托福（阅读）模拟试卷31

托福(阅读)模拟试卷31

一、阅读题(本题共30题，每题1.0分，共30分。)

SOILFERTILIZATION(1)Fertilizerspartiallyrestoreplantnutrientslostbyerosion,

cropharvesting,andleaching.[A]Farmerscanuseeitherorganicfertilizerfromplant

andanimalmaterialsorcommercialinorganicfertilizerproducedfromvariousminerals.

[B|Threebasictypesoforganicfertilizerareanimalmanure,greenmanure,and

compost.[C]Animalmanureincludesthewastematterofcattle,horses,poultry,and

otherfarmanimals.[D]Itimprovessoilstructure,addsorganicnitrogen,andstimulates

beneficialsoilbacteriaandfungi.(2)Despiteitseffectiveness,theuseofanimalmanure

intheUnitedStateshasdecreased.Therearethreereasonsforthis:thereplacementof

mostmixedanimal-raisingandcrop-farmingoperationswithseparateoperationsfor

growingcropsandraisinganimals,thehighcostsoftransportinganimalmanurefrom

feedlotsnearurbanareaslodistantruralcrop-growingareas,andthereplacementof

horsesandotherdraftanimalsthataddedmanuretothesoilwithtractorsandother

motorizedfarmmachinery.(3)Greenmanureisfreshorgrowinggreenvegetation

plowedintothesoiltoincreasetheorganicmatterandhumus(degradedorganicmatter)

availabletothenextcrop.Compostisasweet-smelling,dark-brown,humus-likematerial

thatisrichinorganicmatterandsoilnutrients.Itisproducedwhenmicroorganismsin

soil(mostlyfungiandaerobicbacteria)breakdownorganicmattersuchasleaves,food

wastes,paper,andwoodinthepresenceofoxygen.Compostisarichnaturalfertilizer

andsoilconditionerthataeratessoil,improvesitsabilitytoretainwaterandnutrients,

helpspreventerosion,andpreventsnutrientsfrombeingwastedbybeingdumpedin

landfills.Compostisproducedbypilingupalternatinglayersofnitrogen-richwastes

(suchasgrassclippings,weeds,animalmanure,andvegetablekitchenscraps),carbon-

richplantwastes(deadleaves,hay,straw,sawdust),andtopsoil.Compostprovidesa

homeformicroorganismsthathelpdecomposeplantandmanurelayersandreducesthe

amountofplantwastestakentolandfillsandincinerators.(4)Anotherformoforganic

fertilizeristhesporesofmushrooms,puffballs,andtruffles.Rapidlygrowingand

spreadingmycorrhizaefungiinthesporesattachtoplantrootsandhelpthemtakein

moistureandnutrientsfromthesoil.Unliketypicalfertilizersthatmustbeappliedevery

fewweeks,oneapplicationofmushroomfungilastsallyearandcostsjustpenniesper

plant.Thefungialsoproduceabiggerrootsystem,whichmakesplantsmoredisease

resistant.(5)Corn,tobacco,andcottoncandepletethetopsoilofnutrients,especially

nitrogen,ifplantedonthesamelandseveralyearsinarow.Onewaytoreducesuch

lossesiscroprotation.Farmersplantareasorstripswithnutrient-depletingcropsone

year.Inthenextyeartheyplantthesameareaswithlegumes,whoserootnodulesadd

nitrogentothesoil.Inadditiontohelpingrestoresoilnutrients,thismethodreduces

erosionbykeepingthesoilcoveredwithvegetationandhelpsreducecroplossesto

insectsbypresentingthemwithachangingtarget.(6)Today,manyfarmersrelyon

commercialinorganicfenilizerscontainingnitrogen(asammoniumions,nitrateions,or

urea),phosphorus(asphosphateions),andpotassium(aspotassiumions).Inorganic

commercialfertilizersarceasilytransported,stored,andapplied.Worldwide,theiruse

increasedabouttenfoldbetween1950and1989butdeclinedby12%between1990and

1999.Today,theadditionalfoodtheyhelpproducefeedsoneofeverythreepeopleinthe

world,withoutthem,worldfoodoutput,woulddropanestimated40%.(7)Commercial

inorganicfertilizershavesomedisadvantages,however.Theseinclude(1)notadding

humustothesoil,(2)reducingthesoil'scontentoforganicmatterandthusitsabilityto

holdwater(unlessanimalmanureandgreenmanurearealsoaddedtothesoil),(3)

loweringtheoxygencontentofsoilandkeepingfertilizerfrombeingtakenupas

efficiently,(4)typicallysupplyingonlytwoorthreeofthetwentyorsonutrientsneeded

byplants,and(5)releasingnitrousoxide,agreenhousegasthatcanenhanceglobal

warming.Thewidespreaduseofcommercialinorganicfertilizers、especiallyonsloped

landnearstieamsandlakes,alsocauseswaterDolkitionasnitrateandphosphatefertilizer

nutrientsaiewashedintonearbybodiesofwater.Theresultingplantnutrientenrichment

causesalgaebloomsthatuseupoxygendissolvedinthewater,therebykillingfish.

1、Theword"beneficial'inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto|Para.I]

A、necessary

B、helpful

C、several

D、hidden

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查对beneficial的理解。该词位于第1段末句“它(指动物粪

肥)能改善土壤结构，增加有机氮含量并刺激_______土壤的细菌和真菌”。该句

提到的都是动物粪肥的益处，故推测beneficial也是表达对土壤有利的意思。B项

“有帮助的”为答案。A项“有必要的”；C项“几个的”；D项“隐藏的”。

2、Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingcontributedtothedecreaseintheuse

ofanimalmanureintheUnitedStatesEXCEPT

A、changesincrop-farmingandanimal-raisingoperations

hightransportationcosts

C、themovementoflargenumbersoffeedlotstodistantruralareas

D、theintroductionofmotorizedfarmmachinery

标准答案：C

知识点解析：题目问根据第2段，哪项不是导致美国减少动物粪肥使用的原因。第

2段第2句提到3个原因。A项“农作物种植和动物饲养的变化”对应第1个原因，

B项“运输费用高”对应第2个原因，D项“机动农用机械的引进”对应第3个原因。

原文说第2个原因是将动物粪肥从城区附近的饲养场运送到遥远乡村种植地区的运

输成本高昂，没有提到需要转移饲养场，C项“向偏远乡村地区转移大量的饲养场”

为本题答案。

3、Accordingtoparagraph3,whatisoneadvantageofusingcompostinraisingcrops?

A、Itmakesthesoileasiertoplowinpreparationforplanting.

Waterandnutrientsstayinthesoilandenableplantgrowth.

C、Thedamagetothesoilfrommicroorganismsisreduced.

D^Excessoxygenisremovedfromthesoil.

标准答案：B」

知识点解析：本题问根据第3段，在种植作物时使用堆肥的好处。第3段第4句提

到堆肥是一种丰富的天然肥料和土壤调节剂，它能使土壤透气，提高土壤保持水分

和养分的能力，有助于防止土壤侵蚀，防止养分因被倾倒在垃圾填埋场而被浪费，

B项“水和养分留在土壤里，确保植物生长”为本题答案。原文没有提及堆肥可以使

得土壤更容易耕作，也没有提及多余氧气被去除，A项“它使土壤更容易耕作，为

种植做准备”和D项“从土壤中去除多余的氧气”没有依据。第3段末句提到堆肥为

微生物提供了一个家园，这些微生物帮助分解植物和粪肥层，并减少了被送往垃圾

填埋场和焚化炉的植物废物的数量，C项“减少微生物对土壤的损害”与原文不符。

4、Accordingtoparagraph4,eachofthefollowingisanadvantageofusingmushroom

sporesasfertilizerEXCEPT

A、Thecostofusingmushroomsporesisrelativelylow.

B、Asingleapplicationofmushroomsporesisenoughfbrawholeyear.

C、Mushroomfungiarenutrientsthatplantscantakeineasily.

D^Mushroomfungihelpprotectplantsfromdisease.

标准答案；C

知识点解析：本题问根据第4段，哪项不是使用蘑菇抱子作肥料的优点。第4段倒

数第2句提到与每隔几周就要施用一次的典型肥料不同，蘑菇菌类肥料施用一次可

以持续一整年，且每株仅需花费几分钱。由此排除A项“使用蘑菇抱子的成本用对

较低”和B项“蘑菇抱子施用一次就足以维持一年”。第4段末句提到真菌还能产生

更大的根系，使植物更具抗病能力，排除D项“蘑菇菌类有助于保护植物免受疾

病C项”蘑菇菌类是植物很容易吸收的营养素”未在第4段提及，为答案。

5、Whatisthe"target'1referredtointhepassage?|Para.5|

Croplossesthatarecausedbyinsects

B、Thecropbeinggrownatanygiventime

C、Theareasthatareplantedwithlegumes

D^Thevariousinsectsthatcausecroplosses

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题问文中的largel指的是什么。该词位于第5段末句，句中的Ihis

method指代该段第2句说的作物轮作(croprotation),此处表达的是作物轮作可

以帮助减少作物损失，bydoingsth.表示一种方式，即减少作物损失的方式是给昆

虫提供一个不断变化的蚕食对象，联系前文可知此处的target“目标，对象”指的是

“轮流物的地区”和D项“造成作物损失的各种昆虫”均不符合原文语意。

6、Accordingtoparagraph6,whatistrueaboutthequantitiesofcommercialinorganic

fertilizersusedglobally?

A、Theyarelikelytodropbyabout40%inthenexttenyears.

Theyhaveincreasedatasteadyratesince1950.

知识点解析：突显句说明无机肥料造成水污染的原因是硝酸盐和磷肥的养分会被冲

到附近的水体中。B项“此外，当硝酸盐和磷酸盐被冲进河流和湖泊时，商业无机

肥料的广泛使用造成水污染''为答案，选项中的Inaddition对应原文的also,而

whennitratesandphosphatesarewashedintostreamsandlakes对应原文的asnitrates

andphosphatefertilizernutrientsarewashedintonearbybodiesofwater.A项“水污染的

主要原因是在河流和湖泊附近的斜坡上广泛使用商业性无机肥料”与原文不符。C

项“此外，无机物肥料的普遍商业生产造成了河流和湖泊等水体的污染”中的Ihe

widespreadcommercialproduction没有原文依据。D项“最常用的商业无机肥料是硝

酸盐和磷肥，如果它们进入河流或湖泊，就会造成水污染”错误，原文说的是商业

无机肥料的广泛使用，而不是最常用的商业无机肥料。

9、Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeadded

tothepassage.Thus,theyhelpkeepfarmlandproductiveoverthelongterm.Where

wouldthesentencebestfit?[Para.1]

标准答案：A

知识点解析•：需要插入的句子意为“因此，它们有助于长期保持农田的生产力”。该

句的they提示前文出现了复数名词而Thus“因此”提示前文出现与插入句有关的原

因，且通过helpkeep可判断前文表达的是事物的正面信息。插入句放在A处合

适.第1段首句提到肥料可以恢复部分因侵蚀、作物收割和过滤而失去的植物养

分。紧接着是插入句“因此，它们(肥料)有助于长期保持农田的生产力”。第2句

至末句语意流畅，第2句提到肥料的类型有有机肥料和商业无机肥料，第3句细说

有机肥料的种类，第4句和末句接着阐述其中一种有机肥料及其作用，故插入句不

宜放在B处、C处和D处。

10、Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.

CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemost

importantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummary

becausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthe

passage.Thisquestioniswonh2points.Bothorganicandinorganicfertilizersareused

tokeepcroplandsproductive.AnswerChoices(A)Animalmanuresareeffectiveorganic

fertilizers,buttheiruseintheUnitedStateshasdecreasedbecauseofchangesinmodern

farming.(B)Manyeconomicallyimportantcrops,includingcorn,tobacco,andcotton,

canonlybegrowninthesamefieldsyearafteryeariflargeamountsofinorganic

fertilizersareaddedtothesoil.(C)Since1950,farmersworldwidehavebeguntoreplace

organicfertilizerswithinorganiccommercialones,becausethelatterhelpssoiltoretain

oxygen.(D)Compost,ahumus-likematerialthatisrichinorganicmaterial,isoftenused

togetherwithgreenmanure,sincethecombinationofthetwohelpstopreventsoil

erosion.(E)Greenmanurcs,compost,mushroomspores,andcroprotation,ifused

correctly,allhavepositiveimpactsongrowingconditionsforcropsthatgobeyond

simplyprovidingnutrients.(F)Commercialinorganicfertilizersplayakeyrolein

feedingtheworld'spopulation,buttheycanalsocauseseriousenvironmentaldamage.

标准答案：A,E,F

知识点解析：A项“动物粪肥是有效的有机肥料-，但由于现代农业的变化，它们在

美国的使用己经减少了”对应第2段的内容。E项“绿肥、堆肥、蘑菇泡子和作物轮

作，如果使用得当，对作物的生长条件都有积极的影响，而不仅仅是提供营养”是

第3段和第4段内容的提炼。F项“商业无机肥料在养活世界人口方面发挥关键作

用，但它们也可能会造成严重的环境破坏”是第6段和第7段的中心内容。第5段

第1句和第2句提到的是如果连续几年在同一块土地上种植玉米、烟草和棉花，它

们会耗尽表层土壤的养分，而减少这种损失的一种方法是作物轮作，B项“许多重

要的经济作物，包括玉米、烟草和棉花，只有在土壤中添加大量无机肥料的情况下

才能年复一年地在同一块土地上种植，，与原文不符。c项“自1950年以来，全世界

的农民开始用无机商业肥料取代有机肥料，因为无机商业肥料有助于土壤保持氧

气”的原因部分没有依据。D项“堆肥是一种富含有机物质的类似腐殖质的物质，经

常与绿肥一起使用，因为这两种物质结合使用有助于防止土壤侵蚀”也没有原文依

据，原文并未提及堆肥与绿肥一起使用有什么益处。

DiseaseandHistoryWhatistherelationshipbetweendiseaseandtheevolutionofhuman

societies?(1)Epidemiologyisthestudyofthecauses,distribution,andcontrolof

diseasesinpopulations.Throughouthistory,therehavebeengeneraltrendsinthe

relationshipbetweendiseasesandthehumanspecies.AnthropologistGeorgeArmelogos

hasoutlinedthesetrendsandreferstothemasthree"epidemiologicaltransitions."(2)For

mostofourspecies1history,welivedinsmall,widelydispersed,nomadicgroups.Our

ancestorscertainlyexperienceddiseasesofvarioussortsandwouldhavecomeinto

contactwithnewdiseasesastheymigratedtonewenvironments.Butinfectiousdiseases

maynothavehadseriouseffectsonlargenumbersofpeopleormanydifferent

populations,sincediseaseswouldhavehadlittlechanceofbeingpassedontomanyother

humans.(3)Whensomepeoplebegantosettledownandproducetheirfoodthrough

farmingandanimaldomestication—startingabout10,000yearsago-thefirst

epidemiologicaltransitionoccurred.|A]Infectiousdiseasesincreasedinimpact,aslarger

anddenserconcentrationsofpeopleprovidedgreateropportunityfordiseasetobepassed

fromhosttohost.[B]Animaldomesticationmayhavebroughtpeopleintocontactwit'i

newdiseasespreviouslylimitedtootherspecies.[C]Workingthesoilwouldhave

exposedfarmerstoinsectsandotherpathogens.[D]Irrigationinsomeareasprovided

breedingplacesformosquitoes,increasingtheincidenceofmalariaandothermosquito-

bornediseases.Sanitationproblemscausedbylarger,moresedentarypopulationswould

havehelpedtransmitdiseasesinhumanwaste,aswouldtheuseofanimaldungfor

fertilizer.Inaddition,agriculturealsoledtoanarrowingoffoodsources,ascomparedto

thevarieddietsofhuntersandgatherers.Thiscouldhaveresultedinnutritional

deficiencies;moreover,thestorageoffoodsurplusesattractednewdiseasecarrierssuch

asinsectsandrats.Tradebetweensettledcommunitieshelpedspreaddiseasesoverlarge

geographicareas,asinthecaseoftheBlackDeathinEurope.Epidemics,inthesenseof

diseasesthataffectalargenumberofpopulationsatthesametime,wereessentially

nonexistentuntilthedevelopmentofagriculturaleconomies.(4)Beginninginthelast

yearsofthenineteenthcenturyandcontinuingintothetwentieth,weexperiencedthe

secondepidemiologicaltransition.Withmodernmedicalscienceproviding

immunizationsandantibioticsandwithbetterpublichealthmeasuresandimproved

nutrition,manyinfectiousdiseaseswerebroughtundercontrol,oreveneliminated.In

termsofwhatailedandkilledus,therewasashifttochronicdiseasessuchasheartand

lungdiseases.Theincreaseinmanyofthesecamenotonlyfromthefactthatfewer

peopleweredyingfrominfectiousdiseaseandwerelivinglongerbutalsofromthe

resultsofmodernlifestylesindevelopedcountriesandamongtheupperclassesof

developingcountries—amoresedentarylifeleadingtolessphysicalactivity,morestress,

environmentalpollution,andhigh-fatdiets.Butatleast,wethought,manyofthese

problemswerethingswecouldpotentiallycontrol;allthoseinfectiousepidemicswereof

thepast.(5)Butontheheelsofthesecondtransitionhadcomethethirdepidemiological

transition,andweareinitnow.Newdiseasesareemerging,andoldonesarereturning.

Bothofthesephenomenacanbeunderstoodintermsofevolutionarytheory.(6)The

returnofolddiseasesistheresultofthefactthatmicroorganismsareevolvingspecies

themselves.Forexample,newandseriousantibiotic-resistantstrainsoftuberculosishave

recentlyappeared.Thisevolutionmayhavebeenencouragedbywhatsomeauthorities

considerouroveruseofantibiotics,givingmicroorganismsagreaterchancetoevolve

resistancebyexposingthemtoaconstantbarrageofselectivechallenges.Somebacteria

reproducehourly,andsotheprocessesofgeneticmutationandnaturalselectionare

speededupinthesespecies.(7)Emergingdiseasesarealsotheresultofhumanactivityin

themodemworld,whichbringsmorepeopleintocontactwithmorediseases,someof

whichwereunheardofevenafewdecadesago.Aspeopleandtheirproductsbecame

moremobile、andasourpopulationsspreadinlopreviouslylillle-inhabiledareas,culling

downforeslsandotherwiseakeringecologicalcondilicns.weconlaclotherspeciesihal

maycarrydiseasestowhichtheyareimmunebul【halprovedeadlytous.

11、Accordingtoparagraph2,whywereiniculiousdiseasesnutaseriousprublcmfor

mostofhumanhistory?

A、Therewereveryfewinfectiousdiseasesearlyinhumanhistory.

B、Populationgroupsdidnotmovearoundenoughtobeexposedtonewdiseases.

C、Manydisease-causingorganismshadfeaturesthatmadethemdifficulttopassonto

otherhumans.

D^Populationgroupsdidnothaveenoughcontactwitheachothertospreaddiseases

widely.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题问根据第2段，为何传染病在人类历史的大部分时间里都不是一

个严重的问题。第2段末句提到传染性疾病可能不会对大量人群或许多不同人群产

生严重影响，因为疾病被传染给许多其他人的机会很小。联系该段首句，可知机会

小是因为在人类历史上的大部分时间里，我们都生活在小而分散的游牧群体中。D

项“人口群体之间没有足够的接触，无法广泛传播疾病”为答案。第2段第2句提到

我们的祖先肯定经历过各种各样的疾病，并在迁移到新环境时接触到新的疾病。A

项“在人类历史早期很少有传染病”和B项“人口群体的流动不够，没有接触到新的

疾病”与原文不符。C项“许多致病生物体具有难以传给其他人的特征”属于无中生

有。

12、Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingcontributedtotheriseof

epidemics?

ANThedevelopmentofmoredeadlyformsofhumandisease

B、Thespreadofineffectivetreatmentsforinfectiousdisease

C^Thespreadofmosquito-bornediseasestootherdiseasecarriers

D、Thepracticeofexchanginggoodsbetweensettledareas

标准答案：D.........

知识点解析：本题问根据第3段，哪项导致了流行病的兴起。第3段倒数第2句提

到定居地区之间的贸易促进了疾病在广阔的地域内传播，D项”在定居地区之间交

换货物的做法”为答案。A项“更致命的人类疾病的发展”和B项“传染病无效治疗的

传播''均未在第3段提及，故排除。第3段第5句提到一些地区的灌溉为蚊子提供

了繁殖场所，增加了疟疾和其他经蚊子传播的疾病的发病率，但没提到蚊子将其携

带的疾病传播给其他疾病携带者，C项“由蚊子携带的疾病传播给其他疾病携带者”

没有原文依据。

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph3asareasonthat

agricultureledtogreaterexposuretodisease?

A^Irrigationcreatedareaswheredisease-carryingmosquitoescouldreproduce.

B>Peopleincreasinglycameintocontactwithdisease-carryinganimalsattractedtofood

storageareas.

C>Agriculturalproductsspoiledmorereadily,leadingtomorefrequentepisodesof

disease.

D、Farmingexposedhumanstodisease-carryinginsectsinthesoil.

标准答案：C

知识点讪析：本题问根据第3段，哪项不是农业导致人类更多地接触疾病的原因。

第3段第5句提到一些地区的灌溉为蚊子提供了繁殖场所，增加了疟疾和其他经蚊

子传播的疾病的发病率，排除A项“灌溉创造了携带疾病的蚊子可以繁殖的环

境”。第3段倒数第3句提到多余食物的储存吸引了新的疾病携带者，如昆虫和老

鼠，排除B项“人们越来越多地接触到那些被吸引到食物储存区域的带病动物”。

第3段第4句提到耕种土壤会使农民接触到昆虫和其他病原体，排除D项“农业使

人类接触土壤中携带疾病的昆虫工C项”农产品更容易变质，导致疾病更频繁发

生”未在第3段提及，为答案。

14、Accordingtoparagraph3,howdidsanitationproblemsinearlyfarmingsocieties

leadtothespreadofinfectiousdiseases?

A、Waterusedforirrigationcropswasnotalwaysclean.

B、Largerpopulationswereincreasinglyexposedlohumanandanimalwaste.

C、Farmproductsthatspoiledinfieldsattractedinsectsandanimalswithdiseases.

D、Lackofvariedfoodsourcesoccasionallyforcedcommunitiestoeatfoodthatcarried

diseases.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题问根据第3段，早期农业社会的卫生问题是如何导致传染病的传

播的。第3段倒数第5句提到人口越来越多也越来越倾向丁定居，这造成的卫生问

题可能会有助于传播人类粪便中的疾病，使用动物粪便作肥料也会如此。B项“越

来越多的人口接触到人类和动物的粪便”为本题答案，原文没有提及灌溉作物的水

是否干净，A项”用于灌溉作物的水并不总是干净的”没有原文依据。第3段倒数第

3句提到多余食物的储存吸引了新的疾病携带者，如昆虫和老鼠，C项“农田中变

质的农产品吸引了带病的昆虫和动物”中变质的农产品没有依据。第3段倒数第

3、4句提到的是农业也导致了食物来源的缩减，这可能会导致营养不良，没有提

到人们被迫食用携带疾病的食物，D项”由于缺乏各种食物来源，居民有时被迫食

用携带疾病的食物''没有依据。

15、Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowinglikelycontributedtochronicdisease

EXCEPT

A^longerlifeexpectations

decreasedphysicalactivity

C、higherratesofpoverty

D、changesindiet

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题问根据第4段，哪项不是可能导致慢性疾病的因素。第4段倒数

第2句提到这些慢性疾病的增加不仅是因为更少人死于传染病和人活得更久（对应

A项“预期寿命延长”），还因为发达国家和发展中国家上层阶级的现代生活方式带

来的后果——更加久坐不动的生活导致更少的身体活动（对应B项“身体活动减

少”），还有更多的压力、环境污染以及高脂饮食〔对应D项“饮食的改变”）。C

项“更高的贫困率”未在第4段提及为答案。

16、Theword"emerging"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[Para.5]

A、appearing

B、spreading

C、becomingmoreserious

D、replacingothers

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查对emerging的理解。该词位于第5段第2句”新的疾病正在

,旧的疾病正在卷土重来由newdiseases可推测这里表达的是新疾病

出现。第7段首句也提到Emergingdiseases是人类活动的结果，这些人类活动让人

们接触到了更多的疾病，有些疾病是过去几十年都闻所未闻的，这里也暗示了“新

出现''的含义。A项“出现”符合语意，为答案。B项“传播”、C项“变得更严重”和D

项”代替了别的疾病”均不符合语意。

17、Whatcanbeinferredfromthediscussionofantibiotic-resistantstrainsofbacteriain

paragraph6?

A、Mostmicroorganismscannotsurvivemultipleexposurestoantibiotics.

B、Tuberculosisstrainsaremuchmorelikelytobeantibiotic-resistantthanareother

microorganisms.

C、Baulciiadialicpioduucquicklyarcinuiclikelytobcuumcicsislanltoaiilibiolius.

D、Exposingmicroorganismstoaconstantbarrageofantibioticspreventsthemfrom

evolvingresistance.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题问从第6段对抗生素耐药菌株的讨论中可.以推断出什么。第6段

第3、4句提到一些权威人士认为，我们过度使用抗生素，使微生物不断面临一系

列选择性挑战、从而有更大的机会进化出耐药性，这可能鼓励了这种进化。有些细

菌每小时繁殖一次，所以这些物种的基因突变和自然选择的过程加快了。由此可推

断，快速繁殖的细菌更有可能对抗生素产生耐药性，C项为本题答案。A项“大多

数微生物无法在多次接触抗生素后存活”和D项“将微生物暴露在一连串的抗生素

之下，会阻止它们进化出耐药性”与原文不符，故样除。原文没有就结核菌株和其

他微生物对抗生素具有的耐药性进行比较，B项“结核菌株比其他微生物更有可能

对抗生素具有耐药性”没有依据。

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportant

waysorleaveoutessentialinformation.[Para.7]

ANHumanscontactotherspeciesduringpopulationgrowthintopreviouslylittle-

inhabitedareas.

B、Speciesthatcarrydiseasesdeadlytohumansliveinareaswithsmall,mobile

populations.

C>Increasedmobilityandpopulationexpansionintonewareasexposehumanstonew,

deadlydiseasescarriedbyotherspecies.

D、Somespeciesthathumanscontactinlittle-inhabitedareasareimmunetodiseases

thataredeadlytohumans.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：该句位于第7段末句，句内逻辑关系为因果关系。该句的意思是随着

人类和他们的产品变得更有流动性（原因1）,我们的人口扩散到以前很少有人居

住的地区（原因2）,砍伐森林和改变生态条件，我们接触到其他物种（结果），

这些物种可能携带它们刍身免疫，但对人类致命的疾病。C项“流动性的增加和人

口向新地区的扩张使人类暴露于由其他物种携带的新的致命疾病”为答案。A项“人

类在人口增长过程中进入了以前很少有人居住的地区时，接触了其他物种”只阐述

了原句的部分信息，故排除。B项“携带对人类致命的疾病的物种生活在人口小而

流动的地区“没有原文依据。D项“人类在人烟稀少地区接触到一些物种，它们对某

些疾病具有免疫力，而这些疾病对人类来说却是致命的”重点偏移。

19、Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.Butthedenserpopulationsofagriculturalcommunitieswereonly

oneofmanyfactorscontributingtotheincreasedriskofdisease.Wherewouldthe

sentencebestfit?[Para.3]

标准答案：B

知识点解析：需要插入的句子提到“但是农业社区更密集的人口只是导致疾病风险

增加的众多因素之一句中的denserpopulations提示前文可能有关于人口变得密

集的描述，而句首的转折连词But和句中的onlyoneofmanyfactors提示接下来会

阐述其他的因素工插入句放在B处合适。第3段首句提到人类开始定居生活和依

靠农业和动物驯养来获得食物时，第一次流行病学转变才开始。第2句先阐述了传

染病的影响增加了，因为更大规模更密集的集中人口为疾病在宿主之间的传播提供

更大的机会。接着插入句提到但是农业社区更密集的人口只是导致疾病风险增加的

众多因素之一。第3句到第5句分别闸述了动物驯养、耕种土壤和灌溉这三个其他

因素，这三句间语意逻辑流畅，故插入句不宜放在C处和D处。第3段首句没有

提及人口密度的集中，故插入句不宜放在A处。

20>Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.

CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemost

importantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummary

becausetheyexpressideasthatarcnotpresentedinthepassageorarcminorideasinthe

passage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Throughouthistory,theimpactofdiseaseson

humanshaschangedashumansocietieshavedeveloped.AnswerChoices(A)Once

advancesinmedicalscienceresultedinbettercontroloreliminationofmanyinfectious

diseases,diseasesresultingfromthemodernlifestylebecameamajorproblem.(B)

Humanstodayareatriskforcontractingbothnewdiseasesandolddiseasesthathave

reemergedand,insomecases,havebecomeresistanttoantibiotics.(C)Thetransitionto

fanningmeantthathumanshadbothmorecontactwithoneanotherandwithother

speciesthatcarrieddisease,leadingtodiseaseepidemics.(D)Inearlyhumanhistory,

nomadicgroupsstartedencounteringdiseaseswhentheymovedtonewenvironments.

(E)Infectiousdiseaseshaveincreasedsteadilyinimpactandseverityfromthe

agriculturalrevolutionthroughtodayasaresultofincreasingcontactbetweenhuman

societies.(F)Duringthesecondepidemiologicaltransition,betterpublichealthmeasures

andimprovednutritionhelpedcontrolchronicdiseases.

标准答案：A,B,C

知识点解析：A项“一且医学的进步使许多传染病得到更好的控制或消除，由现代

生活方式造成的疾病就成为一个重大问题“对应第4段的内容。B项“当今人类面临

感染新疾病和重新出现的旧疾病的风险，这些旧疾病在某些情况下已对抗生素产生

耐药性”对应第5段和第6段。C项“向农业的过渡意味着人类彼此之间以及与其他

携带疾病的物种间有了更多的接触，从而导致了疾病的流行”对应第3段。D项“在

早期人类历史中，游牧群体在迁移到新环境时开始遭遇疾病”为第2段的细节内

容，故不选。第4段第2句提到由于现代医学提供了免疫接种和抗生素，加上更好

的公共卫生措施和营养的改善，许多传染病得到了控制，甚至被消灭了，E项,油

于人类社会之间的接触三益增多，从农业革命到今天，传染病的影响和严重程度不

断增加“没有依据。而F项“在第二次流行病转变期间，更好的公共卫生措施和营养

的改善有助于控制慢性病''中的"有助于控制慢性病”也没有依据。

FORMSOFLOCOMOTION(1)Usingmetabolicenergyas"currency"tomeasurethe

"cost"oflocomotion—thatis,theamountofenergythatmustbespenttomovefromone

placetoanother—wecancomparethecostsofdifferenttypesoflocomotion.Terrestrial

locomotion—walkingorrunning—isthemostexpensiveformoflocomotion.Giventhat

humansarenaturallyterrestrial,manypeoplemaybesurprisedtolearnthatwalkingisso

costly.Thecostperkilogramoflocomotionforhumanrunningisaboutfivetimeshigher

thanfortheflightofatypicalbird,andtentimesmoreexpensivethanforfishswimming.

(2)Justwhyislocomotionsocheapforafish?Themainreasonisthatthewatersupports

mostofthebodyweightofsuchaswimmer,soalltheanimalneedstodotoswimisto

produceenoughforcetoovercomethedragofitsownbody.Mostaquaticanimalshave

nearlythesamedensityasthewaterinwhichtheyswim,sotheydoalmostnoworkto

supporttheirweightagainstgravity.However,swimmingischeaponlyforthoseanimals

welladaptedtoswimmingcompletelysubmerged.Whenanimalssuchasducksand

muskratsswimonthesurface,theyusetwoorthreetimesmoreenergytoswimonthe

surfacethanwhensubmerged,andasmuchastwentylimesmoreenergythanfishofa

similarsize.Thisisbecauseofwhatiscalledthe"bowwave":anyobjectmovingonthe

surfaceofwaterpushesupabowwaveatthefront,whichstreamsalongsideandtrails

back.Boatdesignershavelongknownthatthebiggerthebowwave,theharderitisto

pushaboatthroughthewater.Thebowwaveproducesextradragonanybodymoving

onthesurfaceofwater.Ananimalswimmingonthesurfaceofthewaterusesextra

energyinordertoovercomedrag.Thus,torourpurposes,efficient"swimming"means

underwaterlocomotionbyanimalswithstreamlinedbodies,nottheexhausting,

inefficientlocomotionofhumansinswimmingpools.(3)Flyinganimalsmovethrough

airthatislessdenseandlessviscousthanwater,sowhydoesflyingcostmorethan

swimming?First,mostflyinganimalsmovemuchfasterthanaswimmerinorderto

produceenoughlift(theupwardforcenecessarytoovercomegravity).[A]Thishigher

speedincreases