2025~2026学年上海市普陀区上海市曹杨第二中学高一年级3月阶段评估英语试卷

2025~2026学年上海市普陀区上海市曹杨第二中学高一年级3月阶段评估英语试卷一、单项选择1.Thethoughtofgoingbackhomewas________kepthimhappywhilehewasworkingabroad.

A．thatB．allthatC．allwhatD．which2.Itwasmidnight________thewearytravelersfinallyarrivedatthedesertedinn,wheretheycouldseekrefugefromthebitingcold.

A．thatB．whenC．untilD．since3.__________byhiscolleaguesasa“distinguishedteacher”hassupportedthenotionthatheisdoingagoodjob.

A．ElectedB．ElectingC．BeingelectedD．Havingelected4.Theenginejustwon’tstart.Somethingseems______wrongwithit.

A．togoB．tohavegoneC．goingD．havinggone5.Havingnomoneybut______toknow,hesimplysaidhewouldgowithoutdinner.

A．nottowantanyoneB．notwantinganyoneC．wantednooneD．towantnoone6.Childrennowadaystendtobesorebelliousthatparentsoftenfeelatalossaboutwhat______fromthem.

A．expectedB．toexpectC．tohaveexpectedD．expecting7.Thedecision________,whatistobedonenowishowtocarryitout.

A．wasmadeB．hasbeenmadeC．havingbeenmadeD．havingbeenmaking8.Ofthe200drivers______sincethebeginningoftheyear,10%werefound______inknowledgeabouttrafficrules.

A．tohavebeentested;lackB．havingbeentested;tolackC．tested,lackingD．tested,lacked9.Theworldpopulation________severaltimessince1805,theresultof________isaseriesofprofoundchangesinglobalresources,environmentandsocialdevelopment.

A．multiplied...itB．hasmultiplied...thatC．hasbeenmultiplying...whichD．hasmultiplied...which10.Itwastheinventionofagriculture________enabledhumanstosettledown,________themthetroubleofmovingfromplacetoplaceforfood.

A．that...savingB．which...savedC．that…savedD．which…saving二、语法填空Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanksuseonewordthatbestfits.PopulationForecasts:UNvsIHMEonFertilityandDeclineFertility(生育能力)isfalling,peopleareaging,andbytheendofthecenturyhumans11(decrease)innumberonalmosteverycontinent,accordingtoarecentstudy12(publish)inthejournalLancet.Farfromanoverpopulationcrisis,demographers(人口学家)areaskingwherethenextgenerationsofyoungpeoplewillcomefrom.ThestudyfromtheInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation(IHME)projectsthenumberofpeopleontheplanetwillpeakjustfourdecadesfromnow,at9.7billion,13fallingto8.8billionbytheendofthecentury.In80years,countrieslikeSpainandJapanwouldhalveinsize.Chinawouldshrinkbyalmostasmuch,leavingIndiaandNigeriaastheworld’s14(populated)countries.Onlyin12countries,includingSomaliaandSouthSudan,wouldtherebeenoughbabiestokeeppopulationsstable.Therestwouldbeaging.Andiftheworldmeetstargetsforuniversaleducation—thepositivedrivingforcebehindfallingfertility—therewouldbe1.5billionpeoplefewerin2100thantherearetoday.Womenarehavingfewerchildrengloballybecausemoregirlsgotoschoolandmorewomenknowabouthowtokeepawayfromgettingpregnant.15demographersdisagreeonhowfar—andhowfast—fertilitywillcontinuetofall.WhiletheIHMEprojectstheworld’spopulationwillstartshrinkingby2064,theUnitedNationsexpectsittocontinuegrowingthroughoutthecentury.Thedifferenceinpopulation16thetwoestimatesisabout2billionpeopleby2100—andtheuncertaintiesaresogreatthatbothresearchgroupsacceptthepossibilityoftheoppositetrend.OnereasonforthedifferenceisthattheUN,unliketheIHME,predictsthatfertilityrateswillrebound(反弹)ascountriesgrowricher.SurveysshowthatwomenacrossEuropeandNorthAmericahavefewerchildrenthantheywouldlike17barrierslikeexpensivechildcare,jobpressuresandmennottakingonafairshareofhousework.Byreducingthesizeofsomeoftheseobstacles,countrieslikeGermanyhaveseentheirfertilityraterise“TheUNprojectionsembody(体现)anoptimism18thelonghistoryofhumanprogresswillcontinue,”saidSaraHertog,ademographerattheUN,19(add)thatchangingfertilityratesare,inthemselves,neithergoodnewsnorbadnews.“Ihopetheleveloffertilityreflectsthenumberofchildrenpeoplewanttohave,20isasignofadvancementtosomeextent.”三、选词填空Directions:Completethefollowingsentencesbyusingthewordsandphrasesinthebox.Eachcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonemorethanyouneed.

A.alarmB.exchangeC.diverseD.challengingE.significanceF.influential

G.chainedH.extinctionI.predictableJ.coveredK.admission21.ThemartialartsshowWuBOT,wherehumanoidrobotsperformedalongsideyoungathletes,perfectlydemonstratesthe______ofintegratingtraditionalChineseculturewithcutting-edgetechnologyinthenewera.22.Linguistic______isaseriouslossforallofhumankindsincelanguagesaresomeoftheprimarywayspeoplemaintaintheircultureandarecrucialtounderstandingothercultures.23.Freetraderemovescertainlimitsimposedonworldwidecommercetomakeiteasierfornationsto______goodswithoneanother.24.Psychologistswhohavebeenstudyingthefactorsthatcontributetohappinessfindthatitisnot______whetherapersoninanapparentlyidealsituationisnecessarilyhappy.25.Moviesserveasourmost______historyteachers,reachingandshapingaudience’sviewsinawaythattheprofessionalhistoriancannotevendreamof.26.Aftercheckingmyconditionthoroughly,thedoctorsaidgentlythattherewasnocauseforimmediate______.27.Theexhibitionisopentothepublicandcanbeviewedoverthenextcoupleofweeksduringnormalopeninghoursforfree______.28.Youngpeopleshouldnotbe______tooutdatedideasbutshouldembracenewthinkingandkeeppacewithsocialprogress.29.Thefundestablishedbythelocalgovernmentlastyear______mostofthehighmedicalexpensesofthepoorpatientswhowereseriouslyillandunabletoworktosupporttheirfamilies.30.Tokeeptraditionalculturealive,weneedtocreatea(n)______varietyofnewformsandcontentssothatancientcivilizationcankeeppacewiththetimesandwintheloveofyoungpeople.四、完形填空HowmanypeoplecanspeakEnglish?Someexpertsestimatethat1.5billionpeople—aroundone-quarteroftheworld’spopulation—cancommunicatereasonablywellinEnglish.Neverinrecordedhistoryhasalanguagebeenas____spokenasEnglishistoday.Thereasonwhymillionsarelearningitissimple:itisthelanguageofinternationalbusinessand____,thekeytoprosperity.ItisnotjustthatmultinationalcompaniesconducttheirbusinessinEnglish;itisthelanguageinwhichGermansspeaktoIndonesians.DavidGraddol,theauthorofEnglishNext,saysitistemptingtoviewthestoryofEnglishsimplyasavictoryforisnativespeakersinNorthAmerica,BritainandIreland,andAustralia—butthatwouldbea____.GlobalEnglishhasenteredamorecomplexstage,changinginwaysthattheEnglish-speakingcountriescannotcontrolandmight____.Animportantquestiononemightaskis:whoseEnglishwillitbeinthefuture?Non-nativespeakersnow____nativeEnglishspeakersbythreetoone.Themajorityof____inEnglishtodaytakeplacebetweennon-nativespeakers.AccordingtoDavidGraddol,manybusinessmeetingsheldinEnglishappeartorunmore____whentherearenonativeEnglishspeakerspresent.Thisisbecausenativespeakersareoften____atensuringthattheyareunderstoodininternationaldiscussions.TheytendtothinktheyneedtoavoidlongerLatin-basedwords,butinfact____problemsaremoreoftencausedbytheiruseofidioms,metaphors,andphrasalverbs.Ononeoccasion,ataninternationalstudentconferenceinAmsterdan,conductedinEnglish,theonlyBritishrepresentativewasaskedtobe“less____”sothattheotherscouldunderstandher.ProfessorBarbaraSeidlhofer,ProfessorofEnglishattheUniversityofVienna,recordsspokenEnglish____betweenspeakersofthelanguagearoundtheworld.Shesaysherteamhasnoticedthatnon-nativespeakersare____standardEnglishgrammarinseveralways.Eventhemostexperiencedspeakerssometimesomitthe“s”inthethirdpersonsingular.Manyomitdefiniteandindefinitearticleswheretheyare____instandardEnglish,orputtheminwherestandardEnglishdoesnotusethem.Nounsthatarenotpluralinnative-speakerEnglishareusedaspluralsbynon-nativespeakers(e.g.,“informations”,“knowledges”,“advices”).Othervariationsinclude“makeadiscussion”,“discussaboutsomething”,or“phonetosomebody”.ManynativeEnglishspeakerswillinsistthatthesearenotvariations,theyaremistakes.“Knowledges”and“phonetosomebody”aresimply____.Manynon-nativespeakerswhoteachEnglisharoundtheworldwouldagree.Butlanguagechanges,andsodoideasofgrammatical____.31.A．wellB．widelyC．fullyD．regularly32.A．besidesB．thereforeC．otherwiseD．however33.A．mistakeB．successC．challengeD．competition34.A．forgetB．undergoC．justifyD．dislike35.A．understandB．envyC．outnumberD．overload36.A．encountersB．instructionsC．negotiation.D．treatments37.A．roughlyB．slowlyC．swiftlyD．smoothly38.A．poorB．angryC．cleverD．skillful39.A．equipmentB．economyC．comprehensionD．culture40.A．visibleB．considerateC．EnglishD．foreign41.A．grammarB．interactionC．coursesD．vocabulary42.A．studyingB．explainingC．checkingD．varying43.A．requiredB．deletedC．judgedD．stressed44.A．harmfulB．impoliteC．wrongD．illogical45.A．phenomenonB．researchC．structureD．correctness五、阅读理解ThebusscreamedtoastopinNazareth,Israel.FiveAustralianbackpackersboardedandstruckupaconversationwithme.Theyaskedtypicaltravelers’questions—wherewasIgoingandwhywasItravelingalone?Myplanwastotravelwithafriendofafriend,Iexplained,butwhenIcalledherthatmorning,shedidn’tpickupandIhadnootherwaytoreachher.Mystomachwasinknots,butIdecidedtoheadoutanyway,thinkingImightrunintoherifItraveledtoTiberius,wherewehadplannedtogotogether.“Whydon’tyoutravelwithus?”oneofthebackpackersoffered.Theywereexperiencedadventurerswhowouldworkforafewmonths,save,thentravelforaslongastheycould.TheircurrentplanwastoexploretheMiddleEastandEuropeinthreemonthswhileworkinginLondon.Itseemedriskytotravelwithstrangers,butmyinstinctsaidyes.Forthenexttwoweeks,IexploredIsraelwiththebackpackersandlearnedtotrustmyinstinctsinalltypesofnewandinterestingsituations.Whentheyhookaride,Itookthebus,butwhentheywantedtostealintotheKingDavidHotel’sswimmingpool,Iledtheway.TheworldopeneduptomebecauseIchosetotravelalone.Ijoinedcompletestrangers,whobecomeclosefriends.Yearslater,onecouplefromthebackpackinggroupevenflewfromSydneytoPhoenixtobeinmywedding.Thetripwassuchaspecialexperiencethatitgavemeconfidenceinallareasofmylife.Sincethen,I’vebackpackedaloneacrossSouthAfrica,sky-divedfrom12,000feetinNewZealandandevenmovedacrosstheU.S.withnojoblinedup.OnmythirddaywanderinginIsraelwithmynewfriends,IbumpedintothewomanIwassupposedtomeet.ThoughIwashappyshewasallright,Iwasgratefulshehadn’tpickedupthephone.46.By“Mystomachwasinknots”(inparagraph1),theauthormostlikelymeansthatshewas______.

A．sickofridingonabumpybusB．nervousofmeetingstrangersC．upsetaboutthesuddenchangeD．sorryabouttheimpracticalplan47.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebackpackerstheauthormet?

A．Courageousbutdisrespectful.B．Joblessandpoorlyeducated.C．Warmheartedandtrustworthy.D．Homelessbutlighthearted.48.Theauthor’ssixthsensetoldherthat______.

A．shewouldgetalongwiththebackpackersB．itmightcausetroubletohaveaswimC．sheoughttostayawayfromthebackpackersD．itcouldaddexcitementtogetafreeride49.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A．Mostofthebackpackersbecametheauthor’slifelongfriends.B．Theauthorgatheredthecouragetobeafulltimebackpacktraveler.C．Thewomanmissedthephonecallwiththepurposeoftravelingalone.D．Theauthorconsidereditthebestdecisionofherlifetotravelonherown.DoyouwanttoopenashopinLondon?First:youmustbeawarethat,asoftoday,runningalocalindependentshopisanythingbutsimple.Second:youmustknowwhichisthemostresponsiveareaofthecityforwhatconcernsyourspecificbusiness.Orasanalternative,youmustgainfullknowledgeofwhichareashaveprovedtobesuperhigh-payingbasicallyforanykindofbusiness.AsforLondon,everybodyknowsthatitisoneoftheworldcapitalsoftradingandcommerce.Theenormousnumberofresidents,combinedwiththecontinuousinflowoftourists,makesitahighlywantedcityforeverykindofcommercialactivity.Clearly,everyone—whetherhe/sheisaBritishcitizenoraforeignerinvestor—whowantstostartabusinessinLondonmustdetectfirstthemostprofitableareas.Andthefourmostappealingonesarelistedbelow.CoventGardenOpeningacommercialspaceinCoventGarden,orintheWestEndingeneral,isalwaysawinningidea.Thisarearepresentstheperfectbalancebetweenluxuryandsustainability.Abandofmusiciansthatneverceasetoattractbothclientsandnewinvestors.CarnabyForoversixtyyears,CarnabyStreetandtheothersurroundingsecondaryroadshaverepresentedanauthenticoasisorparadiseforthosewhowanttogoshoppinginLondon.First,theSwingingLondonvibe,thenthepunkrockrevolution:everything—especiallyintermsoffashion—hasbeencreatedorpassedthroughthere.AndevenintheThirdMillennium,itremainsalandmarkforeverythingrelatedtofashionandnewtrends.MayfairAreyouplanningtoopenaluxuryshop?ThenMayfairisundoubtedlyyourspot.Rentingaplacehereishighlyexpensive,butit’sariskworthtaking.Ifyouplayyourcardswisely,profitswillnotbelongincoming.Theonlyquestionis:haveyougotenoughfundstostartabusinessinsuchanexpensivearea?BondStreetAnotherluxuryareawithagatheringofmanyestablishedhigh-endbrands,maybethemostcomplicatedone.Itisrecommendedonlytothoseinvestorswhoaimtostartarealfirst-ratebusiness.Manysmallentrepreneursorbusinessmenworkalifetimeinordertogaintheprivilegeorthegreatadvantageofupgradingtheirbusinessinthisarea.50.Thisarticleisintendedfor______.

A．BritishcitizenswhowanttobuyluxurygoodsB．visitorslookingforrecreationalactivitiesinBritainC．investorsinterestedinstartingabusinessinLondonD．foreignersparticipatingincommercialactivitiesinLondon51.Accordingtothearticle,ifyouareplanningtodobusinessinLondon,whichfactorisworthconsideringthemost?

A．Londonappealstohigh-payinginvestorsfromallovertheworld.B．Londonisthemostpromisingcenterfortrading,commerceandfashion.C．Londoniswheremanylandmarkbuildingsandeverykindofbusinesslies.D．Londonboastsongoingfloodsoftouristsandenormouspotentialconsumers.52.Ifyougetenoughfundsandfancyopeningaluxuryshop,whichisthelastareatochoose?

A．BondStreet.B．Carnaby.C．Mayfair.D．ConventGarden.Thethingaboutspaceisthatit’shuge—terrifyingly,impossiblyhuge.IttookthreedaysfortheApollomissionstogettothemoon.IttakesbetweenfivemonthsandayeartogettoMarsandaroundfiveyearstogettoJupiter.Ofcourse,that’sstillinourneighborhood.TheneareststaroutsidetheSolarSystemisProximaCentauri(比邻星),whichwouldtaketheVoyagerspacecraft80,000yearstogetto.We’renotreallybuiltforspacetravel.Wedon’tliveverylong,relativelyspeaking.Ourmusclesandskeletonneedgravity.Weneedoxygen,warmth,waterandfood,butspacedoesn’thaveanyofthese.We’realsonotgoodwithhighdosesofradiation.Inotherwords,spaceexplorationisanincrediblydangerousventure.WhenIwasakid,exploringspacewasabigdeal.ThelastApollomissiontothemoonwasin1972,butIwaswaytooyoungtoknowanythingaboutit.ThefirstspacemissionIactuallyrememberwasVikingII,whichlandedonMars.Honestly,Iwasexpectingittofindalienlife.Notintelligentlife,maybe,butlife.TinyMartian(火星的)lizardsorsomething.Ofcourse,there’snowateronMars,sotherewerenotinyMartianlizardsoranythingelse.BackthenIknewwithabsolutecertaintythatwewerenotaloneintheuniverse.Itwasonlyamatteroftimebeforewe’dpickupradiosignalsfromanaliencivilization.Ifiguredthatonedayinthenot-too-distantfuture,thosealienswouldlandandwe’dfinallygettoknowourintergalacticneighbors.AndwhentheSpaceShuttleprogramwasfirstannounced,Iwasconvincedthatthefuturewasonitsway.Wewerereachingoutward.Humansweregoingtoexploretheuniverse,meetaliens,liveonotherworlds,andhaveadventures.Anditwasallgoingtohappeninmylifetime.Ofcourse,noneofthathashappened.TherehavebeenlotsofincrediblemissionsincludingVoyagerIandII,NewHorizons,andCassini.Noneofthesemissionshaveinvolvedastronauts,andthefuturethatalotofushadstampedintoourimaginationshasn’thappened.Butweneedtogoonexploring.Exploration,knowledge,wonder,imagination—thesearethebestofwhatitmeanstobehuman.Let’sboldlygoalready.Thenextgiantleapdoesn’thavetobeMars.Itwouldbemind-bogglinglycooltofindmicrobial(微生物的)lifesomewhereinouterspace.OnJanuary28,1986,IsatinthecafeteriaofmyCatholicMemorialHighSchoolandwatchedtheSpaceShuttleChallengertakeoff.TheteachersatmyschoolhadsetupTVssothatwecouldgetinspired.Instead,weallwatchedinhorrorasthespaceshuttleblewupagainandagainandagain.Sevenastronautsdied.NotoneofusthoughtthatweshouldcanceltheSpaceShuttleprogramorcutNASA’sbudget.Ifanything,wewantedmore.Westilldo.53.Thefirsttwoparagraphsmainlytalkabout__________.

A．thedifficultiesofspacetravelB．themaincharacteristicsofspaceC．thelimitationsofthehumanbodyD．thelocationofEarthintheuniverse54.Accordingtothearticle,whatdidtheauthorexpectspaceexplorationtoproducewhenhewasakid?①evidenceofalienlife②adventuresinouterspace③knowledgeabouttheoriginoflife④communicationwithaliencivilization

A．①②③B．①②④C．①③④D．②③④55.Accordingtotheauthor,whydoweneedtocontinuethecauseofspaceexploration?

A．Becauseitinvolvesthebestthingsthatmakeushuman.B．Becauseitisaworthwhileinvestmentwithhugeprofits.C．Becausewe’restillintheprimarystageoflearningaboutspace.D．Becausenomajorprogresshasbeenmadeinspaceexplorationfordecades.56.Whatmessagedoestheauthorintendtoconveythroughthelastparagraph?

A．Mankind’sjourneytospaceisalongandroundaboutone.B．Nodifficultiesshouldstopusfromexploringtheuniverse.C．Weneedtoencouragemorestudentstoexploretheunknown.D．Moreeffortsshouldbemadetoensurethesafetyofastronauts.Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking(懈怠的),youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance(不满).ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation(愤慨),itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.57.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby___________.

A．makingaconclusionB．justifyinganassumptionC．explainingaphenomenonD．makingacomparison58.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraph1)impliesthat__________.

A．monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivalsB．feelingangryaboutunfairnessisalsomonkeys’natureC．monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachotherD．noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions59.Dr.BrosnanandDr.DeWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys_________.

A．prefergrapestocucumbersB．canbetaughttoexchangethingsC．willnotbeco-operationiffeelingcheatedD．areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers60.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A．Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.B．Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.C．Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.D．Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.AgeReversalTechnologyOurlifespans(时间段)usedtoberelativelyshort.61Withinthenext150years,thiswasraisedbymedicaladvances.Andfastforwardto2020andgloballifeexpectancyis72.6years—higherthanthatinanycountryin1950.Aspeoplelivelonger,populationagingbecomesagreatereconomicproblem.Ithasbothplacedaburdenonpublichealthspendinganddecreasedproductivityofworkforce.Andagingisthefundamentaldriverbehindmanydiseases,suchascancer,heartdisease,tonamejustafew.OneexpertinpopulationagingattheEuropeanMolecularBiologyLaboratory,HalldórStefánsson,explainsthatsomeseriousdiseasesrelatedtoaging—thatveryfewpeoplelivedlongenoughtoexperienceinthepast—havereplacedinfectiousdiseasesasthemaincauseofdeath.62Theamazingnewsisthatagereversaltechnologywillsoonbeareality.Onthebrightside,theprocessofreversingagingisalreadypossibleforcellsinscientificexperiments.63Intheforeseeablefuture,wewillbeabletoenjoyalongerlifeaswell.Thegoalistopreventivelytargetaging—themajorriskfactorforawidevarietyofdiseasesanddisabilities—insteadoftreatingonediseaseatatime,whichisverycostly.OnefuturemodelprojectedanincreaseinNHSexpenseof£42millionyear-on-yearuntil2031duetotheagingpopulation.64Thatmeansthetechnologywillrestoreourvitalityandbodilyfunctionbyremovingthedamageinevitablycausedbytheprocessesoflife.

A．Andsciencehasmovedontoextendlifespansofsomeanimals,thoughnotyetofhumans.B．Humanagingtimelineisalsodrivenbyotherfactors.C．Inthe1800s,lifeexpectancyacrosstheworldwaslessthan40yearsofage.D．So,thequest