2026年GRE《语文》考试题库

2026年GRE《语文》考试题库

Section1

1.Thenovelist’sdevotiontotheminutiaeofdailylifeisnotmerelyastylisticquirk;rather,itreflectsaprofoundbeliefthatthe_______ofexistenceoftenholdsmoretruththangrand,sweepingnarratives.

(A)serendipity

(B)microcosm

(C)ambiguity

(D)triviality

(E)chaos

2.Whilethepolitician’spublicpersonawasoneofunshakeableconfidence,hisprivatejournalsrevealamanplaguedby_______andconstantlyquestioninghisownworth.

(A)aplomb

(B)certitude

(C)diffidence

(D)effrontery

(E)stoicism

3.Thecriticarguedthatthefilm’svisualsplendorcouldnotcompensateforits_______plot,whichmeanderedaimlesslywithoutaclearnarrativedirectionorthematicpurpose.

(A)coherent

(B)pedestrian

(C)disjointed

(D)meticulous

(E)compelling

4.Fordecades,thearchaeologicalcommunityacceptedthetheorythatthecivilizationcollapsedduetoexternalinvasion;however,recentevidencepointstointernalfactors,suggestingthatthecollapsewascausedbyecological_______andpoliticalmismanagementratherthanforeignaggression.

(A)determinism

(B)sustainability

(C)degradation

(D)stewardship

(E)fortification

5.Thenewsynthesisofthetwotheorieswasinitiallymetwithskepticism,asscholarsfrombothcampsviewedtheintegrationasa_______thatdilutedthepurityoftheirrespectiveintellectualtraditions.

(A)convergence

(B)heresy

(C)synthesis

(D)paradox

(E)culmination

6.SentenceEquivalence

Themanager’s_______naturemadehimpopularamongsubordinateswhoappreciatedhiswillingnesstolistentotheirconcerns,evenifherarelyacteduponthem.

(A)dictatorial

(B)garrulous

(C)empathetic

(D)perfunctory

(E)solicitous

(F)mercenary

7.SentenceEquivalence

Despitetheharshcriticismleveledattheinitialproposal,theteamremained_______,convincedthattheirstrategywassoundandthattheresultswouldeventuallyvindicatetheirefforts.

(A)pliable

(B)obdurate

(C)adamant

(D)vacillating

(E)indolent

(F)steadfast

8.SentenceEquivalence

Theauthor’slatestworkisa_______ofstyles,blendingelementsofgothichorrorwithfuturisticsciencefictioninawaythatsomecriticsfindinventiveandothersfindjarring.

(A)pastiche

(B)amalgamation

(C)dichotomy

(D)repudiation

(E)synthesis

(F)dichotomy

Questions9through12arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage1

Theconceptof"biologicalindividuality"isaslipperyone.Intherealmofmulticellularorganisms,wetendtotaketheindividualforgranted:amouseisamouse,apersonisaperson.However,theadventofgenomicshasblurredtheseboundaries.ConsiderthecaseofthePortuguesemano'war.Itappearstobeasingleorganism,ajellyfish-likeentitydriftingontheoceansurface.Inreality,itisacolonialhydrozoan,acollectionofspecializedpolypsandmedusoidsthatarephysiologicallyintegratedyetgeneticallydistinct.The"float"isoneindividual,thetentaclesareothers,andthedigestiveunitsarestillothers.Theycannotsurvivealone,yettheyarenotclonesofoneanother.

ThischallengesthestandardDarwinianviewoftheindividualastheprimaryunitofselection.Ifthecolonyistheunitofselection,thentheconceptoffitnessmustbeappliedtothecollective,notjustthecomponentparts.Thisproblemextendseventothehumanbody.Wearenotsingleorganismsinthestrictestsense;wearesuperorganisms.Ourgutmicrobiota—trillionsofbacteriaresidinginourintestines—playacrucialroleinourdigestion,immunity,andevenmentalhealth.Thesebacteriaaregeneticallydistinctfromus,yetwecannotfunctionwithoutthem,andtheycannotsurviveinthegutenvironmentwithoutus.

Somebiologistsarguethatweshouldabandonthenotionoftheindividualentirelyandfocusonthe"holobiont"—thehostplusallitssymbioticresidents.Thehologenometheorypositsthatitisthesumofallgenesinthehostanditssymbiontsthatistheunitofselection.Thisviewhasprofoundimplicationsforhowweunderstandevolution.Itsuggeststhatevolutionisnotjustacompetitionbetweenindividualsbutacomplexnegotiationbetweengenomes.Italsocomplicatesourdefinitionsofdiseaseandhealth.Ifapathogenissimplyasymbiontthathasturnedhostile,orifadiseaseisadisruptioninthebalanceoftheholobiont,thenmedicalsciencemightneedtoshiftitsfocusfromkillinginvaderstorestoringecologicalbalancewithinthebody.

However,criticsoftheholobionttheoryarguethatitstretchesthedefinitionofevolutiontoofar.Theymaintainthatwhilesymbiosisisimportant,thehostgenomestillretainsprimaryagency.Symbiontscomeandgo;theyaretoolsorenvironments,notpartnersintheevolutionarysense.Thedebatehighlightsafundamentaltensioninbiology:theneedtocategorizethenaturalworldintodiscreteunitsversustherealityofacontinuumofinterconnectedness.

9.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)critiquethetraditionalDarwinianviewofnaturalselection

(B)explainthebiologicalstructureofthePortuguesemano'war

(C)discussthechallengesindefiningbiologicalindividualityinlightofsymbioticrelationships

(D)advocateforthehologenometheoryastheonlyvalidmodelofevolution

(E)describetheroleofgutmicrobiotainhumanhealth

10.TheauthormentionsthePortuguesemano'warinthefirstparagraphprimarilyinorderto

(A)provideanexampleofanorganismthatchallengesstandarddefinitionsofindividuality

(B)illustratethepredatorynatureofcolonialhydrozoans

(C)contrastaquaticlifewithterrestriallife

(D)demonstratethegeneticuniformityfoundincolonialorganisms

(E)arguethatcolonialorganismsaremoreevolutionarilyadvancedthansolitaryones

11.Accordingtothehologenometheoryasdescribedinthepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

(A)Theunitofnaturalselectionisthehostgenomealone.

(B)Symbiontsaregeneticallyidenticaltothehost.

(C)Evolutionisbestunderstoodasanegotiationbetweenthehostanditssymbioticresidents.

(D)Diseaseiscausedsolelybyexternalpathogens,notinternalimbalances.

(E)Thehologenomeiscomposedsolelyofthehost'sgeneticmaterial.

12.Inthefinalparagraph,thecriticsoftheholobionttheoryarecharacterizedas

(A)dismissingtheimportanceofsymbiosisentirely

(B)believingthatthehostgenomeistheprimarydriverofevolution

(C)advocatingforacontinuummodelofbiologicalinterconnectedness

(D)acceptingtheholobionttheorybutdisputingitsmedicalimplications

(E)arguingthatsymbiontsarealwaysharmfultothehost

Questions13through15arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage2

Inthemid-20thcentury,theprevailingviewamongurbanplannerswasthatcitiesshouldbestrictlyzoned:residentialareasseparatedfromcommercialareas,whichwereinturnseparatedfromindustrialareas.This"Euclidean"zoningwasdesignedtoprotectresidentsfromthepollutionandnoiseofindustry.However,bythe1980s,criticsbegantoarguethatthisseparationwastheverycauseofurbandecay.Byforcingpeopletodriveeverywhere—betweenhome,work,andshopping—Euclideanzoningledtotrafficcongestion,suburbansprawl,andthedeathofvibrantstreetlife.

Inresponse,anewmovementcalled"NewUrbanism"emerged.NewUrbanistsadvocateformixed-usedevelopments,wherehousing,shops,andofficesexistinthesameneighborhood,oftenwithinwalkingdistance.Theyalsoemphasizetheimportanceofpublicspacesandaestheticvariety.Thegoalistocreatewalkable,human-scaledcommunitiesthatfostersocialinteraction.

Despiteitstheoreticalappeal,NewUrbanismhasfacedsignificanthurdles.Onemajorchallengeistheexistinginfrastructure.MostAmericancitieswerebuiltaroundtheautomobile;retrofittingthemtobewalkableisincrediblyexpensive.Furthermore,thereisaculturalshiftrequired.ManyAmericansareaccustomedtotheprivacyofsingle-familyhomesandtheconvenienceofdriving.Theyoftenresisthigher-densitydevelopments,fearingthattheywillleadtoovercrowdingorlowerpropertyvalues.

Thus,whileNewUrbanismoffersacompellingcritiqueofthecar-dependentcity,itsimplementationremainsuneven.Ithasbeenmostsuccessfulinnewdevelopmentsontheoutskirtsofcitiesorinsmall,distinctneighborhoodswithinlargercities,whereplannerscanstartfromscratch.Transformingthevast,sprawlingsuburbsthatdefinemuchoftheAmericanlandscaperemainsadauntingtask.

13.ThepassagesuggeststhatEuclideanzoningcontributedtourbandecayprimarilyby

(A)increasingpollutioninresidentialareas

(B)creatingarelianceonautomobiles

(C)preventingtheconstructionofnewhousing

(D)loweringpropertyvaluesincommercialzones

(E)discouragingsocialinteractioninpublicspaces

14.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageregardingtheimplementationofNewUrbanism?

(A)Ithasbeenuniformlysuccessfulinrevitalizingdowntownareas.

(B)Itiseasiertoimplementinareasthatdonothaveexistinginfrastructure.

(C)IthasfailedtogainpopularityamongAmericanhomeowners.

(D)Itrequiresthecompleteeliminationofautomobileusage.

(E)Itisprimarilyfocusedonaestheticimprovementsratherthanfunctionalones.

15.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)explainingthetheoreticaloriginsofEuclideanzoning

(B)promotingtheadoptionofNewUrbanisminallAmericancities

(C)describingtheriseofNewUrbanismandthechallengesitfaces

(D)comparingthecostsofEuclideanzoningversusNewUrbanism

(E)analyzingtheculturalpreferenceforsingle-familyhomes

Section2

16.TextCompletion

Theassumptionthattechnologyisinherently_______isdangerous;whileitcanbeusedforliberation,itcanequallyserveasatoolforsurveillanceandcontrol.

(A)benign

(B)malignant

(C)neutral

(D)obsolete

(E)ubiquitous

17.TextCompletion

Thehistorian’saccountoftherevolutionisnotably_______;ratherthanfocusingsolelyontheheroesandbattles,shededicatesconsiderablespacetotheexperiencesofthecommonpeopleandtheeconomichardshipsthatprecipitatedtheconflict.

(A)myopic

(B)panoramic

(C)partisan

(D)anecdotal

(E)speculative

18.TextCompletion

Despitethe_______evidencelinkingthesuspecttothecrimescene,thedefenseattorneyarguedthatthephysicalproofwascircumstantialanddidnotproveguiltbeyondareasonabledoubt.

(A)incontrovertible

(B)tenuous

(C)ambiguous

(D)perfunctory

(E)abstract

19.TextCompletion

Thecomposer’slaterworksareoftendescribedas_______;theylackthemelodicinventivenessofhisyouth,insteadrelyingoncomplexstructuresthatseemtoexistfortheirownsake.

(A)seminal

(B)derivative

(C)cerebral

(D)euphonious

(E)spontaneous

20.TextCompletion

Thediplomat’sskilllayinhisabilitytobe_______;heknewexactlywhentopressforaconcessionandwhentoretreat,navigatingthetreacherouswatersofinternationalrelationswithremarkablefinesse.

(A)obstinate

(B)malleable

(C)obsequious

(D)pragmatic

(E)dogmatic

21.SentenceEquivalence

Theprofessor’slecturewasso_______thatmanystudentsstruggledtofollowthecomplexlogicalstepswithoutaclearroadmap.

(A)lucid

(B)abstruse

(C)transparent

(D)arcane

(E)manifest

(F)coherent

22.SentenceEquivalence

Thescandalservedto_______thepolitician’sreputation,transforminghimfromarespectedstatesmanintoafigureofpublicridicule.

(A)bolster

(B)tarnish

(C)exculpate

(D)tarnish

(E)invigorate

(F)ameliorate

23.SentenceEquivalence

Whiletheartist’searlyworkwascharacterizedbyrawemotion,hislaterpiecesbecameincreasingly_______,prioritizingtechnicalprecisionoverpassion.

(A)impassioned

(B)formulaic

(C)calculating

(D)meticulous

(E)restrained

(F)spontaneous

Questions24through27arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage3

Thesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence(SETI)hastraditionallyfocusedonradiosignals.Thelogicisthatradiowavesarecheaptoproduce,travelatthespeedoflight,andcanpenetratethedustcloudsofthegalaxy.Ifanaliencivilizationwantstoannounceitspresence,theymighttransmitanarrowbandsignal—a"hailingsignal"ataspecificfrequencythatstandsoutagainstthebackgroundnoiseoftheuniverse.

However,somephysicistshavearguedthatwemightbelookingforthewrongthing.Theyproposethatadvancedcivilizationsmightuselaserstocommunicate.Laserbeamsarehighlydirectional,meaningtheycanbetargetedpreciselyatastarsystem.Thisallowsforhigh-bandwidthcommunicationwhilekeepingtheenergyrequirementsmanageable.AlaserpulseaimeddirectlyatEarthwouldbeincrediblybright,butonlytotheobserverwithinthebeam.Ifwearenotlookingintheexactrightplaceattheexactrighttime,wewouldmissit.

ThisdistinctionhighlightsafundamentalassumptioninSETI:thataliencivilizationswanttobefound.Radiowavesareomnidirectional(oratleastwide-beam),meaningtheywashoveralargevolumeofspace.Theyarelikealighthouse.Lasers,ontheotherhand,arelikeaflashlight.Ifanadvancedcivilizationisparanoid,oriftheyarecommunicatingwiththeirowncoloniesandhavenointerestinbroadcastingtostrangers,theywoulduselasers.

Furthermore,thereisthepossibilityof"galacticinternet."Ifcivilizationsarelong-lived,theymightestablishanetworkofcommunicationnodes.Suchanetworkwouldlikelyuseacombinationoftechnologiestooptimizeefficiencyandsecurity.Wewouldnotdetectsuchanetworkunlessweaccidentallytappedintoatransmissionlineorifthenetworkusedacarrierwavethatwerecognize.Thesilenceofthecosmos,oftenreferredtoasthe"FermiParadox,"mightsimplybearesultofourlisteningforabroadcastwhilethealiensarehavingaprivateconversation.

24.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)explainwhyradiowavesaresuperiortolasersforinterstellarcommunication

(B)suggestthattheFermiParadoxcanbeexplainedbytheexistenceofagalacticinternet

(C)arguethatthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligenceshouldexpanditsmethodsbeyondradiosignals

(D)describethetechnicaldifferencesbetweenradiowavesandlaserbeams

(E)speculateonthepsychologicalmotivationsofaliencivilizations

25.Theauthorusesthe"lighthouse"and"flashlight"analogyinorderto

(A)illustratethedifferenceinenergyconsumptionbetweenradioandlasersignals

(B)emphasizethedifficultyofdetectinglasersignalscomparedtoradiosignals

(C)explainwhyradiosignalsaremorelikelytobedetectedbyprimitivecivilizations

(D)suggestthataliensaremorelikelytouseflashlightsthanlighthouses

(E)demonstratetheomnidirectionalnatureoflaserbeams

26.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisareasonwhyanaliencivilizationmightchooselasersoverradiowaves?

(A)Lasersarecheapertoproducethanradiowaves.

(B)Laserscanpenetrategalacticdustcloudsmoreeffectively.

(C)Lasersallowforcommunicationthatisharderforunintendedlistenerstodetect.

(D)Laserstravelfasterthanthespeedoflight.

(E)Lasersareomnidirectional,ensuringthemessagereachesawideaudience.

27.Thepassageimpliesthatthe"galacticinternet"hypothesiswouldexplaintheFermiParadoxbysuggestingthat

(A)aliencivilizationshavenotyetdevelopedthetechnologytocommunicate

(B)aliencivilizationsareusingacommunicationmethodthatisnotintendedforgeneralbroadcast

(C)Earthisbeingdeliberatelyisolatedbyagalacticfederation

(D)radiowavesaretooslowtoformareliablenetwork

(E)thedistancesbetweenstarsaretoogreatforcommunicationtobepossible

Questions28through30arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage4

The"MozartEffect"referstothepopularbeliefthatlisteningtoMozart'smusictemporarilyboostsspatial-temporalreasoningabilities.Thisbelieforiginatedfroma1993studypublishedinNature,whichreportedthatcollegestudentswholistenedto10minutesofaMozartsonatashowedimprovedperformanceonapaper-foldingtaskcomparedtothosewholistenedtorelaxationinstructionsorsilence.

Themediaseizeduponthisfinding,extrapolatingittothegeneralpublic,andespeciallytoinfants.ThestateofGeorgiaevenwentsofarastodistributeCDsofclassicalmusictotheparentsofeverynewborn.However,theoriginalresearcherswerecautious.Theynotedthattheeffectwassmallandtemporary.Furthermore,subsequentresearchfailedtoreplicatethefindingsconsistently.

Amorerobustexplanationforthe"MozartEffect"is"arousalandmood."Listeningtomusicyouenjoyincreasesarousalandimprovesmood,whichcanenhancecognitiveperformanceoncertaintasks.ThiseffectisnotuniquetoMozart;itcanbeachievedwithanymusicthatthelistenerfindspleasurable,orevenwithapieceofchocolateorafunnystory.ThespecificstructureofMozart'smusicisnotthemagicingredient.

ThepersistenceoftheMozartEffectmythhighlightsabroaderissueinthedisseminationofscientificinformation.Thepubliccravessimple,actionableadvicetoimprovetheirlivesandthelivesoftheirchildren.Complex,nuancedfindingsthatshowsmalleffectsornullresultsarelessappealingthanadefinitive"Mozartmakesyousmarter."Thisphenomenonisdrivenbyacombinationofmediasensationalismandcommercialinterests.Companiesselling"BabyMozart"videoshadafinancialincentivetopromotetheidea,regardlessofthescientificvalidity.Thus,anarrow,statisticallysignificantresultinalabsettingwastransformedintoaculturalphenomenon.

28.Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthe"MozartEffect"?

(A)Itisascientificallyprovenmethodforpermanentlyincreasingintelligence.

(B)Itisamyththathasbeendebunkedbysubsequentresearch.

(C)Itisarealphenomenon,butitislikelycausedbygeneralarousalratherthanMozart'smusicspecifically.

(D)Itismosteffectivewhenappliedtoinfantsandtoddlers.

(E)Itdemonstratesthatclassicalmusicissuperiortoothergenresincognitiveenhancement.

29.Inthecontextofthepassage,thementionofthestateofGeorgiadistributingCDsservesto

(A)provideevidenceofthewidespreadacceptanceoftheMozartEffect

(B)criticizethegovernmentforwastingtaxpayermoney

(C)illustratethepositiveimpactoftheoriginalstudy

(D)showthattheresearchers'findingswereimmediatelyacceptedbythescientificcommunity

(E)demonstratethattheeffectworksonpeopleofallages

30.ThepassageattributesthepersistenceoftheMozartEffectmythprimarilyto

(A)therigorousreplicationoftheoriginalstudy

(B)thedesireforsimplesolutionsandcommercialincentives

(C)theuniquestructureofMozart'scompositions

(D)thefailureofthemediatoreportontheoriginalstudy

(E)thelackofinterestinspatial-temporalreasoningamongthegeneralpublic

Questions31through32arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage5

Theeconomicconceptof"creativedestruction"wasintroducedbyJosephSchumpetertodescribetheprocessofindustrialmutationthatincessantlyrevolutionizestheeconomicstructurefromwithin,incessantlydestroyingtheoldone,incessantlycreatinganewone.Schumpeterarguedthatthisistheessentialfactaboutcapitalism.

Theopeningofnewmarkets,foreignordomestic,andtheorganizationaldevelopmentfromthecraftshopandfactorytosuchconcernsasU.S.Steelillustratethesameprocessofindustrialmutation—ifImayusethatbiologicalterm—thatincessantlyrevolutionizestheeconomicstructurefromwithin,incessantlydestroyingtheoldone,incessantlycreatinganewone.ThisprocessofCreativeDestructionistheessentialfactaboutcapitalism.Itiswhatcapitalismconsistsinandwhateverycapitalistconcernhasgottolivein.

Schumpetercontrastedthiswiththe"perfectcompetition"modeloftentaughtineconomicstextbooks.Inperfectcompetition,firmsarepassivepricetakers,andgrowthisincremental.InSchumpeter'sview,capitalismisdrivenbyentrepreneurswhointroducenewproducts,newmethodsofproduction,andnewmarkets.Theseinnovationscreatetemporarymonopolies,whichallowtheinnovatortoreapprofits.Theseprofits,inturn,attractcompetition,whicheventuallyerodesthemonopoly.Thecyclethenrepeats.

31.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetween"creativedestruction"and"perfectcompetition"aspresentedinthepassage?

(A)Creativedestructionisaformofperfectcompetition.

(B)Perfectcompetitionisanecessaryprecursortocreativedestruction.

(C)Creativedestructionchallengesthestaticnatureofperfectcompetition.

(D)Boththeoriesdescribethesameeconomicmechanismsbutusedifferentterminology.

(E)Perfectcompetitionistheresultofcreativedestructionreachingastablestate.

32.Selectthesentenceinthepassagethatexplicitlystateswhatcapitalism"consistsin"accordingtoSchumpeter.

AnswerKeyandExplanations

1.Answer:(B)microcosm

Explanation:Thesentencecontrasts"minutiae"(smalldetails)with"grand,sweepingnarratives."Theword"microcosm"meansasmall,representativesystemthatmirrorsalargerone.Theauthorbelievesthatthesmalldetails(themicrocosm)holdmoretruththanthebigpicture."Triviality"(D)wouldsuggestthedetailsareunimportant,whichcontradictstheclause"holdsmoretruth."

2.Answer:(C)diffidence

Explanation:Thesentencecontraststhepolitician's"publicpersona"of"unshakeableconfidence"withhisprivateself.Weneedawordthatmeansself-doubtorshyness."Diffidence"fitsperfectly."Aplomb"and"certitude"bothmeanconfidence,whichistheoppositeofwhatisneeded.

3.Answer:(C)disjointed

Explanation:Thesentencesaystheplot"meanderedaimlesslywithoutaclearnarrativedirection.""Disjointed"meansdisorganizedordisconnected,whichfitsthedescriptionofaplotthatlacksdirection."Pedestrian"meansdull/ordinary,whichmightbetruebutdoesn'tcapturethelackofstructuredescribedby"meanderedaimlessly."

4.Answer:(C)degradation

Explanation:Thesentencecontrasts"externalinvasion"with"internalfactors"like"ecological_______."Sincethecollapsewasnegative,weneedanegativewordfortheenvironment."Degradation"meansdeteriorationorworseningcondition."Sustainability"and"stewardship"arepositiveandwouldnotleadtocollapse.

5.Answer:(B)heresy

Explanation:Thescholarsviewedtheintegrationnegatively,believingit"dilutedthepurity"oftheirtraditions."Heresy"meansabelieforopinioncontrarytoorthodoxreligious(orinthiscontext,academic)dogma."Convergence"and"synthesis"areneutral/positivetermsthatdescribetheactofcomingtogether,whichdoesn'tfitthenegativereactionofthescholars.

6.Answer:(C)empathetic,(E)solicitous

Explanation:Themanagerwaspopularbecausehewas"willingtolistentotheirconcerns.""Empathetic"meansunderstandingandsharingthefeelingsofanother."Solicitous"meansshowinginterestandconcern.Bothfitthecontextofamanagerwholistens(evenifhedoesn'tact)."Garrulous"meanstalkative,whichisn'tnecessarilypositiveinamanager."Perfunctory"meansdoingthebareminimum,whichcontradicts"willingnesstolisten."

7.Answer:(C)adamant,(F)steadfast

Explanation:Theteamremainedconvincedoftheirstrategydespitecriticism."Adamant"meansrefusingtobepersuaded."Steadfast"meansloyal,constant,andunwavering.Bothconveytheteam'srefusaltogiveup."Pliable"and"vacillating"areopposites(flexibleandwavering).

8.Answer:(A)pastiche,(B)amalgamation

Explanation:Theworkblendstwodifferentstyles(gothichorrorandsci-fi)."Pastiche"isanartisticworkinastylethatimitatesthatofanotherwork,artist,orperiod,oftencombiningelementsfromvarioussources."Amalgamation"istheresultorproductofamalgamating;amixtureorblend.Bothdescribethemixingofstyles."Dichotomy"impliesadivisionintotwoparts,whichistheoppositeofblending.

9.Answer:(C)

Explanation:Thepassagestartsbydefining"biologicalindividuality"asa"slippery"concept.Itthenusesexamples(mano'war,gutmicrobiota)toshowhowsymbioticrelationshipsblurthelinesofwhatconstitutesanindividual.Itdiscussesthe"holobiont"theoryandthecounter-arguments.Thecentralthemeisthedifficultyofdefiningtheindividual.

10.Answer:(A)

Explanation:TheauthorintroducesthePortuguesemano'warimmediatelyafterstatingthatgenomicshas"blurredtheseboundaries"ofindividuality.Thedescriptionofthemano'warasappearingtobeoneorganismbutactuallybeinga"collectionofspecializedpolyps"servesasaconcretebiologicalexamplethatchallengesthestandarddefinitionofanindividual.

11.Answer:(C)

Explanation:Thepassagestates:"Thehologenometheorypositsthatitisthesumofallgenesinthehostanditssymbiontsthatistheunitofselection.Thisview...suggeststhatevolutionisnotjustacompetitionbetweenindividualsbutacomplexnegotiationbetweengenomes."Thismatchesoption(C).

12.Answer:(B)

Explanation:Thefinalparagraphstatesthatcritics"maintainthatwhilesymbiosisisimportant,thehostgenomestillretainsprimaryagency."Thisalignswithoption(B).Theydonotdismisssymbiosisentirely(Aiswrong),nordotheyaccepttheholobionttheory(Diswrong).

13.Answer:(B)

Explanation:ThepassagestatesthatEuclideanzoning"forcedpeopletodriveeverywhere—betweenhome,work,andshopping—Euclideanzoningledtotrafficcongestion,suburbansprawl..."Thisrelianceonautomobilesiscitedasthecauseofthenegativeoutcomes(decay,congestion).

14.Answer:(B)

Explanation:ThepassagementionsthatNewUrbanismhasbeen"mostsuccessfulinnewdevelopmentsontheoutskirtsofcitiesorinsmall,distinctneighborhoods...whereplannerscanstartfromscratch."Thisimpliesitishardertoimplementwhereexistinginfrastructureexists(retrofittingisexpensive),makingiteasierwherethereisnoexistinginfrastructure.

15.Answer:(C)

Explanation:ThepassagebeginswiththecontextofEuclideanzoning,introducesNewUrbanismasaresponse,describesitsprinciples,andthendiscussesthe"significanthurdles"and"uneven"implementation.Thiscoverstheriseandthechallenges,whichmatches(C).

16.Answer:(C)neutral

Explanation:Thesentencewarnsagainsttheassumptionthattechnologyisinherentlyonethingoranother(goodorbad).