英语四级试题火星

英语四级试题火星

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonthetopicTheValueofExploringtheUnknown.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.WriteyouressayontheAnswerSheet.PartIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.TheideaofsendinghumanstoMarshascaptivatedscientistsandthepublicalikefordecades.Whilethemoonisourclosestcelestialneighbor,Marspresentsthenextgreat__(1)__inspaceexploration.AmissiontotheRedPlanetisnotmerelyamatterofnationalpride;itisa__(2)__stepforhumanity.Thetechnologicalinnovationsrequiredforsuchajourneyare__(3)__tohavewidespreadapplicationsonEarth,potentially__(4)__fieldsfrommedicinetomaterialsscience.However,thechallengesare__(5)__.Thejourneyitselfcouldtakeuptoninemonths,exposingastronautstoprolongedcosmicradiationandthepsychologicalstrainsof__(6)__confinement.Uponarrival,theywouldfaceathinatmospherecomposedmostlyofcarbondioxide,__(7)__temperatures,andduststormsthatcanlastformonths.Tosurvive,theywouldneedtolivein__(8)__habitatsandpossiblyuselocalresourcestoproducewaterandoxygen—aprocesscalledin-situresourceutilization.Despitethesehurdles,thepotential__(9)__areimmense.StudyingMars'geologycouldunlocksecretsofoursolarsystem'sformation.Moreprofoundly,findinganyevidenceofpastorpresentlife,eveninmicrobialform,would__(10)__ourunderstandingoflife'splaceintheuniverse.ThequestforMarsis,therefore,aquestforknowledgeaboutouroriginsandourfuture.A)benefitsB)challengeC)revolutionizingD)extremeE)transformF)giantG)isolatedH)likelyI)rewardsJ)boundK)milestoneL)modifyingM)severeN)pioneeringO)artificialSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagefollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.TheMartianEnvironmentandHumanSurvivalForanyfuturehumanmissiontoMars,theplanet'senvironmentpresentsaformidablearrayofobstaclesthatmustbeovercometoensurecrewsurvival.UnlikeEarth,Marshasanatmospherethatisonlyabout1%asdenseasEarth'satsealevelandconsistsprimarilyofcarbondioxide(CO2).Thisthinatmosphereofferslittleprotectionfromharmfulsolarandcosmicradiation.Onthesurface,radiationlevelsare,onaverage,17timeshigherthanonEarth.Long-termexposureincreasescancerrisksandcouldpotentiallydamagethenervoussystem.Theatmosphericpressureissolowthatliquidwatercannotexiststablyonthesurface;iteitherfreezesorvaporizesinstantly.Temperaturesarebitterlycold,averagingaround-63°C(-81°F),thoughtheycanvarysignificantlyfrom-140°Catthepolesinwintertoabalmy20°Cattheequatoratmidday.However,thelackofasubstantialatmospheremeansthesetemperaturesfeelevenmoreextreme,andheatdissipatesrapidly.PerhapsoneofthemostdramaticphenomenaareMartianduststorms.Thesecanrangefromsmalllocalguststoplanet-engulfingeventsthatlastforweeksorevenmonths.Thedustisfineandabrasive,posingathreattomechanicalequipment,solarpanels,andeventhesealsonhabitatmodules.Whilethewindscanreachhighspeeds,thethinatmospheremeanstheycarryverylittleforce—a100km/hwindonMarswouldfeellikeagentlebreezeonEarth.Theprimarydangerisnotbeingblownover,butthereductionofsunlight,whichcouldcripplesolar-poweredsystemsforextendedperiods.ToliveonMars,humanswillneedcompletelyself-sufficienthabitats.Thesestructuresmustproviderobustshieldingfromradiation,maintainastableEarth-likeatmosphericpressureandcompositioninternally,andregulatetemperature.TheywilllikelyneedtobeburiedunderMartiansoil(regolith)foradditionalprotection.Lifesupportsystemswillhavetorecycleairandwaterwithnear-perfectefficiency.Theconceptof"livingofftheland,"usingMartianresourcestoproduceoxygen,water,andfuel,isnotjustanidealbutanecessityforanylong-termstay,makingtechnologiesforextractingwaterfromiceorhydratedmineralsandproducingoxygenfromtheCO2-richatmospherecriticalpathdevelopments.11.WhatisamajorhealthconcernforastronautsonMarsduetoitsatmosphere?A)Suffocationfromlackofoxygen.B)Lungdamagefromabrasivedust.C)Increasedriskofcancerfromradiation.D)Freezingduetoextremelylowtemperatures.12.WhyisliquidwaterunstableontheMartiansurface?A)Becauseofthehighlevelsofsolarradiation.B)Becauseoftheextremelylowatmosphericpressure.C)Becauseoftheconstantduststorms.D)Becausetemperaturesarealwaysbelowfreezing.13.WhatistherealthreatposedbyMartianduststorms?A)Theirpotentialtoblowoverheavyequipment.B)Theirhighwindspeedcausingstructuraldamage.C)Theirabilitytoblocksunlightforlongperiods.D)Theirdustcausingrespiratoryillnesses.14.WhatdoesthepassagesuggestisalikelydesignfeatureforMartianhabitats?A)Beingbuiltonhighgroundtoavoiddust.B)Usinglargewindowstoutilizesunlight.C)Beingconstructedundergroundorcoveredwithsoil.D)Beingmadeoflightweightinflatablematerials.15.Whatisimpliedbytheterm"livingofftheland"onMars?A)Astronautswillgrowalltheirownfoodingreenhouses.B)Missionsuccessdependsonusinglocalresourcesforsurvival.C)InitialmissionswillrelyentirelyonsuppliesfromEarth.D)ItreferstotheexplorationofMartiangeology.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneThepsychologicaldimensionofaMarsmissionisascriticalasthetechnologicalone.Crewmembers,possiblyfourtosixpeople,willbeconfinedinarelativelysmallspacecraftforthesix-tonine-monthjourneytoMars,willliveintightquartersontheplanetforuptotwoyearswaitingfortheoptimalreturnwindow,andthenendurethelongjourneyhome.Thisisolationandconfinementareunprecedented.Teamdynamicswillbecrucial.Crewsmustbehighlycohesiveyetabletomanageinterpersonalconflictswithoutexternalsupport.CommunicationdelayswithEarth—upto22minuteseachway—meanastronautscannotrelyonreal-timeguidancefrommissioncontrolfordailydecisionsoremergencies.Thisautonomycanbeempoweringbutalsostressful.Tomitigatetheseissues,candidateselectionfocusesnotjustontechnicalskillsbutalsoonpsychologicalstability,resilience,andinterpersonalcompatibility.TrainingincludessimulationsinextremeenvironmentslikeAntarcticatoprepareforisolation.Habitatsaredesignedwithprivatespacesandvirtualrealitysystemstoprovidementalescapes.Maintainingaregularworkschedule,exercise,andcontact(albeitdelayed)withfamilyareseenasvitalcountermeasuresagainstdepressionandanxiety.Theultimatepsychologicalchallenge,however,maybecopingwiththe"Earth-out-of-view"phenomenon.Forthefirsttimeinhistory,humanswillbesofarawaythatEarthwillappearasjustabrightstarinthesky.Thisprofoundphysicalandperceptualdistancefromallofhumanitycouldhavedeeppsychologicaleffects,afrontierweareonlybeginningtounderstand.16.WhatmakestheautonomyoftheMarscrewparticularlystressful?A)Thelackofrecreationalactivitiesduringthejourney.B)Theinabilitytocommunicatewiththeirfamilies.C)ThedelayinreceivingadvicefromEarthinemergencies.D)Theresponsibilityofpilotingthespacecraftmanually.17.Howareastronautspreparedforthepsychologicalchallengesofthemission?A)Byundergoingrigorousphysicalendurancetests.B)BytraininginisolatedenvironmentssimilartoMars.C)Bystudyingthepsychologicalprofilesofpreviousastronauts.D)Bylearningadvancedconflictresolutiontheories.18.Whatismentionedasadesignfeaturetohelpastronauts'mentalhealth?A)Largecommunalareasforsocializing.B)Facilitiesforgrowingplantsandgardening.C)Virtualrealitysystemsforescapism.D)DirectandconstantvideolinkwithEarth.19.Whatdoesthe"Earth-out-of-view"phenomenonreferto?A)LosingsightofEarthduringthespacecraft'slanding.B)ThepsychologicalimpactofseeingEarthasadistantpoint.C)ThetechnicaldifficultyofpointingantennasatEarth.D)Theperiodwhenduststormsblocktheviewofspace.20.Whatisthemainpurposeofthispassage?A)ToarguethataMarsmissionistoopsychologicallyrisky.B)TodescribethepsychologicalhurdlesandpreparationsforaMarsmission.C)TocomparethepsychologicaleffectsofspaceandAntarcticmissions.D)ToexplaintheselectionprocessforMarsastronauts.PassageTwoFundingahumanmissiontoMarsisasubjectofintensedebate.Theestimatedcostrangesfromhundredsofbillionstooveratrilliondollars,dependingonthemissionarchitectureandthenumberofmissionsplanned.Proponentsarguethattheinvestmentisjustified.TheypointtothehistoricalprecedentoftheApolloprogram,which,despiteitshighcost,yieldedenormoustechnologicaldividends(likeintegratedcircuitsandadvancesinmaterialsscience)andinspiredagenerationtopursueSTEMcareers.AMarsmissioncouldsimilarlydriveinnovationinrobotics,lifesupport,energy,andpropulsion.Critics,however,contendthatthesefundscouldbebetterspentaddressingpressingproblemsonEarth,suchasclimatechange,poverty,anddisease.Theyquestionwhetherthescientificreturns,whichcouldlargelybeachievedbycheaperroboticmissions,justifytheimmensecostandrisktohumanlife.Thedebateoftencentersonthecoremotivation:issendinghumanstoMarsastrategicnecessityforthelong-termsurvivalofourspecies,aninspiringadventureofdiscovery,oranexpensivevanityproject?Thecurrentfundingmodelislikelytobeapublic-privatepartnership.GovernmentspaceagencieslikeNASAprovidethefoundationaltechnology,heavy-liftrockets,anddeep-spaceoperationalexpertise.Privatecompanies,increasinglycapableinspaceflight,contributeinnovation,cost-effectivemanufacturing,andpotentiallyevencrewtransportationservices.Thiscollaborationcouldshareboththefinancialburdenandthetechnologicalrewards.Ultimately,thedecisiontogomayhingelessonapurecost-benefitanalysisandmoreonacollectivesocietalwilltoundertakeanewgreatendeavor.21.WhatisoneargumentusedbysupportersofaMarsmission?A)ItwillimmediatelysolveEarth'senergyproblems.B)ItismuchcheaperthantheApollomoonmissions.C)Itcanstimulatetechnologicalprogressandinspiration.D)ItwillfindimmediateresourcestobenefitEarth'seconomy.22.WhatisakeypointmadebycriticsofahumanMarsmission?A)Roboticmissionsareincapableofsignificantdiscovery.B)ThemoneyshouldbeusedtosolveEarth'sissuesfirst.C)Privatecompaniesarenotreliablepartnersforsuchmissions.D)Therequiredtechnologyistooprimitivetoensuresafety.23.Whatdoesthepassagesayabouttheprobablefundingmodel?A)Itwillbesolelyfundedbyinternationalconsortia.B)Itwillrelyentirelyongovernmentbudgets.C)Itwillinvolvecooperationbetweengovernmentsandprivatefirms.D)Itwillbecrowdfundedbytheglobalpublic.24.Accordingtothepassage,whatmightthefinaldecisiontogotoMarsdependon?A)Astricteconomiccalculationprovingitsprofitability.B)Thedevelopmentoffaster-than-lighttraveltechnology.C)Society'soveralldesiretoembarkonsuchaproject.D)TheresolutionofallpoliticalconflictsonEarth.25.Whatistheauthor'sprimarytoneindiscussingthefundingdebate?A)Stronglybiasedinfavorofthemission.B)Sarcastictowardsthecritics.C)Objectiveandanalytical.D)Pessimisticabouttheprospects.PartIIITranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtotranslateaparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.WriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.探索火星是国际科学界的一项优先任务。近年来，中国在太空探索方面取得了显著进展，其"天问一号"任务成功将轨道器、着陆器和漫游车送达火星。这项成就不仅展示了中国的技术实力，也为全人类对这颗红色星球的理解做出了贡献。通过分析火星土壤和大气，科学家们希望找到关于火星历史上是否曾存在水的线索，甚至可能发现生命存在的迹象。这样的探索有助于我们更深入地了解行星的演化，并思考地球的未来。---AnswerSheetPartIWriting(略)PartIIReadingComprehensionSectionA1.______2.______3.______4.______5.______6.______7.______8.______9.______10.______SectionB11.______12.______13.______14.______15.______SectionC16.______17.______18.______19.______20.______21.______22.______23.______24.______25.______PartIIITranslation____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________---AnswersPartIIReadingComprehensionSectionA1.B)challenge2.K)milestone3.H)likely4.C)revolutionizing5.M)severe6.G)isolated7.D)extreme8.O)artificial9.I)rewards10.E)transformSectionB11.C)Increased