界，固国不以山溪之险，威天下不以兵革之利。(3)得道者多助，失道者寡助。第24篇富贵不能淫1.重点字词。(1)通假字往之女家_____________________________(2)一词多义戒eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(戒之曰,必敬必戒))(3)古今异义得志，与民由之古义：___________________________________________今义：缘由(4)词类活用使动用法①威武不能屈__________________________________________________②富贵不能淫_____________________________________________________③贫贱不能移______________________________________________________名词作动词④丈夫之冠也________________________________________________(5)重点实词①张仪岂不诚大丈夫哉________________________________②父命之___________________________________________③无违夫子_______________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。此之谓大丈夫。(2)得志，与民由之；不得志，独行其道。(3)一怒而诸侯惧，安居而天下熄。(省略句)第25篇生于忧患，死于安乐1.重点字词。(1)通假字①曾益其所不能_________________________②入则无法家拂士___________________________________③困于心，衡于虑_______________________________________(2)古今异义①入则无法家拂士古义：_____________________________________今义：进来或进去(跟“出”相对)②出则无敌国外患者古义：_________________________________________今义：从里面到外面(跟“进、入”相对)(3)词类活用使动用法①饿其体肤_______________________________________________②必先苦其心志________________________________________________________③空乏其身_________________________________________________________④劳其筋骨_____________________________________________________⑤行拂乱其所为______________________________________________________⑥所以动心忍性___________________________________________________动词作状语⑦入则无法家拂士____________________________________________________⑧出则无敌国外患者_________________________________________(4)重点实词①舜发于畎亩之中________________________________②傅说举于版筑之间_______________________________________③行拂乱其所为____________________________________④人恒过____________________________________⑤而后喻__________________________________⑥发于声_____________________________________⑦出则无敌国外患者____________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。(2)然后知生于忧患而死于安乐也。(倒装句)(3)困于心，衡于虑，而后作。第26篇虽有嘉肴1.重点字词。(1)通假字学学半_____________________________________(2)一词多义①学eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(弗学，不知其善也,学学半))②知eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(不知其善也,人不知而不愠))(3)古今异义①弗食，不知其旨也古义：_____________________________________今义：意义；用意；目的②教学相长也古义：__________________________________今义：教师把知识、技能传授给学生的过程③教然后知困古义：_______________________________________今义：困难2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)是故学然后知不足，教然后知困。(2)教学相长也。(判断句)第27篇大道之行也1.重点字词。(1)通假字①选贤与能______________________②矜、寡、孤、独、废疾者皆有所养__________________________________(2)古今异义①不独子其子古义：_______________________________________今义：专指儿子②女有归古义：__________________________________今义：返回③大道之行也古义：_________________________________________今义：大路④盗窃乱贼而不作古义：________________________________今义：乱臣贼子⑤货恶其弃于地也古义：_______________________________________今义：货物；商品(3)词类活用形容词作名词①选贤与能，讲信修睦____________________________________________意动用法②故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子_________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)选贤与能，讲信修睦。(2)故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子。第28篇鱼我所欲也1.重点字词。(1)通假字①故患有所不辟也__________________②所识穷乏者得我与____________________________________③万钟则不辩礼义而受之_________________________________④乡为身死而不受__________________________________(2)一词多义①得eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(二者不可得兼,所识穷乏者得我与))②与eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(呼尔而与之,所识穷乏者得我与))(3)古今异义①一豆羹古义：______________________________今义：豆子②是亦不可以已乎古义：_______________________________今义：判断动词③万钟于我何加焉古义：________________今义：指钟点、时间④万钟于我何加焉古义：____________________________________________今义：两个或两个以上的东西或数目合在一起2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)鱼，我所欲也。(判断句)(2)所欲有甚于生者。(倒装句)(3)乡为身死而不受。四、寓言故事(传说)类第29篇狼1.重点字词。(1)一词多义①止eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(止有剩骨,一狼得骨止))②意eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(意暇甚,意将隧入以攻其后也))③敌eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(恐前后受其敌,盖以诱敌))(2)古今异义①一狼径去古义：__________________________________今义：从所在地到别的地方②止增笑耳古义：____________________________今义：耳朵③禽兽之变诈几何哉古义：__________________________今义：几何学(3)词类活用名词作动词①狼不敢前____________________________________________②一狼洞其中___________________________________________________名词作状语③其一犬坐于前_______________________________________________④意将隧入以攻其后也__________________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)途中两狼，缀行甚远。(2)屠惧，投以骨。(倒装句)(3)禽兽之变诈几何哉？止增笑耳。第30篇穿井得一人1.重点字词。(1)古今异义①及其家穿井古义：__________________________________________今义：把衣服鞋袜等物套在身体上②国人道之古义：___________________________________________今义：国家(2)词类活用使动用法闻之于宋君____________________________________________(3)重点实词①家无井而出溉汲__________________________________②及其家穿井______________________________③国人道之_______________________________________④丁氏对曰_______________________________________⑤得一人之使_______________________________⑥不若无闻也_____________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)宋之丁氏，家无井而出溉汲，常一人居外。(2)国人道之，闻之于宋君。第31篇杞人忧天1.重点字词。(1)通假字其人舍然大喜_______________________(2)古今异义①因往晓之古义：____________________________________今义：天刚亮的时候②亦不能有所中伤古义：___________________________________今义：诬蔑别人使受损害(3)重点实词①身亡所寄________________________________________②天果积气___________________________________③若屈伸呼吸____________________________________________④终日在天中行止__________________________________________⑤地，积块耳______________________________________⑥充塞四虚_________________________________⑦若躇步跐蹈_________________________________________⑧奈何忧其坏_______________________________________⑨其人舍然大喜_____________________________________2.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(1)杞国有人忧天地崩坠，身亡所寄，废寝食者。(2)奈何忧崩坠乎？(疑问句)(3)奈地坏何？(疑问句)第32篇愚公移山1.重点字词。(1)通假字①始一反焉__________________________________②甚矣，汝之不惠___________________________________________③无陇断焉______________________________________