英语四级山东试题分值

英语四级山东试题分值

PartIWriting(30minutes)(15%)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonthetopicTheImportanceofDevelopingCriticalThinkingSkills.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.WriteyouressayontheAnswerSheet.---PartIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)(35%)SectionA(5%)Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Intoday'srapidlyevolvingjobmarket,theconceptofa"lifelongcareer"atasinglecompanyisbecomingincreasingly____1____.Technologicaladvancementsandglobaleconomicshiftsare____2____thenatureofworkitself.Toremain____3____,professionalsmustembracetheideaoflifelonglearning.Thisdoesn'tnecessarilymeanconstantlypursuingformaldegrees;rather,itinvolvesa(n)____4____tocontinuouslyacquirenewskillsandadapttochange.Onlinecourses,workshops,andself-directedlearningprojectsoffer____5____avenuesforskilldevelopment.Employersarenowplacingahighervalueon____6____suchasadaptability,creativity,andcomplexproblem-solvingoverrotememorizationoffacts.Therefore,theresponsibilityforcareerdevelopmentisshiftingmoretowardstheindividual.Aproactive____7____tolearningcanopendoorstonewopportunitiesandprovideasenseof____8____inanuncertainworld.Ultimately,viewingeducationasacontinuousjourney,notadestination,iskeytobothprofessionalsuccessandpersonal____9____.Itfostersamindsetthatisnotafraidofchangebutseesitasachancefor____10____.A)growthB)obsoleteC)attitudeD)transformingE)securityF)flexibleG)commitmentH)competentI)numerousJ)fulfillmentK)stabilityL)skillsM)approachN)competitiveO)rareSectionB(10%)Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagefollowedbytenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.TheHiddenWorldofPlantCommunication[A]Forcenturies,plantshavebeenperceivedaspassive,silentinhabitantsofourworld.However,recentscientificdiscoveriesarerevealingacomplexanddynamicformofcommunicationhappeningrightunderournoses—orrather,underourfeet.Plants,itturnsout,arenotisolatedentities;theyarepartofavast,interconnectednetworkoftenreferredtoasthe"WoodWideWeb."[B]Thisnetworkisprimarilyfacilitatedbymycorrhizalfungi.Thesefungiformsymbioticrelationshipswithplantroots,creatingamicroscopicweboffilamentscalledhyphae.Thisfungalnetworkconnectstherootsystemsofdifferentplants,eventhoseofdifferentspecies,acrossaforestfloor.Throughthisbiologicalinternet,plantscanexchangeavarietyofresourcesandinformation.[C]Oneofthemostwell-documentedformsofcommunicationiswarningsignaling.Whenaplantisattackedbyherbivores,suchasinsects,itcanreleasevolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)intotheair.Neighboringplantscandetectthesechemicalsignalsand,inresponse,preemptivelyboosttheirownchemicaldefenses.Forinstance,anacaciatreebeingeatenbygiraffeswillreleaseethylenegas,promptingnearbyacaciastoincreasetanninproductionintheirleaves,makingthemlesspalatable.[D]Beyondairbornesignals,theundergroundfungalnetworkallowsformoredirectandtargetedresourcesharing.Researchhasshownthatolder"mothertrees"candistributecarbon,water,andnutrientsthroughthemycelialnetworktoyounger,shadedseedlingsthatarestrugglingtosurviveintheunderstory.Thistransferappearstobepreferential,oftenbenefitingtheoffspringofthesamespeciesorcloselyconnectedindividuals.[E]Thecommunicationalsoextendstodefensealliances.Whenaplantisunderattackbyaspecificpathogen,itcansendchemicalsignalsthroughthefungalnetworktoalertitsneighbors.Thereceivingplantscanthenactivatetheirdefensegenes,preparingtheirimmunesystemsbeforethepathogenevenarrives.Thiscollectiveearly-warningsystemenhancesthesurvivalchancesoftheentireplantcommunity.[F]Thisdiscoverychallengesourtraditionalviewofplantlifeandcompetition.Whileplantsdocompeteforsunlightandsoilresources,theyalsoengageinremarkableactsofcooperationandkinshipsupport.Theforestecosystemfunctionslessasabattlefieldofindividualcompetitorsandmoreasacollaborativecommunity,withthefungalnetworkactingasitsnervoussystem.[G]Understandingthishiddencommunicationhasprofoundimplications.Itcouldrevolutionizeagriculturalpracticesbyleadingtonew,naturalwaystoenhancecropresilienceagainstpestsanddiseaseswithoutover-relianceonchemicals.Italsodeepensourecologicalunderstandingandhighlightstheintricateinterdependenceoflife,urgingagreaterrespectfortheintelligenceofthenaturalworld.1.Thefungalnetworkconnectsplantsinawaysimilartohowthenervoussystemfunctionsinacommunity.2.Plantscanusechemicalsreleasedintotheairtowarnothersofherbivoreattacks.3.Thetraditionalagriculturalmethodsmightbechangedduetothenewunderstandingofplantcommunication.4.Aplant'sdefensivesignalsviathefungalnetworkcanhelpneighborspreparetheirimmuneresponses.5.Themainchannelforundergroundplantcommunicationisanetworkcreatedbyfungiassociatedwithroots.6.Mothertreeshavebeenobservedtosupportyoungerseedlingsbysharingresourcesthroughanundergroundsystem.7.Plantsarenowseenasparticipantsinacooperativecommunityratherthanjustisolatedcompetitors.8.Aspecificexampleinvolvesacaciatreeschangingtheirleafchemistryafterreceivingagaseoussignal.9.Theexchangeofinformationandresourcesamongplantsoftenhappensbeyondourdirectobservation.10.Thefungallinksallowforthetransferofmaterialslikecarbonandwaterbetweendifferentplants.SectionC(20%)Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOne_Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage._Theriseofthe"gigeconomy"—characterizedbyshort-termcontractsorfreelanceworkasopposedtopermanentjobs—hasbeenoneofthemostsignificantlabormarketshiftsinrecentdecades.PlatformslikeUber,Airbnb,andUpworkhavemadeiteasierthaneverforindividualstooffertheirservicesorassetsonaflexiblebasis.Proponentsarguethatthismodeloffersworkersunprecedentedautonomy,allowingthemtochoosewhen,where,andhowmuchtheywork.Itcanprovidevaluableincomesupplementsandopportunitiesforthosewhomaynotfitintothetraditional9-to-5structure,suchasstudents,caregivers,orretirees.However,thisflexibilityoftencomesatacost.Gigworkersaretypicallyclassifiedasindependentcontractors,notemployees.Thismeanstheyusuallylackthesafetynetsandbenefitsassociatedwithtraditionalemployment,suchashealthinsurance,paidleave,retirementplans,andprotectionunderminimumwagelaws.Theirincomecanbehighlyunpredictable,fluctuatingwithdemand,platformalgorithms,andcustomerratings.Furthermore,theconstantneedtosecurethenextgigcanleadtosignificantstressandasenseoffinancialinsecurity.Thedebateextendstothebroadereconomicimpact.Whilegigplatformscreatemarketefficiencyandprovideconvenientservices,theymayalsocontributetotheerosionofstable,middle-classjobs.Someeconomistswarnofafuturewhereworkbecomesincreasinglyfragmentedandprecariousforalargersegmentofthepopulation.Governmentsandpolicymakersworldwidearenowgrapplingwiththechallengeofhowtoregulatethisnewworldofworktoensurefairconditionswithoutstiflinginnovationandthegenuinebenefitsofflexibilitythatmanyworkersdesire.Thecentralquestionishowtomodernizelaborlawstoprotectworkersinaneconomythatisincreasinglydigitalandon-demand.1.Whatisakeyfeatureofthegigeconomyaccordingtothepassage?A)Itguaranteeslong-termjobsecurityforparticipants.B)Itisprimarilybasedonpermanentemploymentcontracts.C)Itinvolvesworkarrangedthroughdigitalplatformsonaflexiblebasis.D)Itisdesignedexclusivelyforfull-timestudentsandretirees.2.Whatisamajordisadvantageforworkersinthegigeconomy?A)Theyhavenocontrolovertheirworkschedules.B)Theyareoftendeniedthebenefitsandprotectionsgiventoregularemployees.C)Theyarerequiredtoworkexclusivelyforoneplatform.D)Theirincomeisgenerallyhigherandmorestablethanintraditionaljobs.3.Theword"precarious"(Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto________.A)profitableB)secureC)unstableD)promising4.Whatisaconcernraisedbysomeeconomistsregardingthegigeconomy?A)Itwillcompletelyreplacealltraditionalindustries.B)Itmayreducethenumberofstable,middle-classemploymentopportunities.C)Itpreventstechnologicalinnovationintheservicesector.D)Itforcesallworkerstobecomefreelancersagainsttheirwill.5.Whatisthemainchallengeforgovernmentsmentionedinthepassage?A)Banningallgigeconomyplatformstoprotecttraditionaljobs.B)Findingawaytoregulatethegigeconomytobalanceworkerprotectionandinnovation.C)Encouragingallcompaniestoconvertgigworkersintofull-timeemployees.D)Providingfreehealthinsurancetoallindependentcontractors.PassageTwo_Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage._Theconceptof"urbangreenspaces"encompassesparks,gardens,greenroofs,streettrees,andothernaturalareaswithincities.Theirvalueextendsfarbeyondmereaesthetics.Agrowingbodyofresearchunderscorestheircriticalroleinpromotingpublichealth,environmentalsustainability,andsocialcohesion.Fromapublichealthperspective,accesstogreenspacesencouragesphysicalactivity,suchaswalking,jogging,orcycling,whichhelpscombatobesityandrelateddiseases.Exposuretonaturehasbeenconsistentlylinkedtoreducedstresslevels,lowerbloodpressure,andimprovedmentalwell-being.Studieshaveshownthatevenviewinggreeneryfromawindowcanaidconcentrationandreducerecoverytimesforhospitalpatients.Environmentally,urbangreenspacesarevitalformitigatingthe"urbanheatisland"effect,wherecityregionsbecomesignificantlywarmerthantheirruralsurroundingsduetohumanactivitiesandconstructionmaterials.Plantsprovideshadeandreleasemoistureintotheairthroughevapotranspiration,coolingtheirsurroundings.Theyalsoimproveairqualitybyabsorbingpollutantsandcarbondioxide,whilemanagingstormwaterrunoffbyabsorbingrainwater,thusreducingfloodrisks.Onasociallevel,parksandcommunitygardensserveasvitalpublicforums—neutralgroundswherepeoplefromdiversebackgroundscaninteract.Theyfosterasenseofcommunity,providevenuesforculturalevents,andofferrecreationalopportunitiesforallagegroups.Inneighborhoodswithamplegreenspaces,socialtiesareoftenstronger,andratesofcrimecanbelower.Despitethesebenefits,thedistributionofgreenspaceswithincitiesisoftenunequal,typicallyfavoringwealthierneighborhoods.This"greengap"raisesissuesofenvironmentaljustice.Urbanplannersnowfacethechallengeofnotonlypreservingexistinggreenareasbutalsoactivelyintegratingnewonesintoallcitydistricts,especiallyunderservedcommunities,toensurethatthehealthandsocialbenefitsofnatureareaccessibletoeveryurbanresident.6.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A)Todescribedifferenttypesofurbangreenspaces.B)Toarguefortheexclusivedevelopmentofparksinwealthyneighborhoods.C)Toexplainthemultiplebenefitsofurbangreenspacesandrelatedchallenges.D)Tocompareurbanandruralenvironmentalconditions.7.Accordingtothepassage,howdogreenspacesbenefitmentalhealth?A)Byincreasingopportunitiesforsocialcompetition.B)Byprovidingvenuesforlargecommercialevents.C)Byhelpingtoreducestressandimprovewell-being.D)Byrequiringintensephysicalexercise.8.The"urbanheatisland"effectiscounteredbygreenspacesthrough________.A)reflectingallsunlightbackintospaceB)increasingthedensityofbuildingsC)providingshadeandreleasingmoistureD)absorbingheatandstoringitunderground9.Whatsocialroledocommunitygardensplayasmentionedinthepassage?A)Theyincreasepropertyvaluesforprivatehomeownersonly.B)Theyactasplacesforpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundstomeetandinteract.C)Theyaremainlyusedforcommercialagriculture.D)Theyreplacetheneedforallotherpublicfacilities.10.Whatdoestheterm"greengap"refertointhecontextofthepassage?A)Thelackofscientificresearchongreenspacebenefits.B)Thetechnicaldifficultyofbuildingparksincities.C)Theunequaldistributionofgreenspacesbetweenrichandpoorneighborhoods.D)Theseasonalvariationintheappearanceofurbanparks.---PartIIITranslation(30minutes)(15%)Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtotranslateaparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.中国书法（calligraphy）是一门古老的汉字书写艺术，被誉为中国文化的瑰宝。它不仅仅是传递信息的方式，更是一种表达情感和审美的艺术形式。书法家通过毛笔、墨、纸和砚台等工具，运用不同的笔法和线条的粗细变化，创造出具有独特美感的作品。练习书法需要高度的专注和耐心，有助于修身养性。如今，书法不仅在中国深受喜爱，也吸引了世界各地越来越多的人学习和欣赏。---PartIV(Optional)Note:Thissectionisnotincludedinthestandardpaperbutismentionedforstructuralcompleteness.ThetotalscoreproportioniscalculatedbasedonPartsI-III.AnswerKeyPartIWriting(Amodelessayisprovidedforreference.)TheImportanceofDevelopingCriticalThinkingSkillsIntheinformationage,wearebombardedwithvastamountsofdataandopinionsdaily.Therefore,developingcriticalthinkingskillshasbecomemorecrucialthanever.Criticalthinkingenablesustoanalyzeinformationobjectively,identifybiasesandlogicalfallacies,andmakewell-reasonedjudgments.Firstly,theseskillsarefundamentalforacademicandprofessionalsuccess.Theyallowstudentstoengagedeeplywithlearningmaterialsandsolvecomplexproblemscreatively.Intheworkplace,employeeswhocanthinkcriticallyarevaluedfortheirabilitytonavigatechallengesandinnovate.Secondly,criticalthinkingisessentialforresponsiblecitizenship.Itempowersindividualstodiscerntruthfrommisinformation,makeinformeddecisions,andparticipateconstructivelyinsocietaldebates.Inconclusion,criticalthinkingisnotjustanacademicexercisebutavitallifeskill.Byfosteringskepticism,curiosity,andlogicalanalysis,weequipourselvestothriveinacomplexworl