2025~2026学年上海市曹杨第二中学高二上学期期末考试英语试卷

2025~2026学年上海市曹杨第二中学高二上学期期末考试英语试卷一、单项选择1.I’mtrulysorry,everyone,butwedon’thavenearlyenoughteachingmaterials________.Tobehonest,Ireally________thatsomanypeoplewouldsignupforandactuallyattendthislecturetoday.

A．goingaround,don’texpectB．togoaround,haven’texpectedC．goingaround,hadn’texpectedD．togoaround,didn’texpect2.Bythetimethecanal________in1914,themorethan50-mile-longproject________theUnitedStatesmorethan$350millionandemployedtensofthousandsofpeoplefromaroundtheworld.

A．hasopened,hadcostB．opened,hadcostC．hadopened,costD．hadbeenopened,cost3.Wearegoingtomovetoaspaciousnewbuildinglocatedinthecitycenternextweek,nextto______apopularnicerestaurant________wecanhaveallkindsofChinesefoodfromSichuanhotpottoCantonesedimsum.

A．whereis,whichB．itis,whichC．whichis,whereD．thatis,where4.Suchtourists________havepaidavisittoShanghaiandexperienceditsuniquecharmallthinkthatatriptothisinternationalmetropoliscannotbetrulycompletewithouttakingaleisurelystrollalongthehistoricBund.

A．whoB．thatC．whoeverD．as5.________heknewlittleaboutthelargeamountofworkdoneinthefield,hesucceeded________otherbetter-informedexperimentsfailed.

A．While,whereB．Although,inwhichC．Since,theplacewhereD．As,that6.________humancommunitieshavespreadandthrivedindifferentregionsoftheworld,theyhavehistoricallyhunteddownandkilledwolves,mostoftentoprotecttheirownvulnerablefarmanimals.

A．HoweverB．WhateverC．WhicheverD．Wherever7.Althoughfirst________almost200yearsago,thenovelsofCharlesDickenshaveremainedpopulararoundtheworld,________alastinglegacyofvividcharacters,socialcriticism,andheartfeltstorytelling.

A．publishing,leftB．beingpublished,havingleftC．published,leavingD．waspublished,left8.Inthecourseofherlife,MaryAnneSadlierproducednearlysixtybooks,somefiftyofthem________originalnovelsandcollectionsofstories.

A．havebeenB．wereC．beingD．tohavebeen9.Publicconcerns________suchchemicalsandadditives,thoughusedtokeepfruitsfresh,caninfactcausecancerhaverecentlybeenconfirmedbyaseriesofrigorousexperiments.

A．whatB．thatC．ifD．how10.Allthesoldierspaidobeisanceandallthepeoplearoundapplaudedwarmlyastheheroesturnedupattheplatformfor________theydemonstratedintheanti-terroristfight.

A．thatB．howC．whatD．which二、语法填空Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanksuseonewordthatbestfits.GenZ’sGrowingFascinationwithRetroTechnologyGenerationZ,thoseintheirteensandearlytwenties,areshowingagrowinginterestinretrotechnology—atrendthathastakentheconsumermarketbysurprise.Unlikepreviousgenerationswhochased11(late)gadgets,today’syoungpeoplearediggingoutvinylrecords(黑胶唱片),loadingfilmintotraditionalcameras,anddustingoffvintagegamingconsoles.Thisshift,12(spring)fromadeepdesireforauthenticityandadeliberatebreakfromthedigitaloverloadofmoderndevices,hasreshapedyoungpeople’sconsumptionpreferences.Theappealliesinthetangible,unhurriedexperience13everystepfeelsintentionalandmeaningful.Vinylrecords,forinstance,areaboutthehands-onceremonialprocess14justmusic:flippingthroughalbumcovers,carefullyplacingtheneedle,andsavoringthewarm,analogsoundthatdigitalstreamscan’treplicate.Similarly,15instantcamerasofferisajoythatmodernsmartphonesarelackingin:waitingforaphototodevelop,holdingaphysicalprint,andsharingit16thepressureoffiltersorlikes.EvenoldgamingconsolesliketheNintendo64orSegaGenesisattractGenZ,whoappreciatetheirsimple,straightforwardgameplayfreefrommicrotransactionsandonlinetoxicity.Retailershavequicklyadaptedtothistrend,withmanylaunchingdedicatedretrotechsections.Salesofportableturntables,polaroid-styleinstantcameras,andevenclassicalarmclocks(nophonerequired)17(surge)inrecentyears.OnlinemarketplaceslikeEtsyandeBayreportrecordnumbersofyoungbuyerssearchingfor“vintagetech”,whilemainstreambrandshavereleasedmoderniterationsofretrofavorites18(cater)tothedemand.Opinionsonthetrendvary:somedismissitasafleetingaestheticphase,tiedtosocialmedia’slovefornostalgicvisuals.19,however,seeitasameaningfulrebellionagainstdigitalfatigue.ForGenZ,retrotechisn’tjustaboutthepast-it’saboutreclaimingcontrolovertheirtechuse.20motivatedbynostalgia(foratimetheydidn’tlivethrough),alovefortactileexperiences,oragenuinepreferenceforsimplerdesign,thistrendrevealsGenZ’sunique,thoughtfulrelationshipwithtechnology.三、选词填空Directions:Completethefollowingsentencesorpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.encounterB.withdrawalC.compatibleD.sympatheticE.compromiseF.exposureG.hititoff

H.stickupforI.havearowwithJ.gettheballrollingK.showmetheropes21.WhenIfirststeppedintotheschoolasanervousnewteacher,thekindandexperiencedMrs.Millerimmediatelytookmeunderherwingsandwasmorethanhappyto__________intermsoftherulesandregulationsoftheschool.22.Theclassictraditionalteachingmethod,valuedforitsabilitytofostercloseteacher-studentrelationshipsandtargetedguidance,isperfectly__________withinnovativemodernonlinecoursesthatofferpersonalizedlearningpathsandglobalknowledgesharingopportunities.23.InthevibrantandambitiousworldofZootopia,youngJudyHopps,hadto__________herselfresolutelywhenherinsensitiveclassmateslaughedatherforwantingtobethefirstrabbitpoliceofficerinhistory.24.AsahighlightoftheannualLiangzhuCultureandArtFestival,theworld“Poetry,Dance,MusicandPainting”ArtGalabroughtanunforgettablecross-cultural__________betweenartistsfromnearly20countries,whosharedtheirideasandco-createdworksblendingEasternandWesternaesthetics.25.Whenpressedforthekeytoherlonglife,theelderlyladyonthevergeofher105thbirthdaysmiledandrevealedthatshewouldnever__________afool-notnow,notever.26.Afterreceivinghundredsofcomplaintsaboutbatterymalfunctions,thecompany’stimely__________ofthefaultyelectronicdevicesfromthemarketreceivedwidespreadpositivefeedbackfromconsumers,manyofwhomlaterexpressedtheirwillingnesstocontinuepurchasingproductsfromthebrand.27.Attheawardsceremonyofthe1stGlobalChineseChildren’sStorytellingCompetitionheldinSydney,ChineseandAustraliankids__________becauseoftheirsharedinterestintheChineselanguage,withfrequentinteractionsandendlesslaughteronsite.28.Choosinganeutralvenuefortheteambuildingeventwasaperfect__________thatsatisfiedbothcolleagueswhopreferredindooractivitiesandthosewholovedoutdoorsports.29.Asthewintervacationwasapproachingandtheschoolwaspreparingforitsannual“KindnessMonth”campaign,theclassteacheraskedhermonitorto__________ontheirclasscharityeventbycollectingtheircreativesuggestions.30.Mostofthecommitteemembers,whohadreviewednumerouspublicwelfareapplicationsovertheyears,were__________totheproposalofbuildinganaccessiblecommunitylibrarythatwouldprovideacozyreadingspaceandfreeculturalactivitiesforlocalresidents.Directions:Completethefollowingsentencesorpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.valuesB.demonstrateC.visionaryD.transcendE.establishingF.strive

G.worthiestH.laysI.explainingJ.tailormadeK.addressOnbehalfoftheNobelFoundation,itismygreathonourandpleasuretowarmlywelcomeyoualltothe2025NobelPrizeawardceremony.Inparticular,IwishtowelcometheNobelPrizelaureates,theirfamiliesandfriends.AswegatherhereinStockholmforthefestivitiestocelebratethisyear’slaureates,itisagainstadarkbackdropintheworldatlarge.Withitsrapid,unpredictable,paradoxicalandtangleddevelopments,itmayseemhardtoinspiretrustandconfidenceinthefuture.Inthisworld,AlfredNobel’s31legacyisaforcefulreminderofthetransformativepowersofscience,literatureandpeace.Scienceisalinguafranca(通用语)forhumankindinexploringandexpandingthefrontiersofhumanknowledge.Itisinternationalinnature,anditcreatesascientificcommunityacrossborders,32thatextendbeyondthelimitsofscienceitself.Thisisparticularlyimportanttoemphasiseintimesofdivision,polarizationandconflict.TheprizeshonourNobel’sprinciplethat“noconsiderationbegiventonationalitybutthattheprizebeawardedtothe33person.”Thisyear,thephysicsprizeisawardedforexperimentally34macroscopicquantummechanicaltunnelling(宏观量子力学隧穿效应)insuperconductingsystems,leadingtowardstechnologyforquantumcomputers;thechemistryprizeforthedevelopmentofstable,extremelyporousmaterials,materialsthatcanbe35tocapturecarbondioxide,storehydrogenordeliverpharmaceuticalsinthebody;andtheprizeinphysiologyormedicineforthediscoveryofacrucialcomplementarymechanismthatpreventstheimmunesystemfromattackinghealthyorgans,thusraisinghopesfortreatmentsofautoimmunediseasesandnewcancertherapies.Theyall36howfundamentalresearch,awardedforthegreatestbenefitofhumankind,canalsoleadtogroundbreakingapplications.AndtheprizeineconomicsciencesinmemoryofAlfredNobel,foranalyzingandmodellingconditionsforsustainedgrowth,37baretheimportanceofascientificunderstandingoftechnologicalbreakthroughsandhowinventionsleadtooldcompanieslosingouttonewones;thatis,theroleofcreativedestruction.Last,butdefinitelynotleast,theprizeinliteratureisawardedtoanauthorshipwheremelancholyandapocalypseseemtodominatethepicture,butwheretheforceofartandcreation,unfathomableasitis,maystill38thedarkandviolentpowers.AstheworldisatitsdarkesthereintheNorthernhemisphere,theNobellightsilluminatenotonlythecity,butalsotheworld.Throughknowledge,integrityandexcellence,throughcreativityandinspiration,thelaureatesofferhope.Theyremindusthatitispossible,throughdifferentpaths,to39andcometotermswiththemanyglobalchallengeswefacetoday.Buttheirworkalsoremindsusofourresponsibilityandthepossibilitiesthatliewithinourreach.Wemustnotjustbepassivespectators,butactivecontributorsindefendingthefreedomofscienceandliteratureandthe40forpeacetotransformtheworldintoabetterplaceforhumankind.四、完形填空Therearefewthingsthatimpactyourdailyproductivityasmuchasyourroutines.Accordingtoresearch,upto40percentofourdailyactionsare_________byhabits.Yetourroutinesarenottheonlythingweneedforaproductivelife.Mostofusspendourdays_________betweentasks.Itisourritualsthathelpussmoothlymovethroughtheday.Sohowdoroutinesandritualsfitintothemodernworkday?Let’sstartwithourroutines.Initsmostbasicform,aroutineisaseriesof_________followedactions.Youcanhaveamorningroutinetostartyourdayoffright,oraneveningroutinethathelpsyoudisconnectfromwork.Weallhaveroutines,butnoteveryone_________craftsthemtomaximizetheirtime.That’swhymanypeopleareinterestedintheroutinesofsuccessfulentrepreneurs,inthebeliefthatdevelopingthesamehabitswillbringthesame_________.Correlationisnotcausation,however.JustbecauseApple’sCEOTimCookwakesupat3:45a.m.everymorningdoesnotmeanthisisthe_________forhissuccess.Instead,themostsuccessfuldailyroutineistheonethat_________foryou.Thismeansunderstandingyourbody’snaturalebbandflow(起伏)ofenergy,planningmeaningfulworkwhenyouarebestsuitedforit,aswellas_________yourtimeandattentionfrominterruptionsanddistractions.What’simportantisnottheexactnatureofyourroutine,butthatyouhaveoneandsticktoit.Routineskeepusgrounded,buttheydonotalwaysdomuchtohelpusgetthroughtheday.Thisisduetowhatiscalled“attentionresidue(注意力残留)”.WhileyoumightquicklyswitchfromTaskAtoTaskB,yourattentionremainsstuck_________theprevioustask.Thisiswhereritualscomein.Thesesymbolicactionssignifyamomentof_________ofwhichweshouldtakenote.Therearekeymomentsduringtheworkdaywhereritualscanhelpguideyouand_________attentionresidue.Youcouldgoforaquickwalkorgrabacupofcoffee.Theactionitselfdoesnotmatterasmuchaswhatit_________toyou—thatyouarefinishedwithonepartofyourdayandreadytomoveontothenextone.Ritualscanoftenseem_________topeopleontheoutside.Thinkoftherelationshipbetweenathletesandsuperstition(迷信).Itishardtobelievethatanyonereallythinksgrowingabeardduringplayoffs(季后赛)willhelpthemwin,buttheydoitanyway.AsprofessorsatHarvardBusinessSchoolwrote,“Despitethe_________ofadirectconnectionbetweentheritualandthedesiredoutcome,performingritualswiththeintentionofproducingacertainresultappearstobesufficientforthatresulttocometrue.”Dayshaveafunnywayofslippingpastwithoutusevenrealizingit.Routineshelpusfeelin_________ofourtime,whileritualsmakesurethatwesticktoourplans.Sometimesitisthesimplestactionsthatcanhelpusgetthroughthedayandstaymotivated.41.A．concealedB．poweredC．relievedD．substituted42.A．bouncingB．hesitatingC．relaxingD．suspending43.A．completelyB．randomlyC．regularlyD．strictly44.A．accidentallyB．consciouslyC．occasionallyD．relatively45.A．mistakesB．resultsC．symptomsD．ventures46.A．aimB．excuseC．reasonD．strategy47.A．appliesB．preparesC．strivesD．works48.A．concentratingB．discouragingC．learningD．protecting49.A．lookingforB．makingupC．puttingoffD．thinkingabout50.A．importanceB．joyC．panicD．silence51.A．intensifyB．produceC．reduceD．resolve52.A．guaranteesB．happensC．resemblesD．symbolizes53.A．appealingB．compulsoryC．strangeD．suffering54.A．absenceB．beliefC．evidenceD．shortage55.A．controlB．favourC．honourD．need五、阅读理解MywifeFrancesca,likemanyEnglishwomen,lovestogarden.Oursistheonlygardenintheneighborhoodthatishandcrafted,uniqueandnatural—notafakeoneassembledbyhiredhands.Peopleoftenstoptoadmireit.Imyselfadmireit.Thoughmostlywhilesittingonthepatio(露台)readingabouttheNFL’s(美国橄榄球联盟)newkickoffrules.YeteventhoughI’vebeenaroundFrancescafor50years,andhavebeenenjoyingthesplendorsofthatgardensince1993,Istillcan’ttellflowersapart.I’mOKaroundobviousdelightsliketulipsandroses,butaskmetodistinguishadaisyfromablack-eyedSusanandI’mlostatsea.Soafteralmostahalf-centuryoftakingmywife’sgardeningeffortsforgranted,Idecidedtostopbeinginsensitiveandfigureouthowtotelladaylilyapartfromazinnia.Ididn’twanttomakeabigdealoutofthis,soIdidn’taskFrancescatogivemeacrashcourse.ButIdidstartmakingdiscreetinquiriesandsecretlyleafingthroughherseedcatalogs.WhenweweredrivingthroughKansasonourwaytoColorado,Iwouldaskpointedquestionslike:“Isthatyellowstuffforsythiaoraweed?”And:“Arethoseplantscorn?”Iwasnotanovernightsuccess.NomatterhowhardIappliedmyself,Ijustdidn’thaveanynaturalaptitude(天赋)inthisarea.ButeventuallyIdidmakeabreakthrough.Icannowidentifyhollyhocksandrhododendrons.IprettymuchknowmywayaroundJapanesemaplesandweepingwillows.AndIcantellpeoniesapartfromsimilarflowersbecauseoftheirsomewhatacridsmell.ButImadeashatteringdiscovery.IrealizedthatIcouldonlyidentifyflowersinmywife’sgardenbecauseI’dmemorizedwhereeverythingwas.WhenIwentsomewhereelse,itwasbacktosquareone.ColoradoiscoveredwithRussiansage.Istillconfuseitwithlavender.Inmydefense,Francescastilldoesn’tfullyunderstandthesafetyblitz(突袭)ortheinfield-flyrule,eventhoughshehasbeenwatchingfootballandbaseballwithmeforhalfacentury.Butthosethingsarehardtounderstand.Wisteriaisnot.Ithascometomyattentionthatappsexistthatinstantaneouslyidentifyflowers.Butthat’scheating,likeappsthattellyouhowtopronounce“grenouille”orthatthesongyou’rehearingis“HighwaytoHell.”AndifIcouldn’tgetphonereceptioninthewoodsandFrancescasuddenlyasked:“Isthatalocustorawalnuttree?”I’dbeexposedasafraud(骗子).Still,I’mdeterminedtoonedaybecomeveryfamiliarwiththeworldofflora.I’mgoingtostartbymemorizingoneplantaweek.Thatwayinabout10yearsI’llhavetheplantsknocked.WillIeverbeabletotellforget-me-notsapartfromSiberianbugloss?Idoubtit.WillIeverbeabletosay:“That’saperiwinkleandthat’sacrocus!”ortoinstantaneouslydistinguishbetweendelphiniumsandzinnia?Couldbeatoughone.MaybeifIlivetobe100.ButatleastI’lldietrying.56.Whatdoestheword“discreet”inparagraph3mostlikelymean?

A．Confidentandopen.B．Carefulandsecretive.C．Quickandcareless.D．Boldandenthusiastic.57.Whatdoestheauthor’sbreakthroughinidentifyingflowersrevealabouthislearningprocess?

A．Helearnedtoidentifyflowersbystudyingtheiruniquefeatures.B．Hedevelopedhisskillsbyconsistentlypracticinginvariousgardens.C．Hememorizedthelocationsofplantsratherthantrulyrecognizingthem.D．Hereliedoncontextclueslikesmellandarrangementtodistinguishflowers.58.Whatdoestheauthor’scomparisonofgardeningtounderstandingfootballandbaseballsuggest?

A．Gardeningismoreenjoyablethansports.B．Bothgardeningandsportsareequallyhardtomaster.C．Francescastruggleswithsportsjustashestruggleswithplants.D．Francescashouldteachhimgardeninginreturnforhissportslessons.59.Whatistheauthor’sprimarypurposeinwritingthearticle?

A．Topraisehiswife’sdedicationtogardening.B．Toencouragereaderstolearnmoreaboutgardening.C．Tocriticizetheuseoftechnologyinidentifyingplants.D．Tosharehishumorousstrugglewithplantidentification.•Whataregeysers?Geysersaretypesofhotspringswhichperiodicallyshootacolumnofsteamingwaterhighintotheair.TheyoccurinareasofvolcanicactivitywherehotlavaisfoundclosetotheEarth’ssurface.ThenamecomesfromtheIcelandicverbgeysa,togush.•Howdogeyserswork?Geysersonlyformunderveryspecificconditions.Theremustbeamplegroundwater;anundergroundheatsource;anda‘plumbingsystem’madeupofreservoirsandverticalpassagesor‘pipes’throughwhichheatedwatertravelsonitswaytotheEarth’ssurface.CoolwaterontheEarth’ssurfacetricklesdownthroughporous(多孔渗水的)rock.Asitapproachestheheatsource(hotrocksoramagmachamber)itisheatedtoextremelyhightemperaturesandstartstorisethrougha‘pipe’.Thewaterwouldusuallyturntosteambutitsdepth,plustheweightofcoolerwateraboveit,createswhatiscalledaconfiningpressurethatpreventsthesuperheatedwaterfromboilingandturningtosteam.Asthewaterrisesthispressurelessensandsteamfinallyformsandistrappedin'thereservoir.OvertimethepressureinthereservoircontinuestobuilduntilthesteamforcesthewaterupwardsthroughthepassagetothesurfaceoftheEarth,whereiteruptsthroughaventinaspectacularcolumnofsteamingwater.•Wherearegeysersfound?Geysersarerare,withonlyaround1,000activeworldwide.TheyoccurintheUnitedStates(US),Russia,Chile,NewZealandandIceland.Someeruptalmostpredictablyincyclesofminutes,hoursordays,andsomehaveyearsbetweeneruptions.ThetallestactivegeyserintheworldisSteamboatGeyserinYellowstoneNationalPark(US)whichcanshootwatermorethan90metresintotheair.Unfortunately,ithasonlydonesofivetimesfrom2003to2013.60.Thediagramhelpsto________.

A．givemoredetailedexplanationsofthetermsinthetextB．provideadditionalinformationthroughagraphicC．illustratewhygeysersareunpredictableD．showtheinformationinthetextinagraphicform61.Whatisthecorrectorderofeventsastheyoccurintheformationofageysereruption?①magmaheatswater②steampressureliftswater③watercollectsinareservoir④groundwaterpenetratesrock⑤waterrisesinapipe

A．④①③⑤②B．⑤④③①②C．①⑤③④②D．④①⑤③②62.Wheredoesthepassageprobablycomefrom?

A．Asciencefiction.B．Aresearchplan.C．Anencyclopedia.D．Atraveljournal.Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanunclearandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience.Opportunitiesformisinterpretationareeverywhere.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasearlyformsofscienceandarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectiveinspectionandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.Butthecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandbattlebetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoproblemsexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofcurrentknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesrepetitionandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorcontradictionbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”63.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits________.

A．uncertaintyandcomplexityB．misconceptionandfalsehoodC．logicalityandobjectivityD．systematicnessandregularity64.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires________.

A．strictinspectionB．sharedeffortsC．individualwisdomD．persistentinnovation65.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat________.

A．scientificclaimswillsurvivechallengesB．discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearchC．effortstomakediscoveriesarejustifiedD．scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind66.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

A．NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDiscoveryB．CollectiveInspectioninScientificDiscoveryC．EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScienceD．ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoSciencePsychologistshavelongbeenindisagreementastowhethercompetitionisalearnedorageneticcomponentofhumanbehavior.Whateveritis,youcannotbutrecognizetheeffectcompetitionisexertinginacademicsandmanyotherareasofcontemporarylife.Psychologicallyspeaking,competitionhasbeenseenasaninevitableconsequenceofhumandrives.AccordingtoSigmundFreud,humansarebornscreamingforattentionandfulloforganicdrivesforfulfillmentinvariousareas.Initially,wecompetefortheattentionofourparents.Thereafter,weareatthemercyofabattlebetweenourbaseimpulsesforself-fulfillmentandsocialandculturalnormswhichprohibitpureindulgence.Currentworkinanthropology(人类学)hassuggested,however,thatthisviewoftheroleofcompetitioninhumanbehaviormaybeincorrect.ThomasHobbes,oneofthegreatphilosophersoftheseventeenthcentury,isperhapsbestrememberedforhischaracterizationofthe“naturalworld,”thatis,theworldbeforetheimpositionofthewillofhumanity,asbeing“nasty,brutish,andshort.”Thisimageofthepre-rationalworldisstillwidelyheld,reinforcedbyCharlesDarwin’shighlyi