2026年研究生入学考试英语一考试真题(完整版)

2026年研究生入学考试英语一考试真题(完整版)PartIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theconceptof"digitalminimalism"hasgainedconsiderabletractioninrecentyears,emergingasanecessaryantidotetothepervasivenoiseofthemoderninternet.CoinedbyCalNewport,thephilosophyisnotabout1abandoningtechnology,butratheraboutbeingintentionalwithitsuse.Inaworldwhereattentionistheprimarycurrencyofthedigitaleconomy,individualsarefindingthemselves2depleted,unabletofocusondeepworkormeaningfulrelationships.Theshifttowardsminimalismisnotmerelyatrend;itisa3responsetoastructuralchangeinourenvironment.Fordecades,wehavebeenledtobelievethatmoreconnectivityequalsmore4.Socialmediaplatformspromisetokeepusconnectedtofriendsandfamily,whilenewsaggregatorsclaimtokeepus5.However,therealityisoftentheopposite.Theconstantstreamofinformationcreatesastateofcontinuouspartialattention,6ourcognitiveabilitiesandincreasingstresslevels.Wescrollthroughfeeds7,seekingadopaminehitthatrarelymaterializesintolastingsatisfaction.Thiscycleofconsumptioncreatesa"shallow"existence,8weskimthesurfaceoflifewithouteverdivingdeep.Digitalminimalismadvocatesforaradical9.Itsuggeststhatweshouldcarefullycurateourdigitallives,muchlikewecuratethefurnitureinourlivingrooms.Thismightmean10socialmediaappsthatdonotaddvalue,turningoffnotifications,ordesignatingspecifictimesforcheckingemail.Thegoalistoreclaimautonomyoverourtimeandattention.Bydoingso,wecan11thementalspacerequiredforhigh-qualityactivities,suchaslearningcomplexskills,engagingincreativepursuits,orsimply12insolitude.Criticsarguethatthisapproachiselitistor13forthosewhoselivelihoodsdependonbeingonline.However,thephilosophydoesnotdemandatotal14fromthedigitalworld.Instead,itencouragesacriticalassessmentofhowthesetoolsserveourlong-termvalues.Itisaboutdistinguishingbetweentoolsthatare15andthosethataremerelydistracting.Thechallengeissignificant,giventhattheseplatformsareengineeredtobe16.Implementingdigitalminimalismrequiresdisciplineandaclear17ofone'spriorities.Itoftenbeginswitha30-dayperiodofdisconnection,a"digitaldeclutter,"allowingthebraintoresetitsdopaminethresholds.Afterthisperiod,individualscanselectivelyreintroducetechnologiesthat18significantbenefits.Theresult,formany,isarenewedsenseofpeaceanda19tothephysicalworld.Inanageofoverwhelmingdigitalnoise,thechoicetobeminimalis,paradoxically,achoicetobemore20inone'sengagementwithreality.1.[A]partially[B]radically[C]reluctantly[D]temporarily2.[A]mentally[B]physically[C]financially[D]emotionally3.[A]voluntary[B]political[C]defensive[D]collective4.[A]isolation[B]knowledge[C]happiness[D]freedom5.[A]informed[B]entertained[C]organized[D]amused6.[A]enhancing[B]utilizing[C]fragmenting[D]repairing7.[A]aimlessly[B]purposefully[C]occasionally[D]vigorously8.[A]where[B]which[C]what[D]whom9.[A]acceptance[B]improvement[C]simplification[D]shift10.[A]downloading[B]updating[C]deleting[D]purchasing11.[A]occupy[B]freeup[C]ignore[D]fill12.[A]participating[B]working[C]resting[D]rejoicing13.[A]beneficial[B]impractical[C]essential[D]harmful14.[A]benefit[B]distraction[C]protection[D]withdrawal15.[A]optional[B]mandatory[C]instrumental[D]fundamental16.[A]addictive[B]informative[C]simple[D]useful17.[A]definition[B]understanding[C]ignorance[D]measurement18.[A]offer[B]reduce[C]limit[D]ignore19.[A]commitment[B]solution[C]gateway[D]barrier20.[A]absent[B]passive[C]active[D]presentPartIIReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefouranswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Thehistoryofcoffeeisnotmerelythehistoryofabeverage,butachronicleofsocial,intellectual,andeconomictransformation.OriginatinginthehighlandsofEthiopia,coffee’sjourneyacrosstheglobehasbeenfueledbyitsuniqueabilitytostimulatethemindandfostersocialinteraction.Beforecoffee,thedominantbeveragesinEuropewerealcohol-based,whichservedtodullthesensesratherthansharpenthem.Theemergenceofcoffeehousesinthe17thcenturycoincidedwiththeAgeofEnlightenment,leadingsomehistorianstodrawacausallinkbetweenthe"caffeinerevolution"andthebirthofmodernrationalism.InEngland,coffeehousesbecameknownas"pennyuniversities."Forthepriceofacupofcoffee,onecouldenteranestablishmentandengageinspiriteddebatewithmerchants,poets,andpoliticians.Thesespaceswereuniquelydemocratic;classdistinctionswereoftensuspendedwithintheirwalls.Theexchangeofideaswasfluidandrapid,facilitatingthedisseminationofnewsandtheformationofpublicopinion.Unliketheprivate,exclusiveclubsofthearistocracy,coffeehouseswereopentoanyonewhocouldaffordthepennyentryfee,effectivelyservingasthemassmediaoftheirday.Theimpactofcoffeeontheworkforcewasequallyprofound.AstheIndustrialRevolutiontookhold,thefactorysystemdemandedanewkindoflabordiscipline:longhours,intensefocus,andstrictadherencetotimeschedules.Coffee,withitsstimulantproperties,becamethefuelthatpoweredthisnewindustrialworkforce.Itreplacedbeerandwineasthebreakfastdrinkofchoice,replacingadepressantwithastimulantandarguablyshiftingthecollectiveconsciousnessoftheWestfromastateofrelaxedinebriationtooneofalertproductivity.However,thisshiftcameatacost.Themoderncoffeeindustryisbuiltonalegacyofcolonialismandexploitation.ThedemandforcheapcoffeeintheWestdrovetheestablishmentofvastplantationsinLatinAmerica,Africa,andAsia,oftenrelyingonslavelabororgrosslyunderpaidworkers.Today,despitetheriseof"fairtrade"movements,theeconomicdisparitybetweencoffeegrowersintheGlobalSouthandcoffeeconsumersintheGlobalNorthremainsstark.AlatteinNewYorkmaycostfivedollars,whilethefarmerwhogrewthebeansseesonlyafewcentsofthatamount.Thus,everycupofcoffeecarriesaduallegacy.Itisasymbolofintellectualawakeninganddemocraticexchange,butalsoatestamenttotheinequalitiesofglobaltrade.Aswesipourmorningbrew,weareparticipatinginacomplexnetworkofrelationshipsthatspanscenturiesandcontinents,connectingtheEnlightenmenttothemoderneconomy,andthelocalcafétotheglobalplantation.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatsignificantroledidcoffeeplayin17thcenturyEurope?[A]Itreplacedalcoholastheprimarysourceofnutrition.[B]ItcontributedtotheAgeofEnlightenment.[C]Itcausedthedeclineofthearistocracy.[D]Itwasinitiallyusedsolelyformedicinalpurposes.22.WhywereEnglishcoffeehousescalled"pennyuniversities"?[A]Becausetheyofferedformaluniversity-levelcourses.[B]Becausetheywereownedbyuniversities.[C]Becausetheyprovidedaffordableaccesstoinformationanddebate.[D]Becausetheentrancefeewasonepennyandthecoffeewasfree.23.HowdidcoffeeinfluencetheIndustrialRevolutionaccordingtothetext?[A]Itprovidedadepressanttohelpworkersrelax.[B]Itwasusedasacurrencytopayworkers.[C]Ithelpedworkersmaintainalertnessanddiscipline.[D]Itcausedthecollapseofthefactorysystem.24.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutthemoderncoffeeindustry?[A]Ithassuccessfullyeliminatedallformsofexploitation.[B]Fairtradehascompletelyresolvedtheeconomicdisparity.[C]Itstillreflectshistoricalinequalitiesinthesupplychain.[D]Coffeegrowersnowearnthesameascoffeeshopowners.25.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage?[A]ThebotanicaloriginsofcoffeeinEthiopia.[B]Thehealthbenefitsofcaffeineconsumption.[C]Thedualnatureofcoffee’shistoricalandeconomicimpact.[D]Thedominanceofcoffeehousesinmodernsociallife.Text2Theriseofartificialintelligence(AI)hasreignitedalongstandingdebateaboutthenatureofcreativity.Forcenturies,creativitywasconsideredtheexclusivedomainofthehumansoul—asparkofdivineinspirationthatmachinescouldneverreplicate.However,withtheadventofgenerativeAImodelscapableofproducingstunningvisualart,composingsymphonies,andwritingcoherentprose,thisassumptionisbeingchallenged.Thequestionisnolongerwhethermachinescanmimiccreativity,butwhethertheoutputofanalgorithmcanbeconsidered"art"inthetruestsenseoftheword.ProponentsofAIartarguethatcreativityisfundamentallyaboutthesynthesisofexistingideasintonewforms.Theypointoutthathumanartistsarealsoinfluencedbytheirenvironment,theireducation,andtheworksofthosewhocamebeforethem.AnAI,theycontend,simplydoesthissynthesisataspeedandscalethathumanscannotmatch.Fromthisperspective,theAIisatool,muchlikeapaintbrushorapiano,extendingthereachofhumanimaginationratherthanreplacingit.The"artist"isthepersonwhocraftstheprompt,curatestheoutput,andgivestheworkmeaning.Critics,however,remainunconvinced.Theyarguethattrueartinvolvesintent,consciousness,andemotionalexperience.Amachinedoesnotfeeljoy,sorrow,orlonging;itprocessesdata.WhenanAIgeneratesapaintingofaweepingwoman,itdoesnotunderstandsadness;itismerelyarrangingpixelsbasedonstatisticalprobabilitiesderivedfrommillionsoftrainingimages.Tocritics,thislackofsubjectiveexperiencerenderstheworkhollow—ahollowimitationofartdevoidofthe"ghostinthemachine."Thevalueofart,theyassert,liesnotjustinthefinalproduct,butinthehumanstorybehinditscreation.Thisdebateextendsbeyondaestheticsandintotherealmofeconomicsandlaw.IfAI-generatedartisrecognizedasequaltohumanart,whathappenstothelivelihoodsofhumanartists?Already,illustratorsandgraphicdesignersareseeingtheirratesundercutbyalgorithmsthatcanworkforfree.Furthermore,copyrightlawsarestrugglingtoadapt.WhoownsthecopyrighttoanAI-generatedimage?Theuserwhotypedtheprompt?Thecompanythatbuiltthemodel?Ortheartistswhoseworkwasusedtotrainthemodel?Theselegalgrayareashighlightthedisruptivenatureofthistechnology.Ultimately,thedefinitionofartmaybefluid.Historyisfullofexamplesofnewtechnologiesbeinginitiallydismissedas"cheating"or"soulless,"onlytobelaterembraced.Photographywasonceviewedasathreattopainting,yetitisnowreveredasahighartform.PerhapsAIartwillfollowasimilartrajectory,forcingustoexpandourunderstandingofwhatitmeanstocreate.Whetheritrepresentsthedeathofhumancreativityoritsevolutionintoanewhybridformremainstobeseen.26.WhatisthecentralquestionraisedinthefirstparagraphregardingAI?[A]WhetherAIcanbeprogrammedtofeelemotions.[B]WhetherAI-generatedoutputqualifiesastrueart.[C]WhetherAIwillreplacehumanartistsinthefuture.[D]WhetherthecostofAIdevelopmentisjustified.27.HowdoproponentsofAIartviewtheroleofthemachine?[A]Asareplacementforhumanimagination.[B]Asanindependentcreatorwithitsownintent.[C]Asatoolthatsynthesizesideasbasedonhumaninput.[D]Asathreattotraditionalartisticmethods.28.CriticsofAIartbelievethatacrucialelementmissinginmachinesis:[A]Theabilitytoprocesslargedatasets.[B]Thespeedofgeneratingvisualcontent.[C]Subjectiveexperienceandemotionalintent.[D]Thecapacitytomimichumantechniques.29.Thementionofphotographyinthelastparagraphservesto:[A]ShowthatphotographyissuperiortoAIart.[B]Illustratethatnewartformsareofteninitiallyresisted.[C]ProvethatAIartislegallyequivalenttophotography.[D]Suggestthatphotographydestroyedthepaintingindustry.30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefutureofAIart?[A]Optimisticthatitwillreplacehumanartentirely.[B]Certainthatitwillbedeemedillegal.[C]Uncertainandopentointerpretation.[D]Criticalofitslackofemotionaldepth.Text3Theconceptof"GrossNationalHappiness"(GNH)wasintroducedintheearly1970sbytheKingofBhutanasanalternativetotheGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)asameasureofnationalprogress.WhileGDPmeasuresthetotalmonetaryvalueofgoodsandservicesproduced,itfailstoaccountforthewell-being,sustainability,andculturalintegrityofanation.GNHattemptstoaddresstheseshortcomingsbyproposingthatsustainabledevelopmentshouldtakeaholisticapproach,givingequalimportancetonon-economicaspectsofwell-being.GNHiscomposedofninedomains:psychologicalwell-being,health,education,timeuse,culturaldiversityandresilience,goodgovernance,communityvitality,ecologicaldiversityandresilience,andlivingstandards.Thesedomainsaremeasuredthrough33indicators.Forinstance,the"timeuse"domainmeasuresthebalancebetweenworkandsleep,while"ecologicaldiversity"assessesthehealthoftheenvironment.Byprioritizingthesefactors,Bhutanhaspursuedpoliciesthatmightseemcounterintuitivetoapurelyeconomic-drivenstate.Thecountryhaslimitedhigh-volumetourismtoprotectitsculture,maintainedaconstitutionalrequirementforasignificantportionoflandtoremainforested,andprioritizedfreehealthcareandeducation.TheadoptionofGNHhashadtangibleresults.Bhutanboastshighlevelsofhappinesscomparedtoitseconomicpeers,anditsenvironmentalconservationeffortsareamongthemostaggressiveintheworld.However,themodelisnotwithoutitschallenges.AsBhutanengagesmorewiththeglobaleconomy,youngergenerationsareincreasinglyexposedtoconsumeristvalues.Thereisalsothedifficultyofquantifyingsubjectivewell-beinginawaythatallowsforprecisepolicycomparisons.CriticsarguethatwhileGNHisanoblephilosophy,itlackstherigorandobjectivityofGDP,makingitdifficulttouseasahardmetricforinternationaleconomicplanning.Despitethesecriticisms,thephilosophyofGNHhasinfluencedglobaldiscourse.TheUnitedNationshasadoptedaresolutiononhappiness,recognizingthat"thegrossdomesticproductindicatorbynaturewasnotdesignedto,anddoesnotadequatelyreflectthehappinessandwell-beingofpeopleinacountry."Othernations,includingtheUKandFrance,havebeguntoexperimentwithwell-beingindicesalongsidetraditionaleconomicmetrics.Thisshiftsuggestsagrowingrecognitionthateconomicgrowthisnotanendinitself,butameanstoanend—theultimateendbeingtheflourishingofhumanbeings.Thechallengeforthe21stcenturywillbeintegratingthesesoftmetricsintothehardmachineryofglobaleconomics.Canwecreatetradeagreementsandfiscalpoliciesthatincentivizehappiness?Canwemeasuresuccessnotbytheheightofourskyscrapers,butbythecontentmentofourcitizens?Bhutan’sexperimentoffersasmall,butprofound,hintthatitmightbepossible.Itremindsusthatinthepursuitofwealth,wemustnotlosesightoftheultimatecurrency:alifewell-lived.31.WhywasGNHintroducedasanalternativetoGDP?[A]BecauseGDPwastoodifficulttocalculateaccurately.[B]BecauseGDPignorednon-economicaspectsofwell-being.[C]BecauseBhutanlackedtheresourcestomeasureGDP.[D]BecausetheKingofBhutanwantedtoincreasetourism.32.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasadomainofGNH?[A]Goodgovernance.[B]Technologicaladvancement.[C]Ecologicaldiversity.[D]Psychologicalwell-being.33.HowhasBhutanappliedtheprinciplesofGNHtoitstourismindustry?[A]Byencouragingmasstourismtoboostrevenue.[B]Bybuildingluxuryresortsforforeigninvestors.[C]Bylimitingtourismtoprotectculturalintegrity.[D]Bybanningallforeignvisitors.34.WhatisthemaincriticismofGNHmentionedinthetext?[A]Itistooexpensivetoimplement.[B]ItlackstheobjectivityandprecisionofGDP.[C]Itleadstoeconomicstagnation.[D]Itignorestheimportanceofeducation.35.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestaboutthefutureofmeasuringnationalprogress?[A]GDPwillremainthesoleglobalstandard.[B]Well-beingindiceswilllikelycomplementeconomicmetrics.[C]Bhutan’smodelwillbeadoptedbyeverycountry.[D]Economicgrowthwillnolongerbeapriority.Text4Thephenomenonof"phantomvibrationsyndrome"—thesensationthatone'smobilephoneisvibratingorringingwhenitisnot—hasbecomeacommonanecdoteinthedigitalage.Onceconsideredaquirkyidiosyncrasy,itisnowrecognizedbypsychologistsasasignofthedeepintegrationoftechnologyintoourpsychologicallives.Thissyndromeisamanifestationof"learnedbodilyhabits,"wherethebrainmisinterpretsslightmuscletwitchesorclothingfrictionasaphonenotification.Researchintophantomvibrationssuggeststhatitiscloselylinkedtoanxietyandattachmentstyles.Individualswhoscorehighonattachmentanxiety—thosewhoareinsecureintheirrelationshipsandconstantlyworryaboutbeingrejectedorignored—aremorepronetoexperiencingthesephantomsignals.Thephonehasbecomea"sociallifeline,"atethertotheworldofrelationships.Consequently,thebrainremainsinastateofhyper-vigilance,constantlyscanningtheenvironmentforsignsofcontact.Whenasignalisambiguous,thebraintendstoerronthesideofcaution,interpretingitasa"call"ratherthan"noise."Thisisaclassicexampleofa"bettersafethansorry"mechanisminevolutionarypsychology.Thishyper-vigilancecomeswithacognitivecost.Theconstantanticipationofanotificationinterruptsthebrain'sabilitytoenterdeepstatesofconcentration.Evenifthephoneissilent,themereexpectationofacallcanreducecognitiveperformance.Thiscreatesaparadox:wecarryphonestostayconnectedandefficient,buttheirpresenceoftenmakesusmoredistractedandanxious.The"always-on"cultureblurstheboundarybetweenworkandleisure,makingitdifficultforindividualstofullydisengageandrecharge.Furthermore,thedesignofmoderntechnologyexploitsthispsychologicalvulnerability.Appsaredesignedtobevariable-ratioreinforcementschedules,similartoslotmachines.Wecheckourphonesbecausesometimesthereisareward(alike,amessage),andsometimesthereisn't.Thisunpredictabilitymakesthehabitofcheckingextremelyresistanttoextinction.Thepingofanotificationtriggersadopaminerelease,reinforcingthebehavior.Overtime,thisrewiresthebrain'srewardsystem,makingdigitalinteractionaprimarysourceofpleasureandanxietyrelief.Addressingphantomvibrationsyndromerequiresmorethanjustturningoffthephone;itrequiresarecalibrationofourrelationshipwithtechnology.CognitiveBehavioralTherapy(CBT)hasbeenshowntohelpindividualsreduce"technostress"bychallengingtheirrationalbeliefsthatunderpinthefearofmissingout(FOMO).Mindfulnesspracticescanalsohelpbytrainingthebraintofocusonthepresentmomentratherthananticipatingfuturedigitalinterruptions.Aswemoveforward,understandingthepsychologicalmechanismsbehindourattachmenttodeviceswillbecrucialinmaintainingmentalhealthinahyper-connectedworld.36.Whatis"phantomvibrationsyndrome"accordingtothepassage?[A]Aphysicaldefectinthemobilephonehardware.[B]Apsychologicalconditionwhereoneimaginesthephoneisringing.[C]Asoftwarebugthatcausesunwantednotifications.[D]Adeliberateprankplayedbyphonemanufacturers.37.Whichgroupofpeopleismostsusceptibletophantomvibrationsyndrome?[A]Thosewhoaresecureintheirrelationships.[B]Thosewhorarelyusemobilephones.[C]Thosewithhighattachmentanxiety.[D]Thosewhokeeptheirphonesonsilentmode.38.Howdoesthe"bettersafethansorry"mechanismexplainphantomvibrations?[A]Thebrainpreferstoignorepotentialsignalstosaveenergy.[B]Thebraininterpretsambiguoussignalsasimportantnotifications.[C]Thebodyreactsdefensivelytotheradiationfromphones.[D]Thephonevibratesautomaticallytowarntheuserofdanger.39.Whyischeckingthephonecomparedtoplayingaslotmachine?[A]Bothactivitiesareexpensiveandrisky.[B]Bothrelyonunpredictablerewardstoreinforcebehavior.[C]Bothrequireahighlevelofskilltosucceed.[D]Botharestrictlyprohibitedinmostworkplaces.40.Whatisthesuggestedsolutiontoreducingtheanxietyrelatedtophoneattachment?[A]Upgradingtoanewerphonemodel.[B]UsingCognitiveBehavioralTherapyandmindfulness.[C]Checkingthephonemorefrequentlytoclearnotifications.[D]Replacingphoneswithtraditionallandlines.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]TheRoleofGovernmentRegulation[B]InfrastructureasaBottleneck[C]TheEconomicViabilityofRenewables[D]PublicPerceptionandNIMBYism[E]IntermittencyandStorageChallenges[F]ThePotentialofHydrogenEnergy[G]InternationalCooperationonClimateGoals41.Thetransitiontorenewableenergysources,suchaswindandsolar,isacornerstoneofglobalstrategiestocombatclimatechange.However,thisshiftisfraughtwithtechnicalhurdlesthatgobeyondsimplybuildingmorewindturbinesorsolarpanels.Oneoftheprimaryissuesistheintermittentnatureofthesesources.Thesundoesnotalwaysshine,andthewinddoesnotalwaysblow.Thisvariabilitycreatesamismatchbetweenenergygenerationanddemand,threateningthestabilityoftheelectricalgrid.Torelyentirelyonrenewables,wemustdevelopefficientandlarge-scaleenergystoragesolutions,suchasadvancedbatterysystemsorpumpedhydro,tostoreexcessenergyforuseduringperiodsoflowgeneration.42.Whilegenerationtechnologieshaveadvancedrapidly,theinfrastructurerequiredtodeliverthispowerisoftenoutdatedandinsufficient.Manynationalgridsweredesignedforcentralizedpowerplantsburningfossilfuels,notforthedecentralizedandfluctuatinginputfromrenewables.Upgradingtransmissionlinestohandlehigh-voltagedirectcurrent(HVDC)overlongdistancesisessentialtotransportenergyfromremotewindyorsunnyareastopopulationcenters.Withoutthesemassiveinfrastructureinvestments,renewableenergymayremainstrandedinareaswhereitisproducedbutcannotbeeffectivelyutilized.43.Evenwhentechnicalsolutionsexist,theirimplementationisoftendelayedbylocalopposition.The"NotInMyBackyard"(NIMBY)phenomenonisasignificantbarriertothedevelopmentofrenewableenergyprojects.Communitiesfrequentlyopposetheconstructionofwindfarmsduetoconcernsaboutnoise,visualimpactonlandscapes,andpotentialeffectsonlocalwildlife.Similarly,large-scalesolarfarmscanfaceresistanceregardinglanduse.Overcomingthesesocialbarriersrequiresearlycommunityengagement,transparentplanning,andperhapsfinancialincentivesforlocalresidentstoshareinthebenefitsoftheenergytransition.44.Economicfactorsremainadecisiveelementintheenergymix.Althoughthecostofproducingrenewableenergyhasplummetedinrecentyears,makingitcompetitivewithfossilfuelsinmanyregions,thehiddencostscanbehigh.Thelevelizedcostofenergy(LCOE)oftenfailstoaccountforthesystemintegrationcosts,suchasbackuppowerplantsorgridupgrades.Furthermore,thefossilfuelindustrybenefitsfromsubstantialsubsidiesinmanycountries,skewingthemarket.Tocreateatrulylevelplayingfield,governmentsneedtoimplementcarbonpricingmechanismsandphaseoutexistingsubsidiesforpollutingenergysources.45.Lookingbeyondelectricity,hydrogenisemergingasapromisingvectorfordecarbonizingsectorsthatarehardtoelectrify,suchasheavyindustry,shipping,andaviation.Greenhydrogen,producedbyelectrolyzingwaterusingrenewableelectricity,offersawaytostoreandtransportenergyinchemicalform.Itcanactasabuffer,helpingtobalancethegridandprovidingfuelforhigh-heatindustrialprocesses.Whilethetechnologyiscurrentlyexpensiveandenergy-intensive,ongoingresearchandpilotprojectssuggestthathydrogencouldplayapivotalroleinacomprehensivenet-zerostrategy.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thestudyofhistoryhaslongbeenplaguedbythetemptationtoviewthepastthroughthelensofthepresent,afallacyknownaspresentism.(46)Thistendencytojudgehistoricalfiguresandeventsbycontemporarymoralstandardscanleadtoadistortedunderstandingofthepast,strippingitofitscontextandcomplexity.Whenwecondemna16th-centuryexplorerforfailingtoadhereto21st-centurynormsofhumanrights,weareessentiallyengaginginanactoftemporalarrogance.Weassumethatourcurrentunderstandingoftheworldisthepinnacleofprogressandthatthosewhocamebeforeusweresimplybackwardorignorant.(47)However,avoidingpresentismdoesnotmeanthatwemustabandonallmoraljudgmentorrefrainfromcriticizingtheatrocitiesofthepast.Onthecontrary,anuancedapproachtohistoryrequiresustoacknowledgetheevolutionofethicalstandardswhileunderstandingtheconstraintsofthespecificera.Wecanrecognizetheinjusticeofslaveryorthebrutalityofwarwithoutexpectinghistoricalactorstohavepossessedtheforesightofmodernphilosophers.Thegoalistounderstandwhytheyactedastheydid,notjusttocondemnthemfornotbeinglikeus.(47)However,avoidingpresentismdoesnotmeanthatwemustabandonallmoraljudgmentorrefrainfromcriticizingtheatrocitiesofthepast.Onthecontrary,anuancedapproachtohistoryrequiresustoacknowledgetheevolutionofethicalstandardswhileunderstandingtheconstraintsofthespecificera.Wecanrecognizetheinjusti