2023年大学英语四级考试考前点题卷二

2023年大学英语四级考试考前点题卷二

［问答题］1.TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmong

CollegeStudents

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［问答题］2.昆曲(KunquOpera)是中国传统戏剧中最受推崇的形式之一，至今已

有600多年的历史。几百年来，昆曲在上海及长江三角洲下游地区发展繁荣。

从16世纪到18世纪，昆曲一直主宰着中国戏曲。此外，昆曲还影响了许多其

他的中国戏曲形式。例如，在京剧里，我们可以看到昆曲的影子。2001年，联

合国教科文组织宣布昆曲为“人类口述和非物质文化遗产代表作”

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共享题干题

Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyis

justaseffectiveascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreating

depression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in26inwhich

therapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."Theidea

isthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27,"saysDavid

Richards,ahealthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeter.If

apatientvaluesnatureandfamily,forexample,atherapistmight

encouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegative

pastimessuchasponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,and

someofitselementsareusedinCBT,yetmore30scientific

evidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.Inarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledby

RichardsputBAandCBThead-to-head.They32440peoplewith

depressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwoapproaches,then

followedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsafter

treatmentbegan.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,the

teamfoundthetreatmentstobeequallyeffective.Inaddition,

Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod-makingit35cheaper

toimplementthanCBT,whichrequireshighlyspecialized

therapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthare

especiallyscarce.

［单选题H.空白处26.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题］2..空白处27.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题］3.空白处28.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题］4.空白处29.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题］5.空白处30.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题］6.空白处31.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题］7.空白处32.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题］8.空白处33.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题］9.空白处34.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

［单选题HO.空白处35.应填

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G

linked

H

range

I

regularly

J

revealed

K

rigorous

L

schedule

M

scholarly

N

significantly

0

technique

UniversalHealthCare,Worldwide,IsWithinReach（A）Bymany

measurestheworldhasneverbeeninbetterhealth.Since2000the

numberofchildrenwhodiebeforetheyarefivehasfallenbyalmost

half,tO5.6m.Lifeexpectancyhasreached71,againoffive

years.Morechildrenthaneverarevaccinated.Malaria,TBandHIV/AIDS

areinretreat.（B）Yetthegapbetweenthisprogressandthestill

greaterpotentialthatmedicineoffershasperhapsneverbeen

wider.AtleasthalftheworldiswithoutaccesstowhattheWorld

HealthOrganizationdeemsessential,includingantenatal,（产前的）

care,insecticide-treatedbednets,screeningforcervicalcancer（子

宫颈癌）andvaccinationsagainstdiphtheria（白喉），tetanus（破伤风）

andwhoopingcough.Safe,basicsurgeryisoutofreachfor5bn

people.(C)Thosewhocangettoseeadoctoroftenpayacrippling

price.Morethan800mpeoplespendover10%oftheirannualhousehold

incomeonmedicalexpenses;nearly180mspendover25%.Thequalityof

whattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.Instudiesofconsultations

inruralIndianclinics,just12-26%ofpatientsreceivedacorrect

diagnosis.Thatisaterriblewaste.Asthisweek'sspecialreport

shows,thegoalofuniversalbasichealthcareissensible,

affordableandpractical,eveninpoorcountries.Withoutit,the

potentialofmodemmedicinewillbesquandered.(D)Universalbasic

healthcareissensibleinthewaythat,say,universalbasic

educationissensible-becauseityieldsbenefitstosocietyaswell

astoindividuals.Insomequarterstheveryidealeadstoadangerous

elevationofthebloodpressure,becauseitsuggestspaternalism(家

长式统治)，coercionorworse.Thereisnohidingthatpublichealth

insuranceschemesrequiretherichtosubsidisethepoor,theyoung

tosubsidisetheoldandthehealthytounderwritethesick.And

universalschemesmusthaveawayofforcing

peopletopay,throughtaxes,say,orbymandatingthattheybuy

insurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled,1iberalcaseforuniversal

healthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybe

assumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividual

potential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-

gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible,expensiveandabjecttreatmentare

enormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveat

work.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carrying

parasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies,confidenceabouthealthmakes

peoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasic

healthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberich

beforeitcanhavecomprehensive,ifrudimentary,treatment.Health

careisalabour-intensiveindustry,andcommunityhealthworkers,

paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses,canmakea

bigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotof

spendingonhealthinpoorcountries,butitisofteninefficient.In

IndiaandNigeria,forexample,morethan60%ofhealthspendingis

throughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedif

thatmoney一andtheriskoffallingill一werepooled.(G)Theevidence

forthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheories

jottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveral

pioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthof

whatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlife

expectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth,and

yethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeaths

relatedtopregnancy,forexample,isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-

Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsurance

formorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120

per1,0001ivebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversal

healthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrom

passingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers,forexampleby

cloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.It

doesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviders

canstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproach

isjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take,forinstance,the

designofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakinga

smallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits,inthe

expectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservants

are,mysteriously,commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairand

inefficient,butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedto

extendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmany

peopleaspossible,eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse,as

underMexico,sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspending

cangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison,ahealtheconomist,

hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions,including

immunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.In

total,thesewou1dcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekper

personandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethana

quarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres,

notcityhospitals,whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareof

themoney.(K)Consider,too,the$37bnspenteachyearonhealth

aid.Since2000,thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectious

diseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomestic

institutions,forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorby

divertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach,seenin

Rwanda,iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebring

broaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofight

AIDS,TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswho

treatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)

EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunsthe

efficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare,butitspotential

indevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworld

goeswithoutessentialtreatment,thefruitsofcenturiesofmedical

sciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealise

itspromise.

［单选题］11.Itisextremelywastefulthatpeoplecouldn,tget

satisfyingtreatmentafterspendingafortune.

A.A)

B.B)

C.C)

D.D)

E.E)

F.F)

G

G)

H

H)

I

I)

J

J)

K

K)

L

L)

peopletopay,throughtaxes,say,orbymandatingthattheybuy

insurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled,liberalcaseforuniversal

healthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybe

assumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividual

potential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-

gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible,expensiveandabjecttreatmentare

enormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveat

work.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carrying

parasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies,confidenceabouthealthmakes

peoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasic

healthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberich

beforeitcanhavecomprehensive,ifrudimentary,treatment.Health

careisalabour-intensiveindustry,andcommunityhealthworkers,

paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses,canmakea

bigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotof

spendingonhealthinpoorcountries,butitisofteninefficient.In

IndiaandNigeria,forexample,morethan60%ofhealthspendingis

throughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedif

thatmoney一andtheriskoffallingill一werepooled.(G)Theevidence

forthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheories

jottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveral

pioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthof

whatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlife

expectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth,and

yethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeaths

relatedtopregnancy,forexample,isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-

Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsurance

formorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120

per1,0001ivebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversal

healthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrom

passingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers,forexampleby

cloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.It

doesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviders

canstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproach

isjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take,forinstance,the

designofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakinga

smallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits,inthe

expectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservants

are,mysteriously,commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairand

inefficient,butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedto

extendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmany

peopleaspossible,eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse,as

underMexico(sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspending

cangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison,ahealtheconomist,

hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions,including

immunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.In

total,thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekper

personandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethana

quarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres,

notcityhospitals,whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareof

themoney.(K)Consider,too,the$37bnspenteachyearonhealth

aid.Since2000,thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectious

diseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomestic

institutions,forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorby

divertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach,seenin

Rwanda,iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebring

broaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofight

AIDS,TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswho

treatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)

EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunsthe

efficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare,butitspotential

indevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworld

goeswithoutessentialtreatment,thefruitsofcenturiesofmedical

sciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealise

itspromise.

［单选题］12.Apartfromthegovernment,privateinsurancecompaniesand

providerscanalsocomeintoplayinuniversalhealthcare.

A.A)

B.B)

C.C)

D.D)

E.E)

F.F)

G

G)

H

H)

I

I)

J

J)

K

K)

L

L)

peopletopay,throughtaxes,say,orbymandatingthattheybuy

insurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled,liberalcaseforuniversal

healthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybe

assumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividual

potential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-

gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible,expensiveandabjecttreatmentare

enormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveat

work.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carrying

parasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies,confidenceabouthealthmakes

peoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasic

healthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberich

beforeitcanhavecomprehensive,ifrudimentary,treatment.Health

careisalabour-intensiveindustry,andcommunityhealthworkers,

paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses,canmakea

bigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotof

spendingonhealthinpoorcountries,butitisofteninefficient.In

IndiaandNigeria,forexample,morethan60%ofhealthspendingis

throughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedif

thatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidence

forthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheories

jottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveral

pioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthof

whatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlife

expectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth,and

yethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeaths

relatedtopregnancy,forexample,isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-

Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsurance

formorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120

per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversal

healthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrom

passingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers,forexampleby

cloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.It

doesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviders

canstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproach

isjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take,forinstance,the

designofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakinga

smallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits,inthe

expectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservants

are,mysteriously,commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairand

inefficient,butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedto

extendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmany

peopleaspossible,eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse,as

underMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspending

cangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison,ahealtheconomist,

hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions,including

immunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.In

total,thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekper

personandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethana

quarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres,

notcityhospitals,whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareof

themoney.(K)Consider,too,the$37bnspenteachyearonhealth

aid.Since2000,thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectious

diseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomestic

institutions,forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorby

divertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach,seenin

Rwanda,iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebring

broaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofight

AIDS,TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswho

treatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)

EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunsthe

efficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare,butitspotential

indevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworld

goeswithoutessentialtreatment,thefruitsofcenturiesofmedical

sciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealise

itspromise.

［单选题］13.MostofIndianandNigerianhealthexpenditureispaidby

patients.

A.A)

B.B)

C.C)

D.D)

E.E)

F.F)

G

G)

H

H)

I

I)

J

J)

K

K)

L

L)

peopletopay,throughtaxes,say,orbymandatingthattheybuy

insurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled,1iberalcaseforuniversal

healthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybe

assumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividual

potential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-

gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible,expensiveandabjecttreatmentare

enormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveat

work.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carrying

parasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies,confidenceabouthealthmakes

peoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasic

healthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberich

beforeitcanhavecomprehensive,ifrudimentary,treatment.Health

careisalabour-intensiveindustry,andcommunityhealthworkers,

paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses,canmakea

bigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotof

spendingonhealthinpoorcountries,butitisofteninefficient.In

IndiaandNigeria,forexample,morethan60%ofhealthspendingis

throughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedif

thatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidence

forthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheories

jottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveral

pioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthof

whatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlife

expectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth,and

yethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeaths

relatedtopregnancy,forexample,isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-

Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsurance

formorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120

per1,0001ivebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversal

healthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrom

passingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers,forexampleby

cloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.It

doesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviders

canstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproach

isjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take,forinstance,the

designofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakinga

smallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits,inthe

expectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservants

are,mysteriously,commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairand

inefficient,butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedto

extendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmany

peopleaspossible,eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse,as

underMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspending

cangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison,ahealtheconomist,

hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions,including

immunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.In

total,thesewou1dcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekper

personandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethana

quarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres,

notcityhospitals,whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareof

themoney.(K)Consider,too,the$37bnspenteachyearonhealth

aid.Since2000,thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectious

diseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomestic

institutions,forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorby

divertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach,seenin

Rwanda,iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebring

broaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofight

AIDS,TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswho

treatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)

EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunsthe

efficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare,butitspotential

indevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworld

goeswithoutessentialtreatment,thefruitsofcenturiesofmedical

sciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealise

itspromise.

［单选题］14.TheeffectivemeasuresfoundbytheresearchledbyDean

Jamisonwouldleadtoabigdropinthenumberofearlydeathsin

poorcountriesatlittlecost.

A.A)

B.B)

C.C)

D.D)

E.E)

F.F)

G

G)

H

H)

I

I)

J

J)

K

K)

L

L)

peopletopay,throughtaxes,say,orbymandatingthattheybuy

insurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled,liberalcaseforuniversal

healthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybe

assumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividual

potential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-

gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible,expensiveandabjecttreatmentare

enormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveat

work.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carrying

parasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies,confidenceabouthealthmakes

peoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasic

healthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberich

beforeitcanhavecomprehensive,ifrudimentary,treatment.Health

careisalabour-intensiveindustry,andcommunityhealthworkers,

paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses,canmakea

bigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotof

spendingonhealthinpoorcountries,butitisofteninefficient.In

IndiaandNigeria,forexample,morethan60%ofhealthspendingis

throughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedif

thatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidence

forthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheories

jottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveral

pioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthof

whatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlife

expectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth,and

yethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeaths

relatedtopregnancy,forexample,isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-

Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsurance

formorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120

per1,0001ivebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversal

healthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrom

passingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers,forexampleby

cloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.It

doesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviders

canstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuch