碳基电磁防护复合气凝胶的制备与性能研究

绪论引言随着科技的发展，无线通信设备和电子元器件的普及在给人们的日常生活带来便利的同时，也带来了严重的电磁污染问题，影响着电子元器件的稳定运行、环境和人体健康。针对电磁辐射危害，开发高性能抗电磁干扰屏蔽材料具有很大的应用价值，国内外一直致力于开发高性能的吸波材料ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[1-3]。目前电磁干扰屏蔽波段一般是指频率介于300MHz至300GHz，波长范围1mm至1m的电磁波ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hou</Author><Year>2023</Year><RecNum>91</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>91</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746877604">91</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hou,Tianqi</author><author>Wang,Jianwei</author><author>Zheng,Tingting</author><author>Liu,Yue</author><author>Wu,Guanglei</author><author>Yin,Pengfei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Anionexchangeofmetalparticlesoncarbon-basedskeletonsforpromotingdielectricequilibriumandhigh-efficiencyelectromagneticwaveabsorption</title><secondary-title>Small</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Small</full-title></periodical><volume>19</volume><number>42</number><dates><year>2023</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1613-6810</isbn><accession-num>WOS:001009468600001</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:001009468600001</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/smll.202303463</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]。为了实现良好电磁干扰屏蔽效果，可以通过表面反射和吸收两种方式尽可能减少透过材料的电磁波强度。与反射屏蔽材料相比较而言，以电磁吸收为主的电磁波屏蔽材料可很大程度上避免二次反射的污染，受到广泛关注。电磁吸波材料是一种功能性材料，其可以将入射的电磁波的能量通过损耗机制转化成热能。在军事领域，用于搜索、跟踪、火控、制导的雷达主要工作于S、C、X、Ku波段（2-18GHz），电磁吸波材料可有效减弱雷达回波，提高武器战场生存能力技术。在民用领域，吸波材料的优势在于可以治理电子设备间的电磁互相干扰以及屏蔽电磁波对人体健康的危害ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>吴楠楠</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746001255">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">吴楠楠</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王伟民</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">,</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘久荣</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">%J,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">山东大学</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">磁性纳米复合材料的制备及其电磁波吸收性能</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword>电磁波吸收</keyword><keyword>磁性材料</keyword><keyword>碳材料</keyword><keyword>复合材料</keyword><keyword>磁损耗</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">山东大学</style></publisher><work-type><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/doi/10.27272/ki.gshdu.2019.000190</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.27272/ki.gshdu.2019.000190</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]。表1-1常用雷达波段频率与实例ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>吴楠楠</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746001255">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">吴楠楠</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王伟民</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">,</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘久荣</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">%J,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">山东大学</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">磁性纳米复合材料的制备及其电磁波吸收性能</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword>电磁波吸收</keyword><keyword>磁性材料</keyword><keyword>碳材料</keyword><keyword>复合材料</keyword><keyword>磁损耗</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">山东大学</style></publisher><work-type><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/doi/10.27272/ki.gshdu.2019.000190</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.27272/ki.gshdu.2019.000190</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]雷达波段频率（GHz）实例S2-4美国“宙斯盾”系统AN/SPY-1搜索跟踪雷达C4-8日本FCS-3舰载搜索雷达X8-12美国“宙斯盾”系统AN/SPG-62火控雷达Ku12-18美国M-SHORAD防空系统理想的高性能电磁波吸收材料要求具备四大性能特点——“宽、轻、薄、强”，即需满足吸收频带宽，密度轻，厚度薄，吸收能力强的特点。良好吸波材料的厚度需小于5mm，最低反射损耗（ReflectionLoss，RL）小于-20dB，反射损耗RL值小于-10dB的对应的有效吸收带宽（EffectiveAbsorptiveBand，EAB）大于5GHz。此外，吸波材料还需具备优异的机械性能、高的热稳定性、抗氧化、耐腐蚀等特性，从而满足复杂应用场景的需求，延长其使用寿命。吸波材料的基本理论1.2.1反射损耗理论计算电磁波在与材料发生相互作用后可分为三部分——吸收、反射与透射，电磁波的反射损耗RL定义为反射波Pr与入射波Pi功率之比的常用对数，用分贝(dB)表示ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>方源</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>48</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>48</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746001255">48</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">方源</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">薛卫东</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">%J,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">电子科技大学</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">碳基吸波材料的制备与电磁性能研究</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword>吸波材料</keyword><keyword>材料基因组</keyword><keyword>碳基材料</keyword><keyword>电阻损耗</keyword><keyword>介电极化损耗</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2022</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">电子科技大学</style></publisher><work-type><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/doi/10.27005/ki.gdzku.2022.004855</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.27005/ki.gdzku.2022.004855</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[6]RL=10log材料对电磁波的响应可用复介电常数QUOTE(QUOTE=QUOTE-jQUOTE)和复磁导率QUOTE(QUOTE=QUOTE-jQUOTE)这两个基本参数来表征，其中实部QUOTE、QUOTE分别表示为材料对电场和磁场能量的储存能力，虚部QUOTE、QUOTE则表示相应的损耗能力。对于90°全反射金属平板表面的厚度为d的吸波涂层，其电磁波的反射损耗由材料的QUOTE和QUOTE共同决定ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Rozanov</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1745943361">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rozanov,K.N.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ultimatethicknesstobandwidthratioofradarabsorbers</title><secondary-title>Ieeetransactionsonantennasandpropagation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IeeeTransactionsonAntennasandPropagation</full-title></periodical><pages>1230-1234</pages><volume>48</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0018-926X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000165336200011</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000165336200011</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[7]：ZRL=20式（1-2）和（1-3）中，f表示电磁波频率，c表示真空光速，Zin为吸波涂层输入阻抗，Z0为了要实现高效的电磁波吸收，首要条件是减少电磁波在介质界面处发生反射并且返回外部空气的电磁能量，这需要吸波材料的本征波阻抗ZM尽量与空气阻抗Z0相接近。材料本征波阻抗由其电磁参数决定，可表示为ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>吴楠楠</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746001255">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">吴楠楠</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王伟民</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">,</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘久荣</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">%J,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">山东大学</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">磁性纳米复合材料的制备及其电磁波吸收性能</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword>电磁波吸收</keyword><keyword>磁性材料</keyword><keyword>碳材料</keyword><keyword>复合材料</keyword><keyword>磁损耗</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">山东大学</style></publisher><work-type><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/doi/10.27272/ki.gshdu.2019.000190</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.27272/ki.gshdu.2019.000190</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]：Z其次，成功进入材料内部结构的电磁波必须实现有效衰减。在初始电场强度为E0的电磁波在进入有损耗能力的介质后，其传播方程如下所示ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王亚辉</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746001255">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王亚辉</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">韩喜江</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">,</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">杜耘辰</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">%J,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">哈尔滨工业大学</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">碳化钼基吸波材料的制备及其性能研究</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword>碳化钼</keyword><keyword>吸波材料</keyword><keyword>MOFs衍生</keyword><keyword>核壳结构</keyword><keyword>多元损耗</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2021</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">哈尔滨工业大学</style></publisher><work-type><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/doi/10.27061/ki.ghgdu.2021.000343</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.27061/ki.ghgdu.2021.000343</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]：E其中因子QUOTE表示电场强度E0随传播距离z发生指数衰减，QUOTE称为衰减常数，用于衡量单位距离内的电磁波衰减能力，可表示如下ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>吕龙飞</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>50</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746001255">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">吕龙飞</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">秦国梁</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">,</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘久荣</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">%J,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">山东大学</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">密胺海绵基碳泡沫的制备与吸波性能的研究</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword>吸波材料</keyword><keyword>碳泡沫</keyword><keyword>密胺海绵</keyword><keyword>阻抗匹配</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2021</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">山东大学</style></publisher><work-type><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/doi/10.27272/ki.gshdu.2021.000507</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.27272/ki.gshdu.2021.000507</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]：α=2πfcμ″从上述公式（1-4）（1-6）可知，只有合理设计材料的电磁参数QUOTE和QUOTEμrμr，才能获得同时拥有阻抗匹配和强衰减能力的高性能吸波材料。而单一的材料很难得到理想的电磁参数曲线，良好吸波性能的材料通常是由多种不同损耗类型的材料复合而成。1.2.2电磁波衰减理论介电极化损耗和电阻损耗介电损耗是指在电场作用下介电加热的现象，包括传导损耗和极化弛豫损耗。在外电场的作用下，带电粒子的运动会产生微弱的感应电流，然后在流过介质时产生焦耳效应，产生介质热量和电能损失，这就是传导损耗ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>17</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1745943268">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu,X.M.</author><author>Jiang,L.W.</author><author>Jia,L.</author><author>Hu,Y.F.</author><author>Hao,Y.Q.</author><author>Wu,A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">SmFeO</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">@(x)polyanilinecompositeswithporousstructureforefficientmicrowave-absorbingapplication</style></title><secondary-title>Inorganicchemistrycommunications</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InorganicChemistryCommunications</full-title></periodical><pages>109624</pages><volume>142</volume><dates><year>2022</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1387-7003</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000880574000003</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000880574000003</style></url></related-urls></urls><custom7>109624</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109624</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]。传导损耗与电导率（σ）成正比。具体来说，高导电性会产生较大的感应电流，进而产生更多的热量，从而导致更大的传导损耗。但是不能盲目提高导电性来提高传导损耗，因为高导电性材料在电磁场的作用下会产生持续的电流，这就会导致材料的阻抗失配，增强电磁波的反射。当介质缓慢极化时，克服热运动引起的能量损失称为极化损失，主要包括偶极极化和界面极化（图1-1）。电场作用下，偶极子会重新排列产生极化电荷，这就是偶极极化，在均相或异质界面中，组分的不同极性或电导率通常会导致界面极化ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xia</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1745943268">14</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xia,L.</author><author>Feng,Y.M.</author><author>Zhao,B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intrinsicmechanismandmultiphysicsanalysisofelectromagneticwaveabsorbingmaterials:Newhorizonsandbreakthrough</title><secondary-title>Journalofmaterialsscience&technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsScience&Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>136-156</pages><volume>130</volume><dates><year>2022</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1005-0302</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000827402200003</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000827402200003</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jmst.2022.05.010</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]。因此，可以合理设计多个界面的结构，例如核壳结构，以增加极化界面ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2023</Year><RecNum>15</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1745943268">15</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,N.</author><author>Wang,Y.</author><author>Lu,Z.</author><author>Cheng,R.R.</author><author>Yang,L.Q.</author><author>Li,Y.F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Hierarchicalcore-shellFeS</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">2</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">/Fe</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">7</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">S</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">8</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">@Cmicrospheresembeddedintointerconnectedgrapheneframeworkforhigh-efficiencymicrowaveattenuation</style></title><secondary-title>Carbon</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon</full-title></periodical><pages>254-264</pages><volume>202</volume><dates><year>2023</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0008-6223</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000892289400001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000892289400001</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.carbon.2022.10.083</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]。简而言之，选择独特的原材料、构建优化结构以及引入电磁吸波材料中的缺陷都是改善介电损耗的有效方法。介电极化损耗的理论计算由复介电常数ε的虚部QUOTE定义，根据公式ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xiong</Author><Year>2024</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1745943361">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xiong,X.H.</author><author>Zhang,H.B.</author><author>Lv,H.L.</author><author>Yang,L.T.</author><author>Liang,G.S.</author><author>Zhang,J.C.</author><author>Lai,Y.X.</author><author>Cheng,H.W.</author><author>Che,R.C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Recentprogressincarbon-basedmaterialsandlossmechanismsforelectromagneticwaveabsorption</title><secondary-title>Carbon</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon</full-title></periodical><pages>118834</pages><volume>219</volume><dates><year>2024</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0008-6223</isbn><accession-num>WOS:001171389600001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:001171389600001</style></url></related-urls></urls><custom7>118834</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.carbon.2024.118834</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]：εεεp''=其中σ、f和τ分别表示材料的电导率、测试频率和极化弛豫时间，QUOTE、QUOTE和QUOTE分别表示真空条件下的介电常数、静态介电常数和极限高频下的介电常数。由式（1-7）可知，总介电损耗QUOTE是传导损耗QUOTE和极化损耗QUOTE的加和ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sun</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1745943268">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sun,K.</author><author>Xie,P.T.</author><author>Wang,Z.Y.</author><author>Su,T.M.</author><author>Shao,Q.</author><author>Ryu,J.E.</author><author>Zhang,X.H.</author><author>Guo,J.</author><author>Shankar,A.</author><author>Li,J.F.</author><author>Fan,R.H.</author><author>Cao,D.P.</author><author>Guo,Z.H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Flexiblepolydimethylsiloxane/multi-walledcarbonnanotubesmembranousmetacompositeswithnegativepermittivity</title><secondary-title>Polymer</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Polymer</full-title></periodical><pages>50-57</pages><volume>125</volume><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0032-3861</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000409511800006</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000409511800006</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.polymer.2017.07.083</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]。根据德拜方程，复介电常数ε的实部QUOTE和虚部QUOTE关系如下ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王亚辉</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746001255">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王亚辉</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">韩喜江</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">,</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">杜耘辰</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">%J,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">哈尔滨工业大学</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">碳化钼基吸波材料的制备及其性能研究</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword>碳化钼</keyword><keyword>吸波材料</keyword><keyword>MOFs衍生</keyword><keyword>核壳结构</keyword><keyword>多元损耗</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2021</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">哈尔滨工业大学</style></publisher><work-type><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/doi/10.27061/ki.ghgdu.2021.000343</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.27061/ki.ghgdu.2021.000343</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]：ε以ε′为纵坐标、以ε′′绘制的横坐标绘制的图像称为Cole曲线ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yang</Author><Year>2023</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1745943268">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yang,S.Q.</author><author>Tang,L.</author><author>Wei,H.J.</author><author>Xue,J.M.</author><author>Wang,Z.J.</author><author>Wang,Q.Y.</author><author>Zhao,F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">In-situconstructionofvolcanicrock-likestructuresinYb</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">2</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">O</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">modifiedreducedgrapheneoxideandtheirboostedelectromagneticwaveabsorbingproperties</style></title><secondary-title>Carbon</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon</full-title></periodical><pages>118445</pages><volume>215</volume><dates><year>2023</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0008-6223</isbn><accession-num>WOS:001080673000001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:001080673000001</style></url></related-urls></urls><custom7>118445</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118445</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]。如果材料中存在极化弛豫损耗，则Cole曲线中存在单个半圆或多个半圆，这称为Cole-Cole半圆，每个半圆代表一个极化弛豫过程。如果材料中存在传导损耗，则曲线中将有一个长尾ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhao</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>59</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>59</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746007977">59</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhao,Y.P.</author><author>Zuo,X.Q.</author><author>Guo,Y.</author><author>Huang,H.</author><author>Zhang,H.</author><author>Wang,T.</author><author>Wen,N.X.</author><author>Chen,H.</author><author>Cong,T.Z.</author><author>Muhammad,J.</author><author>Yang,X.</author><author>Wang,X.N.</author><author>Fan,Z.</author><author>Pan,L.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Structuralengineeringofhierarchicalaerogelscomprisedofmulti-dimensionalgradientcarbonnanoarchitecturesforhighlyefficientmicrowaveabsorption</title><secondary-title>Nano-microletters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nano-MicroLetters</full-title></periodical><pages>144</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2021</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2311-6706</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000661923800001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000661923800001</style></url></related-urls></urls><custom7>144</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s40820-021-00667-7</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。图1-1介电损耗（包括界面极化、导电损耗、偶极子弛豫）和磁损耗（包括磁共振和磁耦合）的原理图ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zuo</Author><Year>2023</Year><RecNum>84</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>84</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="wsp2f2tfyvs0dmevxxxpdpvcvevp5a0990z0"timestamp="1746796043">84</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zuo,Dongqing</a