商务英语的特点及翻译技巧

iAbstractTOC\o"1-2"\h\uIntheprocessofeconomicglobalization,China'seconomiccooperationwithothercountriesismoreandmorefrequent,andthefieldofinternationalbusinessismoreandmoreextensive.BusinessEnglishhasbecomeanimportantcommunicationtool,andtheuseofbusinessEnglishinChinahasbeenpaidmoreandmoreattention.Becausethetwolanguagesareaffectedbymanyfactorsintheprocessofconversion,weneedtomasteralotoftranslationknowledgeintheprocessoftranslationandbusinessknowledgetobuildabridgebetweentwolanguages.BusinessEnglish,asakindofEnglishwithspecialpurpose,hasformeditsownstylisticcharacteristics.BystudyingthecharacteristicsandtranslationskillsofbusinessEnglish,wecanbetterunderstandthestylisticdifferencesandtranslationmethodsbetweenbusinessEnglishandcommonEnglish,andunderstandthebusinessprofessionalknowledgeandculturalknowledgebehindbusinessEnglish,soastoachievethepurposeofflexibleuseofbusinessEnglishandtranslationofbusinessEnglishThisthesisanalyzesthedifferencesbetweenbusinessEnglishandcommonEnglish,andstudiesthetranslationskillsofbusinessEnglish.ThefirstchapterintroducestheoriginofbusinessEnglishanditsgeneralcharacteristics.ThesecondchapterexpandthecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishbyanalyzingitsvocabularyandsentences.ThethirdchapterexpoundhowtotranslatebusinessEnglishbetterthroughthreedifferenttranslationskills:wordmeaningequivalence,wordaddition,literaltranslationandfreetranslation.ThefourthpartconcludethecharacteristicsandtranslationskillsofbusinessEnglish,throughtheanalysisofthecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishlexicalandsyntactictoexpoundhowtomakebusinessEnglishtranslationmoreaccurateintheprocessoftranslation.Keywords:businessEnglishtranslationsskillslinguisticcharacteristicsPAGEPAGE1 摘要在经济全球化进程中，我国与其它各国的经济合作越来越频繁，国际商务领域日益广泛，商务英语已成为重要的交流工具，商务英语的使用在我国也越来越受到重视。由于两种语言在转换过程中受到诸多因素的影响，所以在翻译过程中就需要我们掌握大量翻译知识和商务知识，构建一座架与两种语言之间的桥梁。商务英语作为一种具有专门用途的英语，形成了自身的文体特征。通过研究商务英语的特点及翻译技巧，能够使我们更加了解与普通英语在文体上的差别和翻译方法的不同，了解商务英语背后隐藏的商务专业知识和文化知识，从而达到能够灵活使用商务英语和翻译商务英语的目的本文通过文献研究法，分析了商务英语和普通英语的不同之处，深入研究了商务英语的翻译技巧。文章共分为四个部分，第一部分介绍了商务英语的由来以及特点。第二部分通过对商务英语词汇和句子的分析来阐述商务英语的特点。第三部分通过词义对等法、增词法、直译和意译三种不同的翻译技巧来说明怎样合理运用翻译技巧来翻译商务英语。第四部分结论，总结归纳了商务英语的特点及翻译技巧，通过对商务英语词汇和句子特点的分析来阐述在翻译的过程中如何使商务英语的翻译更加准确。关键词：商务英语翻译技巧语言特点ContentsTOC\o"1-2"\h\u25740Abstracti3876摘要ii31971Contentsiii201661Introduction 173382ThelinguisticcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglish 1270112.1ThelexicalcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglish 171312.2ThesyntacticcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglish 2176273TranslationskillsofbusinessEnglish 4106753.1TranslationequivalenceofbusinessEnglishterm 4153083.2Theamplificationmethodintranslation 6253593.3Literaltranslationandfreetranslation 8139054.Conclusion 1031835Acknowledgement 1223032References 13PAGEPAGE11IntroductionBusinessEnglishisakindofsocialfunctionalvariationofEnglish,abranchofspecialpurposeEnglish.ItistheapplicationofEnglishinbusinessoccasionsorstandardEnglishwhichcontainsbusinessactivitiesandissuitableforbusinessneeds.BusinessEnglishcomesfrombasicEnglishandisbasedoncommonEnglish,soitalsohasthecharacteristicsofcommonEnglish.Atthesametime,businessEnglishisacombinationofbusinessknowledgeandEnglish,soithasitsowncharacteristics.BusinessEnglishtranslationisalsoverydifferentfromordinaryEnglishtranslationorliteraturetranslation.ForordinaryEnglishtranslationorliteraturetranslation,aslongasthetranslatorisproficientinthesourcelanguage,thetargetlanguage,thesourcelanguagecultureandthetargetlanguageculture,andhasskilledtranslationskills,thenthetranslator'stranslationislikelytobeverysuccessful,becauseofthescenesandreasonsinordinaryEnglishandthetexteverythingcomesfrompeople'sdailylife,notprofessionalknowledge.BusinessEnglishtranslationismuchmorecomplicatedthanordinaryEnglishtranslation.Besidesmasteringtwolanguagesandtheirculturesandskilledtranslationskills,translatorsalsoneedtomasterbusinessknowledgeandunderstandthelanguagecharacteristicsandexpressionskillsinthebusinessfield.2ThelinguisticcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglish2.1ThelexicalcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishBusinessEnglishisbasedoncommonEnglish,andiscomposedofindustryEnglishinvariousfieldsofinternationalbusiness.Therefore,businessEnglishcontainsalargenumberoflanguagematerialswithindustrycharacteristics,thefrequencyofusingprofessionaltermsishigh,businessEnglishinvolvesbusinesstheoryandbusinesspractice,anditslanguageishighlyprofessional.BusinessEnglishvocabularyisalsoprofessionalvocabulary,includingalargenumberofprofessionalterms,commonwordsorcompoundwordswithbusinessmeaning,andabbreviations.Forexample,L/C,B/L,etc.Asanappliedlanguagesubject,businessEnglishinvolvesmanyfields,suchasinternationaltrade,marketing,economy,finance,advertising,insurance,etc.,andeachfieldhasitsownprofessionalterms.Forexample,FreeonBoardbelongstotheinternationaltradeindustry,BankDraftbelongstothefinancialindustry,SoftSellbelongstothemarketingindustry,DemandCurvebelongstotheeconomicindustry,Billboardbelongstotheadvertisingindustry,WithAveragebelongstotheinsuranceindustry.BecausethemeaningofEnglishvocabularyisrelativelybroadandcolorful,itsmeaningdependsonthecontextmore,anditsindependenceisrelativelysmall.WhenthewordsinEnglishareisolated,itsspecificmeaningisdifficulttodetermine,andthemeaningofEnglishwordshasmobilityandflexibility.InBusinessEnglish,polysemyisverycommon.Indifferentfieldsandprofessions,asjargonandprofessionaltermsinthisfieldorprofession,thesamewordoftenhasmultiplemeanings.Forthepolysemyofaword,thefirststepintranslationistojudgethepartofspeechofthechangedwordinthetext,consideringthecollocationrelationshipbetweenthewordandtheword,andtojudgethemeaningofthewordaccordingtotheprofessionalcontent,forexample,theword"secure"inthe“Soleproprietorships’accesstocapitalisratherlimitedandthereforeitismoredifficulttosecureadditionalcapital”and“Corporationsareeasytoexpandastheymaybeabletotakeoutlargesecuredloansfrombanksorotherfinancialinstitutions”istotallydifferent.Inthefirstsentence,itmeans"obtain",whileinthesecondsentence,itmeans"providemortgageandloanguarantee".Relatedtoit,securitymeans"safetyandsecurity"incommonEnglish,whileitspluralform,security,inBusinessEnglish,means"securities".FromthiswecanseethattofullyunderstandthemeaningandconnotationofbusinessEnglish,wemusthaveknowledgeofbusinesstheoryandbusinesspractice.Theflexibleuseofsomewordsissomethingthattranslatorsshouldpayspecialattentiontowhentranslating.Insteadoflimitingthousandsofwordsthemselves,theyshouldcontactwithspecificbusinesscontexttoavoidexpectingtheoriginal.Duetotheobjectivepracticeofbusinessactivities,businessEnglishfocusesontheobjectivedescriptionoffacts,soitrequiresthelanguagetobeaccurateandconcise,avoidingambiguityandtediousprocrastination.ThebusinessEnglishlanguageisformal,conciseandprecise.Becauseitinvolvestheinterestsofbothpartiesorseveralaspects,thedefinitions,termsandcontentsofbusinesscontracts,documentsoratreatymustbeaccurate.Inordertobeaccurateandwithoutanydifference,thesedocumentsandcontractsaredraftedandwritteninEnglish,Inadditiontoproperuse,weoftenuseclauses,compoundsentences,prepositions,inversionsentences,passivevoice,etc.withcomplexstructuretomodifyorlimittheircontent.Sentencestructureiscomplex,butsentencemeaningiscompleteanddense,sotherewillbenoambiguity.ForexamplePleasedtoinformyouthatourcountersamplewillbesenttoyoubyDHLbytheendofthisweekandconfirmitASAPsothatwecanstartourmassproduction.(很高兴通知您.我们的回样将于本周末用特快专递给您.请尽快确认.以便我们幵始大批生产。)Inthissentence,besidesthepersonalpronounyou,whichisusedastheobjectofthewordinformation,thereisthatsentence.Intheclause,thereistheadverbialclauseguidedbysothat.ThisformalfeatureofbusinessEnglishdeterminesthatwhenwetranslatebusinessEnglish,weshouldcorrectlyexpresstheinformationoftheoriginallanguageinthetargetlanguage.Wedonotneedtheconsistencyofgrammarandsentencestructure,butweneedtheequalityofinformationconnotation.Trytobestrictindiction,selectwordsaccurately,expressconceptsaccurately,pointtothingsandnamescorrectly,numberandunitaccurately,andtheinformationtransmittedbythetranslationshouldbeconsistentwiththeinformationtransmittedbytheoriginal.Business,contract,insurance,investment,freight,Wordsinfinanceandotherfieldsarerelated.Thecontentinvolvedisseriousandspecific.Translatorsarenotallowedtoexpressitcasuallyduringtranslation.Intheprocessoftranslation,names,conceptsandtermsshouldbeunifiedatanytime.Thesameconceptsortermsarenotallowedtobechangedatwill.Theformatoftheidiomsisfixed.Thesentencepatternisalsoveryformalandrigorous.Inthesameway,translatorsarenotallowedtodoitcasually.2.2ThesyntacticcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishThestylisticstyleofbusinessEnglishisremarkable,whichismainlymanifestedintheformalspecificationofthelanguage.Forexample,thewordsusedintheproductmanualhavestrongprofessionalcharacteristics,andtherearemanywrittenlanguages;thelanguageofinternationalcommerciallawisveryformal,andthewordsareveryexquisite,logicalandsteady.Inparticular,somebusinessdocuments(suchascontracts)withthenatureofnormativeandbindingdocumentsfullyreflectthisfeature.BusinessEnglishdoesnotuseslangorvulgarwords.Eveninsomedocuments,therewillbealargenumberofarchaismwithdistinctivestylisticcolor,fullyreflectingitssolemnstyle.BusinessEnglish,asamediumofcommunicationbetweenthebuyerandtheseller,accuratelyandconcretelytransmitsrelevantinformationtobothparties.Payattentiontoaccurateandrigorousthinking,clearandorganizedlogic,andrigorousstructure.Thewordsareformalandstandard,andthethingsarestatedclearlyandconcretely,withstrongeffectiveness.Inthecaseof,withreferenceto,forthepurposeof,etc,.Thefollowingexamplecomesfromaclauseinthecontract,whichfullyembodiesthecharacteristicsofformalbusinessEnglishnorms:"NeitherofthepartiesheretoshallatanytimeduringthecontinuancehereofdealwithanyofthesharesoftheJointCompanyownedbyitwhetherbysale,pledge,giftorotherwiseinanymannerinconsistentwiththecarryingoutofitsobligationsthereunder."(译文：本协议任何一方都不得在本协议有效期间，采用出售、抵押、赠送或其他与履行其本协议规定的义务不相一致的方式，处理其拥有的合营公司的任何股份。）PolitenessandpolitenessisanimportantfeatureinthepracticaluseofbusinessEnglish,whichismainlyreflectedinthecommunicationwithpeople,suchasbusinessconversationandcorrespondence.Ininternationalbusinesscommunication,wordingshouldbetactful,sincereandpolite,fullyreflectingsincerityandrespectforeachother.Evenwhenarguingwiththeotherparty,weshouldnotbedisrespectful.Theso-called"harmonymakesmoney".ThiskindofeuphemisminbusinessEnglishseemstobecommon,butithasagreateffect.Euphemismismorepowerfulthanhardwords.Forexample,ifyoudon't'Ipaytherestoftheoutstandingbilltouswithinthisweek,wewillbeforcedtotakecourseaction.Ifwesay"youmustpaytherestoftheoutstandingbilltouswithinthisweek,otherwisewewilltakethecourseaction.".Infact,itispreciselybecauseofthebusinesspeople'spursuitofpolitenessandpolitenessthatalargenumberofcommonexpressionsappearinbusinessEnglish.Forexample:wewouldverymuchapproveitifyoucould,en­closedpleasefind.Sincebothpartiesinvolvedinbusinessactivitiesareequaltradingpartners,theyshouldbepoliteinbusinessnegotiationsorbusinesslettersintheprocessofinternationalbusinessactivities,whichhelpstostrengthentheoldrelationshipandestablishanewone.Therefore,ifonepartyexpectstheotherpartytocarryoutcertainactions,itsexpressionshouldbepoliteandeuphemistic.Itcanbeseenthatinmostcases,thefrequencyofusingimperativesentencesisrelativelylow,usuallyusingdeclarativesentencestoexpresstheirwishes.Intheprocessofface-to-faceconversation,thefirstprincipletobefollowedispoliteness.Forthosewhoaregoodatcommunication,theyusuallyexpresstheirrespectfortheotherpartyaccordingtothepositionsofbothparties,sothattheirviewscanbeaccepted3TranslationskillsofbusinessEnglish3.1TranslationequivalenceofbusinessEnglishtermDuetothediversityofinternationallanguages,thereareobviousdifferencesinforms.Therefore,inordertoretainthemaincontentoftheoriginallanguage,itisnecessarytoinnovateandchangeitsformsintheprocessoftranslation.Whenthetranslatorfollowsthefunctionalequivalencetheory,heshouldpayattentiontothetrueresponseandinformationtransmissionofthereaderstothetranslationresults,andfullyandaccuratelyexpressthemoodandsemanticsoftheoriginalcontent.Nida'sfunctionalequivalencetheoryemphasizesonthereaders,andthetranslationofthereadersshouldbefullyconsidered.Theevaluationoftheleveloftheoriginaltranslationdependsonthereaders'responsetotheinformation.Therefore,themaintaskofbusinessEnglishtranslationistodeliverinformationtobothsidesofthetrade.Functionalequivalencetheoryisnotintendedtohaveanimportantguidingsignificance.Ithelpsbothsidesofthetradetocarryoutfriendlyexchanges,reachtheirownneedsandintentions,andachievethesmoothprogressoftrade.ThetranslationofbusinessEnglishshouldpayattentiontothechoiceofstrategiesinpractice,andthechoiceoftranslationstrategiesshouldbebasedonthecharacteristicsofthelanguageandthedifferentfunctionsofitsstyle.Therefore,thequalityandaccuracyofbusinessEnglishtranslationdependsonwhetherthereader'sunderstandingoftheoriginalandtranslationisconsistent.3.1.1.DirecttransformationskillsTheselectionoftranslationstrategiesisdirectlyinfluencedbyvariouslinguisticfeaturesandproblemfunctions.InBusinessEnglishtranslation,thetargetlanguagereadersarethemainaudiences.Themostimportantthingisthattheresponseofthesourcelanguagereaderstoinformationtendstobethesameasthatofthetargetlanguagereaderstoinformation.UndertheguidanceofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory,ifliteraltranslationcanrealizethedenotativeandconnotativemeaningofatext,itisunnecessarytodomesticateit.Inthiscase,therealizationofformalequivalencemeanstherealizationoffunctionalequivalence.Wedonotrecommendchoosingexpensivesolidwoodencrate,canchoosetherelativestrengtheningeconomicdevelopmentpackageforthesystematthesametime,watertreatment.（翻译为：我们不推荐选取昂贵的坚实木箱，可考虑选取相对经济的加固木条箱开展包装，同时进行系统防水处理。）Youdon'tneedtoworkabout,wewillshipthegoodsontimeaccordingtothecontractrequirements.（翻译为：您大可不必担心，我们会依据合同要求按时将货物装船。）ItcanbeseenfromtheabovetranslationexamplesthatinformationtransmissionplaysaveryimportantroleinBusinessEnglishtranslation.Ifthereisnodifferencebetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguageintermsoftextextensionandmeaning,itcanbetranslateddirectlyordirectly.Withouttoomanychangesintheaboveexamples,functionalequivalenceinlanguagemeaningcanberealized.3.1.2.DomesticationskillsHowever,fromanotherpointofview,duetothedifferentinfluencesofEnglishandChineselanguagesandcultures,literaltranslationordirecttranslationalonecannotachievethegoaloftranslation.Inviewofthis,itisveryimportanttochoosethedomesticationtranslationstrategywhichisdominatedbythelanguageandcultureofthetargetlanguage.Nida'sfunctionalequivalencetheorypointsoutthatthefollowingtwoaspectsshouldbecarriedout:ontheonehand,formalequivalencecausesthelossoflanguagemeaning;ontheotherhand,formalequivalencecausesthelackofaccuracyofinformationtransmission.TheapplicationofdomesticationstrategiesinBusinessEnglishtranslationundertheguidanceoffunctionalequivalencetheory,specifically:BefaithfultotheoriginalbusinessEnglish.IntheprocessofbusinessEnglishtranslation,translatorsshouldsticktothethemeoftheoriginaltextandfaithfullypresentthecoreinformationoftheoriginalsentence.Forexample:Thisistocertifythat,asfarasweknow,theabovestatementisexactlytrue,itisthecomprehensivedataandinformationwereprovided,wecanacceptyourrequest,putforwardtheeffectiveproof.翻译为：兹证明，就我方所了解的，以上声明内容确切属实，同时对全面数据、资料进行了提供，我方可接受贵方要求，提出有效证明。2)UnderstandtheoriginalbusinessEnglishterminologyaccurately.Businesstextsinvolvemanyfields,soitishardtoavoidencounteringvariousterms.Mostofthetermshavefar-reachingsignificance.Iftheyaretranslateddirectlyintothetargetlanguage,someofthemwillnotbeunderstoodbythereaders.Inviewofthis,inthetranslationofbusinesstexts,translatorsmustaccuratelyunderstandtheprofessionaltermsoftheoriginalbusinessEnglishandselectthestandardandaccurateequivalenttermsinthepurpose.Forexample,foreignexchangebrokersonlyearnthedifferenceisthepremiumanddiscount,premium,premiumbythedecimalpointtobepresent.翻译为：外汇经纪人仅赚得该部分差额，也就是溢价和折价，通过小数点对升水、贴水予以呈现。3)Closetothelanguagestyleofthetargetlanguage.PolitenessprincipleisanimportantfeatureofbusinessEnglish.Bothpartiesshouldtrytheirbesttobegentleandwellworded.Inviewofthefactthatthetranslatorcanconveytheoriginalinformationtruthfully,hecanchoosedomesticationtranslationtomakethetranslationmoreacceptable.Forexample,weareverypleasedtoofferasfollows,thisofferinJune17thbeforereceivingtheotherreplyshallprevail.翻译为：我们非常乐意报盘如下，这一报盘以6月17日之前接收的对方复函为准。Semanticequivalencereferstothedescriptionofthesamethingindifferentlanguages.Translationequivalencemainlyinvolvesformalequivalence,contentequivalenceandfunctionequivalence.Formalequivalencereferstotheequivalenceofvoice,phoneme,form,vocabulary,syntaxandlanguagestyle;contentequivalencereferstotheequivalenceofsemanticsandpragmatics;functionalequivalencereferstotheequivalenceoforiginaltextandtranslationinthesenseofachievingsocialpurposeandmeetingcommunicationneeds.Itshouldbenotedthattheseconceptsofequivalencearenottotallyseparateandirrelevant,butintertwinedandrelatedwitheachother,onlyfocusingonspecifictranslationcases.ThetranslationofwordsinBusinessEnglishshouldstrictlyfollowtheprincipleofequivalenttranslationofterms.Therefore,inordertoavoidunnecessarymisunderstanding,translatorsshouldmasterrichprofessionalterms,accuratelyexpressthemeaningexpressedinEnglish,andpromotethesuccessfulendofbusinesscommunicationactivities.IntheprocessoftranslatingbusinessEnglishtechnicalterms,literaltranslationcanbereasonablyusedtoachievesemanticequivalenceinthesourcelanguage.Ifthetermtranslationinthemorningcan'texpressthesamemeaninginanotherlanguage,thetranslationcan'tbesaidtobeaperfecttranslation,orevencan'taccuratelyexpressthemeaningofthesourcelanguage,resultinginmisunderstandingormisreading,Thus,thereisalackofterminologyorevenreadingdisorder,whichcannotachievethepurposeofcommunication.TaketheLongmanInternationalTradeDictionaryasanexample.IntheLongmaninternationaltradedictionary,thetwodefinitionsofaverageare(a)aparticularaverageisaninsurancelossthateffectsspecificinterestsonly(b)ageneralaverageisaninsurancelossthateffectsallcargointerestsonboardthevesselaswellastheshipherselfAverageisatermincargoinsuranceclauses,whichisdividedinto1."Specialaverage",thatis,cargolossonlyinvolvesaspecificinterestofeachcargopartyandshipparty;theinterestinthespecificinterestistheinterestpartyintheinsurance.2."Generalaverage",thatis,thelossissharedbythecargoandshipinvolvedintheinsuranceTosumup,whenusingfunctionalequivalencetheoryinBusinessEnglishtranslation,effortsshouldbemadetocreateatranslationthatcannotonlyreflectthesemanticsofthesourcelanguage,butalsoshowtheculturalcharacteristicsoftheoriginaltext,soastomaximizethereproductionoftheculturalconnotationoftheoriginaltext.Inthecaseofconflictbetweensemanticexpressionandculturalmeaning,formalequivalencecanbeabandoned.Bychangingtheoriginalvocabulary,syntax,styleandotherformsinthetranslation,thesemanticandculturalconnotationofthesourcelanguagecanbereproduced.Ifthechangeofformstillcan'tcompletelyandfullyreproducetheculturalconnotationoftheoriginaltext,wecanelaborateandexplaintheculturalconnotationoftheoriginaltextthroughthedeepstructureoftheoriginaltext,soastoachievethepurposeofexpressingthesemanticandculturalconnotationofthesourcelanguage.Infact,itisdifficulttofindalanguageformthatcanfullyreflecteachotherssemanticandculturalconnotationsintwodifferentlanguages.Therefore,itisthemostcommonlyusedtranslationtechniqueinthetranslationworkguidedbyfunctionalequivalencetheorytochangethelanguageformandmakeheavylanguagedamage.3.2TheamplificationmethodintranslationThetranslationmethodofaddingwordsisaveryimportantskillintranslation.Itreferstoaddingsomewordsaccordingtotheneedsofmeaning(orrhetoric)andsyntaxintranslationtomorefaithfullysellandsmoothlyexpresstheoriginaltext'sthinkingcontent.Inotherwords,itistoexpressthesilencemeaningthattheoriginaltextreaderregardsascoursebutthetargetlanguagereaderdoesnotknow.Lexicaladditionismainlyusedinthefollowingthreesituations:First,forgrammaticalneeds.Forexample,EnglishcountablenounshavepluralformswhileChinesenounshavenochangeinnumberforms.WhentranslatingEnglishpluralnounsintoChinese,weneedtousethemethodofaddingwordstotranslatethepluralrelatedformsoftheoriginaltext.Second,inordertoexpressclearlyandnaturally.Forexample,whentranslatingthesentence"thefinancingofthesaleofinvestmentbillsofexchangeanddocumentarycredits",ifyougoabroadwithoutaddingwords,thetranslationwillbe:商品买卖的筹集资金体现在汇票或跟単信用证中。Suchtranslationisneitherclearnornatural.Aftercarefulanalysisandanalysisoftheoriginaltext,itisverycleartotranslateitintothemeaningof"商品买卖的費就收付情况体现在汇票或跟单信用证中。".Third,inordertocommunicatedifferentcultures.Inmoustachetranslation,iftheoriginalcultureisunfamiliartothetargetlanguagereaders,itisnecessarytoaddwordstoexplaintheinnerdropofthesourcelanguageculturesothatthetargetlanguagereaderscanunderstandthemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Forexample,forthetranslationof"华清池龙吟榭"inXi'antouristspot,thetranslatortranslatesitintoLongYinXie(apavilionbuildspecificallyforemployeestorecitepool)intheHuaQingpool,whichisanettranslationofaddingwordstocommunicatedifferentcultures.Intheprocessoftranslation,therearemanyfactorsthatcanbeconsideredtoincrease.First,wecandividethemintotwocategories:realmeaningandvirtualmeaning.Addingwordswithrealmeaningreferstothebackgroundknowledgenecessarytounderstandthecontentoftheoriginaltext,suchastheageofhistoricalevents,theexactmeaningoftransliterationofnamesofpeopleandplaces,thegeographicallocationandadministrativedivisionsofthecountry,thekeytermsoftheoriginaltextorotherconditionsthathelptounderstandthetranslation,etc.Virtualwordsrefertothe"functionwords"suchasstructureRelatedwords,articles,conjunctionsandprepositionswhicharenecessarytoaddEnglishsyntax.Inordertomakethemeaning,moodandotherinformationoftheoriginalexplicit,thefullwordmeaningmeansthatthetranslationshouldaddsomeliteralinformationappropriately.Whentranslatinginformationfromonelanguageandculturalstructuretoanother,thetranslatorshouldnotonlytransformalltheobviousformsoflanguageexpressionintheoriginaltextintothetranslation,butalsoembodytheimpliedelementsintheoriginaltext,especiallysomecontentsrelatedtothecultureandbackgroundoftheoriginaltext,soastomakethetranslationcompleteandclear.Forexample,"mechanicalandelectricalproducts"istranslatedintoelectronicproductsorelectricalandmechanicalproducts.Thepictureshowsalargefactorybuildingandadjacentbuildings,andthetextsays"西飞集团",I'mafraidit'sdifficulttoexpressthemeaningsimplybytransliterationorliteraltranslation.Itseemsthatweshouldaddacornerof,aglanceatthemainbuildingof,theentranceof,a(Bird'seye)viewofandsoon,andwritethecommonlyusedEnglishtranslationofthisenterprise(orotherinstitutions)infull.Anotherexampleisthecaption"SpringCityTwilight".Thetranslationshouldbe:sunsetatKunming,Yunnan,because"SpringCity"isanothernameofKunmingCity,YunnanProvince.Onlytheoriginalmeaningcanbeexplainedinthetranslationhonestly.Ifonlythetransliterationis"Chuncheng",peoplewillmistakenlythinkitisanotherplace;ifthebacktranslationisKunmingandYunnanisnotaddedatthesametime,it'seasytobemisunderstood.Addinterpretation,whichmeanst