2026年法律英语高级证书考试题目国际法及跨境问题研讨

2026年法律英语高级证书考试题目：国际法及跨境问题研讨一、选择题（共5题，每题2分，共10分）说明：请选择最符合题意的选项。1.Theprinciplethatstatesmustrespectthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofoneanotherisprimarilyderivedfrom:A)TheViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelationsB)TheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsC)TheMontevideoConventionontheRightsandDutiesofStatesD)TheGeneralAssemblyResolution2625(XXV)2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthe"mostfavorednation"(MFN)clauseininternationaltradeagreements?A)Itgrantsacountrypreferentialtreatmentinallbilateraltradedeals.B)Itensuresthatacountry’stradingpartnerscannotimposestrictertariffsonitsexports.C)Itallowsacountrytounilaterallyreducetariffsonimportedgoods.D)Itisamechanismforresolvingtradedisputesbetweenmemberstates.3.UndertheUnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(CISG),whichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredavalidcontractformation?A)Anoffermadeviaemailthatisacceptedbytherecipientwithin48hours.B)Averbalagreementbetweentwopartieswithestablishedbusinessrelations.C)Awrittencontractsignedbybothparties’representatives.D)Acontractformedthroughaletterofintentwithoutfurtherformalization.4.Whichinternationaltribunalhasjurisdictionoverdisputesinvolvingthelegalityofinternationaltreaties?A)TheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ)B)TheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICC)C)TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)DisputeSettlementBodyD)ThePermanentCourtofArbitration(PCA)5.Inthecontextofcross-borderdataprotection,theEuropeanUnion’sGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR)requirescompaniestoimplement"datalocalization"underwhichcircumstances?A)Whendataconcernsnationalsecurity.B)WhendatapertainstoEUcitizens.C)Whendataistransferredtonon-EUcountrieswithinadequateprotection.D)Whendataisusedforcommercialadvertisingpurposes.二、简答题（共4题，每题5分，共20分）说明：请简要回答下列问题，每题不超过150字。6.Explainthedifferencebetween"juscogens"and"opiniojuris"ininternationallaw.7.DescribetheroleoftheInternationalTribunalfortheLawoftheSea(ITLOS)inresolvingmaritimedisputes.8.Howdoesthe"extraterritorialjurisdiction"provisioninU.S.tradelawsimpactforeigncompaniesoperatingintheU.S.?9.Discussthechallengesofenforcinginternationalenvironmentaltreatiesintheabsenceofbindingdisputeresolutionmechanisms.三、案例分析题（共3题，每题10分，共30分）说明：请根据案例事实，分析并提出法律意见。10.CaseStudy:Cross-BorderIntellectualPropertyInfringementFacts:AChinesetechcompany,TechCorp,developsapatentedAIalgorithmandexportsittotheU.S.However,aU.S.competitor,CompUSA,allegedlycopiesthealgorithmandmarketsitasitsownproductwithoutauthorization.TechCorpfilesalawsuitinaU.S.court,claimingintellectualpropertyinfringement.CompUSAarguesthattheU.S.courtlacksjurisdictionbecausetheinfringementoccurredoutsidetheU.S.andthecontractwasformedunderChineselaw.Question:(1)WhatlegalbasiscouldTechCorpusetoestablishjurisdictionintheU.S.court?(2)Howwouldtheprincipleof"comity"affectthiscase?(3)WhatremediescouldTechCorpseekunderU.S.law?11.CaseStudy:EnforcementofaForeignJudgmentintheEUFacts:AGermancompany,GerCo,winsacommercialdisputeagainstaBritishfirm,BriCo,inaGermancourt.BriCorefusestocomplywiththejudgment,andGerCoseeksenforcementintheEU.However,BriCoarguesthattheGermancourtlackedjurisdictionbecausethecontractwasformedviaanonlineagreementbetweentwoUKresidentsunderUKlaw.Question:(1)UndertheBrusselsIRegulation,whatcriteriamustGerComeettoenforcetheGermanjudgmentintheEU?(2)Howdoesthe"dualsystem"ofenforcementintheEUwork?(3)WhatalternativescouldGerCoexploreifthejudgmentisnotenforceable?12.CaseStudy:Cross-BorderDataTransferUnderGDPRFacts:AFrenchcompany,DataCorp,processespersonaldataofEUcitizensandwishestotransferittoaU.S.cloudserviceprovider,CloudUSA,forstorageandprocessing.CloudUSAdoesnothaveanadequacydecisionfromtheEU,andDataCorpcannotimplementsufficientsafeguardsunderGDPR.Question:(1)WhatlegalmechanismscouldDataCorpusetojustifythedatatransfer?(2)Howwouldthe"DerogationforTransferstoThirdCountries"underGDPRapplyinthisscenario?(3)WhatpenaltieswouldDataCorpfaceifittransfersthedatawithoutcompliance?四、论述题（共2题，每题15分，共30分）说明：请结合国际法理论与实践，深入分析下列问题，每题不超过300字。13.Topic:EvaluatetheeffectivenessoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil(UNSC)inmaintaininginternationalpeaceandsecurity,particularlyinaddressingcross-borderterrorism.14.Topic:Analyzetheimpactofdigitalcurrencies(e.g.,Bitcoin)ontraditionalinternationaltradelaws,includingcustomsregulationsandtaxobligations.答案与解析一、选择题答案1.C2.B3.D4.A5.C解析:1.TheprincipleofsovereigntyandterritorialintegrityisenshrinedintheMontevideoConvention(1928),whichdefinesthecriteriaforstatehood.2.TheMFNclauseensuresnon-discriminationintrade,preventingacountryfromgrantingpreferentialtreatmenttoonetradingpartneroverothers.3.CISGrequirescontractstobeinwritingforcertaintypesoftransactions;aletterofintentaloneisinsufficient.4.TheICJadjudicatesdisputesovertreatylegalityunderArticle38ofitsStatute.5.GDPRmandatesdatalocalizationwhentransferringtocountrieswithoutadequacydecisions.二、简答题答案6.Juscogensreferstoperemptorynorms(e.g.,prohibitionofgenocide)thatareuniversallyaccepted,whileopiniojurisdenotesthebeliefthataruleislegal(e.g.,freedomofnavigation).7.ITLOSresolvesmaritimedisputesthroughadvisoryopinionsandcontentiouscases,promotingcompliancewiththeUNConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS).8.U.S.extraterritorialjurisdiction(e.g.,ForeignCorruptPracticesAct)appliestoforeigncompaniesengagingincorruptpracticesabroad.9.Environmentaltreaties(e.g.,ParisAgreement)faceenforcementchallengesduetolackofbindingdisputemechanisms,relyinginsteadonpeerpressureandvoluntarycompliance.三、案例分析题答案10.(1)TechCorpcouldclaimjurisdictionunderthe"effectsdoctrine"orifCompUSAhassufficientminimumcontactsintheU.S.(2)Comitymaylimitthecourt’swillingnesstoenforceaforeignjudgmentifitviolatesU.S.publicpolicy.(3)Remediesincludeinjunctions,monetarydamages,andseizureofinfringinggoods.11.(1)GerComustdemonstratetheGermancourthadjurisdictionundertheBrusselsIRegulation.(2)Thedualsystemrequiresrecognitionintheenforcingstateandcompliancewithlocalprocedures.(3)AlternativesincludearbitrationorrevisitingthecaseintheUK.12