考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷448

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷448

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Harvardthrilledmiddle-classparentslastweekbycappingitstuitionforfamilieswith

incomesofupto$180,000at10percentoftheirearnings.Themovesparkedhopesofa

donationracethatcouldeasethesoaringcostsofcollege.Earlierthismonth,Dukejoined

agroupofschoolsincludingHarvard,Princeton,andStanfordthatpromisefreeridesto

low-incomestudents.Butmanypointoutthatthesegestureswillaffectonlyafew

hundredluckystudents.Theoutlaysaresocomparativelysmallthattheyareunlikelyto

divertpressureforreformsinthewayscollegesspendtheirmoney-especiallythe

estimated$380billionofendowmentfundsstoredintax-freeaccounts."It'sanimportant

gesture,'1CollegeParentsofAmericaPresidentJamesBoylesaysofHarvard.But

collegesshoulddomorenowwiththemoneythey'vesockedawayforarainyday,he

says.Thenumbersaresmaller,butthestoryissimilaratothercolleges.Theaverage

endowmenthasbeenreaping10percentayearoninvestmentssince2004.Butcolleges

spentanaverageofjust4.6percentoftheirendowmentslastyearwhileraisingtuition

fasterthantherateofinflation.ThattroublesfolkslikeSen.ChuckGrassley,who's

pushingCongresstorequirewealthycollegestospendatleast5percentoftheir

endowmentseveryyear."Tax-exemptorganizationsarcsupposedtoprovidepublic

benefitinexchangefortheirspecialstatus,"hesaid."Helpingthenextgenerationafford

collegeisapublicbenefit."Manycollegeofficials,ofcourse,arebattlingsuchrule

changes.WhileHarvard,Yale,andPrincetonallhavemorethan$1millionworthof

endowmentperstudent,halfofallcollegeshavenomorethan$2,000perstudentsaved

up.Evenhighearningschoolssaytheyalreadyarespendingasmuchastheyshould.

ChrisBittman,chiefinvestmentofficeroftheUniversityofColoradoFoundation,racked

upalmost23percentinreturnslastfiscalyear,bringingtheschool'sendowmenttonearly

$800million.Hesupportstheschool'spolicyofspending4.5percent.Recentbigprofits

can'tlastforever,hesays.Instead,endowmentsshouldplanonearningthelong-terrri

averageof10percent.Still,pressureappearstobeforcingsomechanges.InJune,

Stanfordannounceditwouldincreaseitsendowmentspendingto5.5percent,or$160

millionayear.Ifeveryschoolfollowedsuit,thatwouldfreeupabout$4billionayear（or

$200perstudent）toincreaseaidorkeeptuitionpricesdown.OrasRichardVedder,an

OhioUniversityeconomist,says,“asmallstepformankind.”

1、Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,the"freerides"tofamousschoolswill

probably

A、affectagoodmanystudentswithexcellentacademicrecords.

B、promotethereformofendowmentspendingofschoolsgreatly.

C、resultinthetuitionraiseforsomeotherstudents.

D、givepressuretoschooladministratorsonmoneypolicy.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：事实细节题。答案在第一、二段。第二段最后一句讲到大学应该用存

下来的钱做更多的事，这与D项内容相符。

2、Sen.ChuckGrassleysuggeststhattheschoolsshould

A、increasetheirendowmentstosuittheirparticularstatus.

B、abidebythelawonendowmentspending.

C、usetheirtax-freefundstobringsocialbenefits.

D、createlearningopportunitiesoutsideschoolforyoungpeople.

标准答案：C'

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据Sen.ChuckGrassley定位到第三段。他说：“免税

组织既然拥有特殊的地位，就应该提供公共福利作为交换”，C项与此相符。

3、AccordingtoParagraph4,ChrisBittmanbelievesthat

A^endowmentfundsshouldbeinvestedinbusinesstomakemoney.

B、theendowmentspendingpoliciesofAmericancollegesshouldbereformed.

C、school'spolicyofspendingreliesonitsprofitsofendowmentinvestment.

D、thegapbetweenrichschoolsandpooronesstillremains.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题，考查例证细节。根据ChrisBittman定位到第四段。根

据Bittman的说法“近期的高收益不可能永远持续"，再根据endowmentshouldplan

onearning…这些字眼可知，他认为支出的比率是依赖于捐赠基金的投资收益情

况，可知C项符合题意。

4、Thephrase"asmallstepformankind"(Lastline,Paragraph5)showsthatthe

increasedendowmentspendingwill

A^encouragemorepublicspending.

B、contributetosocialdevelopment.

C^harmonizedifferentschools.

D^pavethewayfbrfreeeducation.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：引用推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段。文中提到如果每个学校都效

仿的话，将每年腾出约40亿美元。而根据前文第三段提到的学校作为免税单位对

社会公共福利的责任，可得出B项为正确答案。

5、Whatcanweinferfromthetext?

A、Somerichuniversitiesfeelpressuretosharemoreoftheirwealth.

B>Haivaidisleadingthewayinprumolingtheevendistributionofwealth.

C^Collegestudentswillbeexemptfromtuitionsoflearning.

D、Lessendowmentspendingwillearnmorelong-termbenefits.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：事实细节题，考查是非细节。根据全文理解，可得知一些著名大学虽

然收人丰厚，但在学生身上的花费却在不断减少，据此可得出答案为A项。

Videogamesgetabadpruss.Manyareunquestionablyviolentand,ashasbeentheway

withnewmediafromnovelstocomicbookstotelevision,theyhavebeenaccusedof

corruptingthemoralfabricofyouth.Noraresuchaccusationswithoutmerit.Thereisa

bodyofresearchsuggestingthatviolentgamescanleadtoaggressivethoughts,ifnotto

violenceitself.Butnotallgamesareshoot-them-ups,andwhatislessexaminedis

whetherthosethatrewardmoreconstructivebehavioralsohavelingeringimpacts.That,

however,isstartingtochange.Twostudiesshowingthatvideogameshaveabrightside

aswellasadarkonehavebeencarriedoutrecently.One,tobepublishedinJunebythe

JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology,wasconductedbyDouglasGentile,ofIowa

StateUniversity'smediaresearchlaboratory.Heandhiscolleaguestestedtheeffectsof

playingso-called"pro-social"gamesonchildrenandyoungadultsinthreecountries.A

groupof161Americanstudentsplayedoneofsixgamesfor20minutes.Somewere

given"Ty2"or"CrashTwinsanity",bothofwhichinvolvecartoonishfightingand

destruction.Otherswereassigned"Chibi-Robo!'\whichinvolveshelpingcharactersin

thegamebydoingtheirchores,or"SuperMarioSunshine",inwhichplayerscleanup

pollutionandgraffiti.Athirdgroup,actingasacontrol,played"PurePinball"or"Super

MonkeyBallDeluxe",bothofwhichinvolveguidingaballthroughmazes.Theirgames

over,theparticipantswereaskedtochoose11of30easy,mediumorhardshape-based

puzzlesfbrapartnertocomplete,andtoldthattheirpartnerwouldreceivea$10gift

voucherifhecouldcompletetenofthem.Thosewhohadbeenplayingpro-socialgames

weresignificantlymorelikelytohelptheirpartnerbyselectingeasypuzzles.The

oppositewastruefbrthoseassignedviolentgames.TheotherpartsofDrGentile'sstudy

lookedatestablishedbehavior.Inone,agroupof680Singaporeansaged12-14were

askedtolisttheirthreefavoritegamesandstatethenumberofhourstheyplayed.They

werethengivenquestionnaires,theanswerstowhichsuggestedthatthosewhospentthe

longestplayinggameswhichinvolvedhelpingothersweremostlikelytohelp,share,co­

operateandempathizewithothers.Theyalsohadlowerscoresintestsforhostile

thoughtsandtheacceptanceofviolenceasnormal.Inthesecond,Japaneseaged10-17

wereaskedhowmuchtimetheyspentplayinggamesinwhichthemaincharacterhelps

others.Whenquestionedthreetofourmonthslater,thosewhoplayedthesetypesof

gamesthemostwerealsoratedasmorehelpfultothosearoundtheminreallife.

6、Thestatement"Videogamesgetabadpress"(Line1,Paragraph1)isusedtoshow

thatvideogamesare

A^popular.

dangerous.

C、criticized.

D^constructive.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：语义理解题。由题干可定位到第一段。原文提到，许多电子游戏被指

责败坏青少年道德，故C项“遭到批评的”符合此意。

7、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

A、Videogamesareusuallyconsideredharmfultoone'smind.

B、Videogamesinvolvingshootingwillleadtoviolentbehaviors.

C^People'sviewstowardvideogameshavealwaysbeencontroversial.

D、Videogameswillinlluencetheyouththroughouttheirlives.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段。文中提到暴力游戏确实可能导

致攻击性的思想，故A项”对人的思想有害”符合题意。

8、DouglasGentile'sresearchtendstotest

A、whethervideogamescanproducelong-termimpactontheyouth.

theeffectofplayingpro-socialgamesontheyouth.

C^whethertheyouthareabletoclassifydifferentvideogames.

D、theeffectofplayingviolentgamesontheyouth'smoralfabric.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据DouglasGentile与test定位到第二段。其中最后一

句话提到金泰尔和他的同事测试了所谓的“亲社会''类游戏对3个国家的青少年的影

响，故B项最符合题意。

9、Pro-socialgamesenableparticipantsto

A、skillfullyaccomplishtherequiredtasks.

B、selectmediumpuzzlesfortheirpartner.

C>beintegratedintodifferentsocialgroups.

D、conducthelpingactionstotheirpartner.

标准答案：D'

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据participants定位到第四段。第四段讲到玩“亲社

会''类游戏的学生显然更乐意帮助他们的搭档挑选容易的拼图，故D项正确。

10、DrGentile'sstudyonestablishedbehaviorshowsthat

A、thelongertimepeoplespendonvideogames,themoretheyarelikelytohelp.

B、somevideogamesarehelpfulfortheyouthtoformthehabitofhelpingothers.

C、themoretypesofgamespeopleplay,themorelikelytheyarehelpfulinreallife.

D、beinghelpfulinvideogameshasnothingtodowithbeinghelpfulinreality.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据Dr.Genlile和establishedbehavior定位到最后一

段。其中提到“调查问卷的答案表明，那些花最长时间玩帮助他人的游戏的孩子最

乐于助人、分享协作、富有同情心”，故B项与此相近。

Oneoftheleastappreciatedbutmostremarkabledevelopmentsofthepast60yearsisthe

extraordinarygrowthofAmericanagriculture.Farmingnowaccountsforaboutonetenth

ofthegrossdomesticproductyetemployslessthan1percentofallworkers.Ithas

accomplishedthisfeatthroughexceptionallyhighgrowthinproductivity,whichhaskept

pricesoffoodlowandtherebycontributedtorisingstandardsofliving.Furthermore,the

exportablesurplushaskeptthetradedeficitfromreachingunsupportablelevels.

Agriculturenotonlyhasoneofthehighestratesofproductivitygrowthofallindustries,

butthisgrowthappearstohaveacceleratedduringthepasttwodecades.Overtheperiod

1948to2004,totalfarmproductionwentupby166percent.Thelandusedforfarming

droppedbyonequarteroverthe56-yearperiod,andinvestmentinheavyfarmequipment

andothercapitalexpendituresdecreasedby12percent.Severaldevelopmentsdrove

thesechanges,beginningwiththereplacementoftheremaininghorsesbytractors

immediatelyafterWorldWarIIandwiththeexpandinguseoffertilizersandpesticides.

Latercametheadoptionofhybridseeds,geneticengineeringofplantsandimproved

livestockbreeding.AkeyelementwastheU.S.Departmentof

Agriculturc's(USDA)cxtcnsionservice.Operatingthroughland-grantuniversitiesand

otherorganizations,iteducatedfarmersonbiotechnology,pestmanagementand

conservation.Formanyyears,criticshaveclaimedthatmodernagricultureisnot

sustainable,oneofthemajorassertionsbeingthatitencourageserosion,whichwill

eventuallywashawaymostofthetopsoil.Losttopsoil,theargumentgoes,isvirtually

irreplaceablebecauseittakesupto300yearsforoneinchofsoiltoform.Butadetailed

studyoftwolargeareas,theSouthernPiedmontandtheNorthernMississippiValley

LoessHills,showedthatbasedon1982data,soillosshasdroppedsharplyfromthevery

highratesofthe1930s.ThestudyattributedthedecreaseinsoilerosiontotheUSDA,

whichurgedfarmersafterWorldWarIItoadoptconservationpracticessuchasstrip

cropping,wherebyalternatingrowsareplanted,andleavingplantresiduesinthefields

year-roundtoinhibitwaterrunoff.DespitebeingarobustcontributortotheU.S.

economy,modemagricultureisnotwithoutadarkside.Runoffoffertilizers,antibiotics

andhormonesdegradetheenvironmentandcanupsetthelocalecology.Ifnotgrown

properly,geneticallymodifiedcropscouldspreadtheirDNAtoconventionalspecies.

11、ThegrowthofAmericanagriculturehasbeenmainlystimulatedby

A、theproductivitygrowth.

B、lowpricesoffood.

C、risingstandardsofliving.

D、theexportablesurplus.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据第一段第三句话可知农业迅猛发展的主要原因是农

业生产率的提高，因此A项正确。

12、TheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureplayedanimportantroleinagricultural

developmentsby

A、adoptinghybridseedsandgeneticengineeringofplants.

B、advocatingthewideuseoffertilizersandpesticides.

C^improvingtheenvironmentalconservationoflands.

D、providingfarmerswithextensionserviceofeducation.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：细节推断题。根据美国农照部定位到第二段最后两句话，文中的key

对应题干中的important,由此可知其对农业的贡献主要是extensionservice,因此

D项正确。

13、Modemagricultureiscriticizedasunsustainablebecause

A^itpromotestheerosionoftopsoil.

B、itcannotprovidealong-termplanning.

C、300yearsisnotlongenoughforthedevelopment.

D、thelosttopsoilisirreplaceable.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：因果推断题。根据第三段第一句话可知，现代农业被一些专家所批评

为不符合可持续发展理念的原因是它会导致水土流失(erosion),并最终导致wash

awaymostofthetopsoil»因此A项正确。

14^Thesharpdecreaseofsoilerosionin1982resultedfrom

A^theeducationoftheUSDAonfarmingtechnology.

B、thepracticesofenvironmentalprotectiononfarming.

C、thepreventionofwaterrunoffinthetwolargeareas.

D、theprotectionofplantresiduesaroundthewholeyear.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：细节推断题。根据1982定位到第四段，第二句话说了此项研究将这

—成绩归功于美国农业部在二战后对土地保护所做的努力(conservationpractice),

囚此B项的protectiononfarming正确。

15、The"darkside"(Line1,Paragraph5)impliesthatmodernagriculturewill

A、haveagreatimpactontheU.S.economydevelopment.

BNleadtoecologypollution,ifimproperlycontrolled.

C、havetodecreasethesoilerosion.

D、changetheDNAofconventionalspecies.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段的内容可知现代农业也有负面影响，即题

干中的darkside.根据文中的degradetheenvironment及upsetthelocalecology可

知，B项符合文意。

Familiarasitmayseem,gravityremainsamysterytomodernphysics.Despiteseveral

decadesoftrying,scientistshavefailedtofitEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativity,which

describeshowgravityholdsbigobjectstogether,withthequantummechanics(an

extensionofstatisticalmechanicsbasedonquantumtheory)hepioneered,which

describesthetinyfundamentalparticlesofwhichmatterconsistsandtheforcesbywhich

theyinteractRecentdiscoverieshavehighlightedfurtherproblems.Manyphysicistsare

thereforeentertainingtheideathatEinstein'sideasaboutgravitymustbewrongorat

leastincomplete.Showingexactlyhowandwherethegreatmanerredisthetaskofthe

scientistswhogatheredatthe"RethinkingGravity"conferenceattheUniversityof

ArizonainTucsonthisweek.Onewaytotestgeneralrelativityistoexamineevermore

closelytheassumptionsonwhichitrests,suchastheequivalenceprinciple:thatgravity

acceleratesallobjectsatthesamerate,regardlessoftheirmassorcomposition.This

principlewasfamouslydemonstratedbyGalileoGalileisome400yearsagowhenhe

simultaneouslydroppedcannonandmusketballs,andballsmadeofgold,silverand

wood,fromtheTowerofPisa.Eachappearedtohitthegroundatthesametime.Amore

precisetestrequiresatallertower.Ineffect,researchersaresendingballsailthewayto

themoonandback.TomMurphy,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,andhis

colleaguesfirelaserbeamsfromthedesertsofNewMexicoatreflectorsplacedonthe

moonbyAmericanandRussianspacecraftinthelate1960sandearly1970s.Theyusea

telescopetocapturethesmallfractionofthelightthatreturns.Becausethespeedoflight

isknown,theycancalculatethedistancebetweentheEarthandthemoonfromthetime

takenforlighttopassthroughit.Accordingtogeneralrelativity,becausetheEarthand

themoonorbitthesun,theyshould"fall"towardsitatthesamerate,inthesamewayas

Galileo'sballsfelltotheground.Byrepeatedlymeasuringthedistancebetweenthem,

scientistscancalculatetheorbitsoftheEarthandthemoonaroundthesunrelativeto

eachother.Iftheequivalenceprinciplewereviolated,themoon'sorbitaroundtheEarth

wouldnotappearstraight,eithertowardsorawayfromthesun.Sofar,DrMurphytold

theconference,theseexperimentshavemerelyconfirmedtheequivalenceprincipleto

onepartin10trillion.DrMurphyandhiscolleagueshopethatevenmoreprecise

measurementscouldultimatelyshowgeneralrelativitytobeonlyapproximatelyconect.

Thiswouldusherinanewrevolutioninphysics.

16、ItisstatedinParagraph1thatthetheoryofrelativity

A、isbeyondallthecurrentscientists1understanding.

B、hasfailedAlbertEinsteinforyears.

C>seemsatoddswiththequantummechanics.

D、isusefulinholdingbigthingstogether.

标准答案：c

知识点露析：事实细节题。根据题干定位在第一段。该段第二句讲到科学家