2026年上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷和答案

PAGE10NUMPAGES13I.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.WhyBook-to-FilmAdaptationsOftenWhenabelovedbookisadaptedintoafilm,fansoftenexperienceamixofexcitementandanxiety.Theylookforwardtoseeingafamiliarstoryonscreenbutworrythatthefilmmightnotliveuptotheimagestheyhaveimaginedwhilereading.Thisreactionarisesfromhowweread.Formany,novelsarenotjuststories;theyarevisualexperiences(1) (carry)intheReadinginvolves(2) (create)mentalimagesofcharacters,settings,andevents.Theseimages,(3) theyaregeneralordetailed,formpartoftheenjoymentofreading.Werarelynoticethemuntilthereissomethingwrongwiththem.Onceafilmversiondoesn’tmatchourimaginedimages,disappointmentfollows.Wemightfindourselvesthinking,“That’snothowI(4) (picture)it.”Interestingly,thisisn’tnew.Ithasexisted(5) thelonghistoryofstorytelling.Inthe19thcentury,whenillustrationsstartedappearinginbooks,readersbegantofeelasimilardiscomfort.Thevisualrepresentationsinbooks,suchasthoseinCharlesDickens’novels,wereseenasathreattoreaders’mentalimagery.Onceanillustrationhadbeenseenbyareader,thecharacterorscenewaslikely(6) (imagine)differently.Yetnoteveryonefeltdisappointedbyillustrations.Forpeople(7) struggletovisualizewhilereading,illustrationscouldenhancetheirexperience.Around4%ofthepopulationlackstheabilitytoturnwordsintopictures,andforthem,illustrationsinbooksorfilmsmaybemoreenjoyable,(8) theyhavenopre-existingimagestocomparethemFormostofuswhodovisualize,though,thegapbetweenwhatafilmshowsandourmentalimagescanleadtodisappointment.However,thisdoesn’tmeanthefilmisafailure.Instead,itoffersaninsightinto(9) personalourengagementwithnovelsreallyis.Therefore,ratherthancriticizeanadaptation,we(10) reflectonwhyitdiffersfromourimaginedversionandwhatthatrevealsaboutourperceptions.SectionDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed. LearnChineseinOneInrecentyears,peoplehavetalkedalotabouttheword“they”inEnglish.Manybelievethisishelpfulbecauseitincludesbothmalesandfemales.Yet,Englishisnottheonlylanguagethathasbeenexperimentingwitha(n) expression.Frenchspeakersoftenuse“iel,”acombinationof“il”(he)and“elle”(she).InChinese,thereisalsoaninterestingidea.In2015,someinternetuserssuggestedanewwrittenform:X也.Bycombiningtheletter“X”withpartsoftheChinesecharactersusedfor“he”and“she.”,thissymbolstillreads“ta,”usedforbothmenandwomeninspokenChinese.Inthis12,thenewsymboldoesnotchangehowpeoplespeak.Instead,itformalizessomethingthatalreadyexistsinthelanguage.AfterthecharacterwasaddedtoUnicode,theinternationalsystemfordigitaltext,itbecameeasiertotype.Thishelpedthewider13ofthesymbolonline.However,thesituationinEnglishisdifferent.InEnglish,somepeoplestillfeel14with“they”.Manyspeakersinsistthat“they”shouldonlyrefertomorethanonepersoninsteadofsingularwordslike“someone”.Chineseisdifferent.Sincethespokenlanguagealreadyusesonesoundforbothgenders,thenewsymbolisa(n)15visualThissmallchangeinwritingalsohighlightssomethingcuriousabouttheChineselanguageona(n)scale.Thelanguagereliesheavilyoncontexttoexpressmeaning.IthasnowordexactlyliketheEnglisharticle“the,”andtimeisoftenunderstoodfromthesituationratherthanfromverbendings.Therefore,Chinesecanexpressideaswithsurprising17 ,usingonlyafewwords.Forexample,alongsentencesuchas“TherelationshipsamongtheSevenWarringStateswereconstantlychanging”canbepresentedas“RelationshipbetweenWarringStatesisconstantchange.”English,despiteitsreputationforaccuracy, leavesmuchtocontext.VerbsinEnglishhaveonlythreeendings:“-s”,“-ing”and“-ed”.ComparedwithlanguageslikeRussian,whereverbshavemorethan60endings,Englishgrammarlooksquite .Learninganewlanguagethereforegoesbeyondlearningnewvocabulary.Italsounderstandinghowmeaningis indifferentlanguages.ReadingComprehensionSectionA ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD. Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Inancienthistory,thesoldiersofSpartawereknownfortheirstrongcommitmenttothegroup.Itisbelievedthattheyfoughtfearlesslybecausetheyputthe21aboveanyindividualsoldier.Thisideaof22oneselfforthecommunitycanalsobeobservedinthetinyworldofbacteria.Scientistshaverecentlydiscoveredhowabacterial23system,namedSPARDA,usesasimilarstrategytoprotectbacterialgroupsfromvirusattacks.Anewstudy,ledbybiochemistMindaugasZarembaatVilniusUniversity,publishedinCellResearch,explainedhowthissystemworksona24level.BystudyingSPARDAindifferentbacteria,theteamidentifiedanimportantpartofthesystemtheycalledthebeta-relay.Thebeta-relayworkslikea25intheSPARDAsystem.Whenthereisnodanger,itstays“off,”andtheproteinsinitremain26.OnceforeignDNA,suchasavirus,is27,thebeta-relaychangesitsshapeandturns“on.”Thistransformationallowsitsproteinstoconnectwitheachother,forminglongchainsto28theenemyaswellasthehost.“SPARDAsystemsweredemonstratedtoprotectbacteriafromvirusesbydegradingtheDNAofboth29cellsandviruses.Theykilledthehostbutatthesametimepreventedfurtherspreadoftheinfectionwithinthebacterialpopulation.”Zarembasaid.SPARDAisessentialforbacterialdefense,butZaremba’steamarguesthatthesystemcouldalsohelp30inmedicaldiagnosis.SPARDAisthefinallineforbacterialcells,whichisactivatedonlywhenaninfectionispresent.Therefore,SPARDAincludesanaccurate31mechanismforspottingforeignDNAthatwouldlaunchself-destruction.Researcherscould32thesystemformedicaldiagnostics,Zarembasuggested,whichmeansthebeta-relaycouldbealteredtofunctiononlywhenthetargetgeneisidentified.33,imagineitwouldreactonlytothegeneticmaterialofButthebenefitsofSPARDAdon’tstopthere.Traditionaldiagnostictoolshaveanobvious34:theycanonlyworkwhenvirusescontainaspecificgeneticcodecalledPAM.“WealreadyknowthatSPARDAsystemsdonotrequirePAM,”Zarembasaid.“ThismakesSPARDAmore35,anditcouldhelpscientistsdetectawidervarietyofgermsandviruses.Understandinghowthissystemworksmayhelpussolvesomeofthebigchallengesinscience.”InAsaInForSectionDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.MyfirstjourneytoNorwaybeganwithanaccidentthatalmostkilledmeonthedeckofadeep-seafishingOneafternoon,havingfinishedmytask,Iclimbedtheladdertothedeck.Ihadscarcelyliftedmyheadwhentheskydisappeared.Initsplacecameaheavyironcage,swingingwithblindforceandhittingmerightintheface.Iremembernopainatfirst––onlydarkness.WhenIrecoveredmysenses,Iwasonmyhandsandknees.Mycheekwastorn,andmyteethlaybrokeninmymouth.Anolderfisherman,Arneson,foundmeandcarriedmetomyroom.Duringtheslowdaysthatfollowed,heaccompaniedmeandspokeofhisboyhoodinÅndalsnes,amongNorway’sfjords(峡湾)andmountainsofsuchbeautythathedarednotreturn.Hefearedthattherealplacemightdestroytheperfectimageinhisheart.IlistenedattentivelybecauseIhadbeguntoaskmyself:wasI,likeArneson,justlivingonanimageofwhoIhadbeenbeforetheaccident.Hisstories,repeatedinthoselongdaysofrecovery,fixedNorwayinmyimaginationasaplacewhereIcouldfindtheanswer.Thus,whenIwaswellenoughtotravel,Istartedmyjourney,movedlessbycouragethanbyaquiethopeforrelief.FromNorway’scapitalIjourneyedtoÅndalsnes,thetownhehaddescribedwithsuchgentleness.ThefollowingdayIclimbedAksla.Thepathwassteep,andthepaininmylegswassharpbuthonest.Eachstepseemedlikeaquestion:whoareyounow?Atthetop,sittingamongstonesandthingrass,Ilookedatthesilentpeaksandunderstoodthattheseahadnotsentmeherebychance.Ihadcrossedwaterandlandonlytodiscoverthatthejourneywasinward.IhadcometoNorwayhopingthemountainswouldhealme.Instead,Ilearnedthatasingleblowdoesnotmerelywoundthebody;itbreaksopentheselfandsetsitwandering.YetinthatwanderingIfoundsomethingsteady.Mymemories,myfears,andthevoicesofthosewhohadwalkedbesidemeformedaquietfellowship.Intheircompany,Ididnotfindacure,butIbegan,atlast,tofindmyself.WhataccidentoccurredtotheauthoronthefishingFacingaheavyFallingfromtheBeinghitbyanironSufferingnightWhydoestheauthormentionArnesoninparagraphTodescribetheauthor’sdailylifeontheTointroducewhatinspiredtheauthor’sToexplainwhyNorwayisanattractiveToshowhowtheauthorrecoveredfromtheWhatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromParagraphHewasweakerthanHereflectedonhistrueHeregrettedgoingtoHelosthiswayontheWhichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleoftheAMemoryoftheAFriendofPureAJourneyofSelf-Theword“biodegradable”describesmaterialsthatcanbebrokendownnaturallybytheenvironmentthroughaprocesscalledbiodegradation.Duringthisprocess,fungi真菌)andtinymicrobeslikebacteriabreakdownorganicmatterfromplantsandanimals.Theremainsbecomenutrient-richmaterialthathelpsnewplantsgrow,formingarepeatingandself-sustainingsystemoftencalledthecircleoflife.Thisprocessiscloselylinkedtothecarboncycle.Duringtheprocess,plantstakeincarbondioxide,animalspasscarbonalongthefoodchain,andmicroorganismsreleaseitbackintotheairafterplantsandanimalsdie,whichstartsanewcycle.Today,“biodegradable”canalsodescribesomeproductsthatcanbreakdownnaturally.Insteadofbeingsentintoincinerators()orrecyclingcentres,biodegradablewastesusuallyendupinlandfills.AlackofoxygeninsidealandfillsitecanmakeitdifficultformaterialstoWhatcanwelearnfromtheBiodegradablewasteisusuallyburnedBiodegradationhappenswhenthereisnoAkeypartofbiodegradationistheremovalofBiodegradationisanessentialpartofthecircleofTheunderlinedword“assimilate”mostprobablymeans WhichofthefollowingtitlesiscorrectlymatchedwithitsORGANIC Cinemasarefullofsequels(续集)andsuperheroes.PopchartsareledbythesameglobalstarsyearafteryearTheinternetproducesendlesstrendsandsensationalculturalproducts.Has21st-centuryculturebecomerepetitiveanddull?Anewbookoffersaperspective.InBlankSpaceWDavidMarxarguesthatsomethingimportanthaschangedIntheearly20thcenturymovementssuchasSurrealism(超现实主义)deeplytransformedart.The1960sbroughtcountercultureandrockmusic.Comparedwiththosecreativeexplosions,today’sculture,whichremixesoldideasratherthaninventingnewones,canappearMoney,MrMarxsuggests,playsalargerole.Inpopmusic,theideaof“sellingout”haslargelydiedoutwhiletheultimatemeasureofvalueisfinancialsuccess.Fameissometimesdrivenlessbyartistictalentthanbymarketingskillandonlinevisibility.Technologyhasaddedanotherlayer.Initsearlydays,theinternetallowedsmallcommunitiestoexperimentandshareunusualtastes.Todayhoweveronlineplatformsoftenrewardspeedexcitingandsimplemessages.Algorithms(算法)favourwhatkeepsusersclicking,notwhatchallengesthemAsaresult,safeandfamiliarcontentmaycrowdoutriskierwork.Still,hissweepingbookoversimplifiesthereality.Therehasalwaysbeenmorelitterthangold,andtimehassimplyfilteredouttheworstsothatwejustrememberthemasterpiecesandforgettherest.Itmaybetooearlytojudgethelong-termvalueoftoday’screations,whicharestillcompetinginanoisydigitalmarketplace.Moreover,thecontinuedpopularityofolderworksisnotasignoffixedness.Classicsendurebecausetheydohaveanedgeovertheothers,notbecausenothingnewcansucceed.Modernculturemayappearrepetitive,butitisalsodiverseandwidelyaccessible,andthat’swhywecanstillfreelyenjoyoldmasterpieces.Anotherwaytothinkof21st-centuryWesterncultureisasahistoryofrelativecomfort.Chaosinthetoday’sworldhasshakenupthearts,butithasbeenlessimpactfulthanthecrisesthatlaunchedtheculturalbreakthroughsoftheearly20thcentury.Inextremeconditions,couldtoday’screatorsmatchthepastgenius?Let’shopewewillneverfindout.WhichofthefollowingstatementsmightW.DavidMarxagreeTherewasmoredullartinthepastthanthereisAudienceprefermasterpiecesinthepasttonewideasFinancialsuccesshasbecomemoreimportantthanartisticTechnologicalprogresshasmadeculturalinnovationeasierthanWhichofthefollowingbestreflectsthewriter’sviewofmodernItislargelyshapedbyonlineIt’sstilltooearlytojudgeitstrueThesuccessofoldworksprovesitsItmainlyrepeatspastideaswithoutanythingWhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphTheauthorthinkssocialchaosisTheauthorhopesextremecriseswon’tTheauthorbelievesmodernartistsareTheauthorthinksculturaldeclinewillWhatisthemainpurposeoftheToquestionabook’sargumentaboutTocomparemodernculturewithclassicalToprovethatmoderncultureiscompletelyToexplainhowtechnologyinfluencesmodernSectionDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthesentencesgivenbelow.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.AAcreamhadvitaminC,andvitaminChelpedManyoftheclaimsarereasonable,whileothersaremeaninglessWhenscienceisbeingusedtosellcreamsanddrinks,scienceasapublicgoodisunderAcrossfashion,beauty,andfood,scientificlanguagehasbecomeapowerfulsalesInfact,scienceintheprivateinterestdoesn’tnecessarilyworklikeNooneislookingupanacademicstudytomakesuretheclaimsontheirpackageareTheSciencewashingofEverydayTherestandsadisplaymodelofafacemaskinmylocalbeautystore.Itspackageiscoveredwithwordslike“patents”,“peptides”,and“doublehelix”.Ihavenoideawhatanyofthismeans.Butthisisscience.Themaskcosts$75.Brandsdescribethemselvesas“biology-first”or“poweredbybiotech.”Creamspromisetowork“atamolecular(分子)level.”Lipstickscontainacidswith“differentmolecularweightsWaterissoldwithextrahydrogen(氢),asiftwoatomswerenolongerenough.Evensportsdrinks,whichoncereliedonimagesofsweatingathletes,nowproudlyannouncethattheyare“labtested.”Inacrowdedmarket,sciencehasbecomethenewsymbolofquality.Marketinghasalwaysborrowedfromscience,butitusedtobemoredirect.Acerealcontainedfiber,andfiberwasgoodforyou.48. Theywereinformedbutplainspoken,employingsimplelogicofcauseandeffect.Theytalked,basically,likeafamily-medicinedoctor.Today’sads,bycontrast,talklikethePh.D.kindofdoctor.Theyuselong,complexwordsandrefertothingsviewableonlyunderamicroscope.Thegoalisnotalwaystoexplain,buttoconfuse.49. “Peoplelikebuyingproductsthatareresearchbacked,”saidNeilLewisJr.,abehavioralscientistatCornell.“Butmostpeople,theyarenotprofessionalenoughtoactuallyevaluatethoseclaims.Theydon’thavethetimeorspecificknowledge,sotheyjustlookforsomesignals.Thatgivestheireverydayconsumptionaserious,almostacademicButhereistheproblem.50. Governmentfinancialsupporthasweakened,people’strustinscientistshasfallen,andmanyresearchershaveleftpublicinstitutions.Itisunsettlingtoimagineweareapproachingaworldinwhichscientistsareemployednotbyindependentinstitutionsbutonlybycompanies––aworldwherescienceitselfservesasSummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassage.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.ThePowerofHesitationisoftenseenasaweakness.AttheOlympics,athletesmustchoosetheexactmomenttostart.Intheseevents,evenatinydelaycanmeanlosingagoldmedal.Fortheseathletes,hesitationisdangerous.Somementalhealthconditionsarealsorelatedtohesitation.OCD(强迫症)islinkedtolackofhesitationwhileanxietydisordersmaycausetoomuchhesitation,makingithardforpeopletoactatall.Recently,neuroscientistshavebeenstudyinghowthebraindecideswhentoactandwhentowait.Theydesignedasimpledecision-makingexperimentinwhichmiceheardthreedifferentsounds.Somesoundsclearlymeanttheywouldreceiveadropofsugarwater.Othersoundsmeantnoreward.Athirdsoundmeanttherewasonlya50percentchanceofgettingthereward.Interestingly,themicehesitatedlongerwhentheoutcomewasuncertain.Eventhoughtheirbehaviourdidnotchangetheresult,theystillpausedbeforeacting.Thismeansthathesitationisnotsimplyconfusion.Instead,itisanactivebrainprocessthatrespondstouncertainty.Thefindingssuggestthat,ratherthanaweaknesstoovercome,hesitationappearstobeafundamentalbrainfeaturethathelpsusdealwithanuncertainworldandavoidcostlymistakes.Researchersalsofoundaspecialgroupofbraincellsthatbecameactiveonlywhenthemicehesitated.Thesecellsarelocatedinabrainareacalledthebasalganglia,whichisalsoaffectedinParkinson’sdisease,OCD,andaddictions.Thisconnectionmayprovidepossibletargetsforfuturetreatments.Hesitationisnotsimplyaflawbutausefulandnecessarybrainfunction.Byhelpingindividualsrespondcarefullytouncertainty,itprotectspeoplefrommistakesandmayalsoprovidenewdirectionsfortreatingmentalhealthdisorders.Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgivenintheGuidedDirections:WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowin假设你是明启中学高三学生王明，校园英语报“数字生活”板块正在策划特别系列“我的视频清单”，向全体高三学生征集稿件，邀请大家分享自己喜爱的网络视频。你对此很感兴趣，撰写一篇文章，内容如下：1）对你喜爱看的网络视频进行分类；2） SectionApictured/havetobehadbetter/oughtSection ReadingComprehensionSectionA Section7.49.50.ThePowerofHesitationisoftenseenasaweakness.AttheOlympics,athletesmustchoosetheexactmomenttostart.Intheseevents,evenatinydelaycanmeanlosingagoldmedal.Fortheseathletes,hesitationisdangerous.Somementalhealthconditionsarealsorelatedtohesitation.OCD(强迫症)islinkedtolackofhesitationwhileanxietydisordersmaycausetoomuchhesitation,makingithardforpeopletoactatall.Recently,neuroscientistshavebeenstudyinghowthebraindecideswhentoactandwhentowait.Theydesignedasimpledecision-makingexperimentinwhichmiceheardthreedifferentsounds.Somesoundscl