考研英语模拟试卷243

考研英语模拟试卷243

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。）

TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligion,whichdenotesboth(1)

observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusage,

religioncoversawidespectrumof(2)thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofways

thetermcanbe(3).Atoneextreme,manycommittedbelievers(4)onlytheir

owntraditionasareligion,understandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer

(5)tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay(6)usevagueoridealizing

termsindefiningreligion,(7),trueloveofGod,orthepathofenlightenment.At

theotherextreme,religionmaybeequatedwith(8),fanaticism,orwishful

thinking.Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentoheaspiritual

reality,itispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking

(9)aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnolanobjectwithasingle,

fixedmeaning,or(10)azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman

(II)thatmayintersect,incorporate,ortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.

Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof(12)theinvestigationofreligionto

Westernorbiblicalcategories(13)monotheismorchurchstructure,whicharenot

(14).Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe

(15)toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalso

of(16)dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternso:languageandthought.Itis

sometimesan(17)partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed

(18)visualsymbols,danceandperformance,elaboratephilosophicalsystems,

legendaryandimaginativestories,formal(19),anddetailedrulesofsomeways.

Therearcasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearchumancultural(20).

1、TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLiitinnounreligion,whichdenotesboth

(1)observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodern

usage,religioncoversawidespectrumof(2)thatreflectstheenormousvarietyof

waysthetermcanbe(3).A(oneextreme,manycommittedbelievers(4)

onlytheirowntraditionasareligion,understandingexpressionssuchasworshipand

prayertorefer(5)tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay(6)usevague

oridealizingtermsindefiningreligion,(7),trueloveofGod,orthepathof

enlightenment.Attheotherextreme,religionmaybeequatedwith(8),fanaticism,

orwishfulthinking.Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobe

aspiritualreality,itispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlife

withoutmaking(9)abcutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobject

withasingle,fixedmeaning,or(10)azonewithclearboundaries.1(isanaspectof

human(11)thatmayintersect,incorporate,ortranscendotheraspectsoflifeand

society.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof(12)theinvestigationofreligion

toWesternorbiblicalcategories(13)monotheismorchurchstructure,whichare

not(14).Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannot

be(15)toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapanofindividuallifebu(

alsoof(16)dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.

Itissometimesan(17)partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed

(18)visualsymbols,danceandperformance,elaboratephilosophicalsystems,

legendaryandimaginativestories,formal(19),anddetailedrulesofsomeways.

Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural(20).

A、earnest

B、clumsy

C、naive

D^frivolous

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、

A^urgency

meaning

C、condition

D^sense

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、

A^exhibited

translated

C、interpreted

D^illustrated

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、

A、assure

B、admit

C、indulge

D^recognize

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、

A、excessively

B、comprehensively

C、flexibly

D、exclusively

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

6、

A、nevertheless

B、moreover

C、furthermore

D、accordingly

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

7、

A、inasense

B、asaresult

C、forexample

D、forall

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、

A、ignorance

B、awareness

C、aversion

D、insistence

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、

A、wishes

B、claims

C、attempts

D^pleas

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、

A^barely

B、hardly

C、ever

D、even

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

11、

C、class

D^band

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

17、

A、dominant

B、principal

C^prevalent

D、integral

标准答案；D

知识点解析：暂无解析

18、

A、inlinewith

B、intermsof

C、inregardto

D、inexchangefor

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

19、

A、ceremonies

B、occasions

C、associations

D^formalities

标准答案:A

知识点解析：暂无解析

20.

A^outlooks

B、circumstances

C、environments

D^surroundings

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共2。题，每题1.0

分,共20分。）

Whenitconies(osuingdoctors,Philadelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.A

combinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspot

formedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995,Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedan

averageof$2minsuchcases,accordingtoJuryVerdictResearch,asurveyfirm.Some

medicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleover

thepastyear.Obstetriciansarcnowpayingupto$104,000ayeartoprotectthemselves.

Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolin,theMonitor'seditor,arguesthat

inthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowrates(betting

(hatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments).Thestock-market

correction,coupledwithihelargelegalawards,haserodedtheinsurers'reserves.Threein

Pennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.Afewdoctors—particularlyolderones—willquit.

Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigationproneprocedures,suchas

deliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhere

insuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.

Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavens,however

prestigious.DespiteaRepublicanpresident,tortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederal

level.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients'BillofRights,which

wouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.Thisprospecthasfuelled

interestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania'snewmedicalmalpracticereformhill,whichwas

signedintolawonMarch20th.Itwill,amongotherthings,givedoctorsS40mofstate

fundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiums,spreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeand

prohibitindividualsfromdoubleddipping-thatis,suingadoctorfordamagesthathave

alreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer.Butwillitreallyhelp?RandallBovbjerg,a

healthpolicyexpertat(heUrbanInstitute,arguesthat(heonlyproperwaytoslowdown

(helitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsuffering,so-

called"non-mone(arydamages".Needlesstosay,afixedcaponsuchawardsisresisted

bymosttriallawyers.BuiMr.Bovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproach,withasliding

scaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjury,isabetterwayforward.In

themeantime,doctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyears

beforetheinsurancecycleturns.Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a

1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44,000patientsayear.

Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.

21、Wecanlearnfromthebeginningofthe(extthatdoctorsinPhiladelphia

A、areoftenovercharged.

B、fleeoutofthehotcity.

C、arelikely(obesued.

D、enjoyahighprestige.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

22>Bymentioning"double-dipping"(Paragraph4),theauthoristalkingabout

A、compensations.

B、premiums.

C、stockshares.

D、investment.

标准答案:A

知识点解析：暂无解析

23、Accordingtothetext,whatencouragesdoctorsandinsurersisthat

A^anewreformbilliscomingintoforce.

B、insurancepremiumscouldbebalanced.

C、newmedicalofficeshavebeenopenedup.

D、injurieswillbepreciselymeasured.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

24、Towhichofthefollowingistheauthormostlikelytoagree?

A^Theproperwayis(oslowdownpaymentsforinjuries.

B、Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationspaid.

C、Lowinsuranceratesaretoblameforthepotentialtrouble.

D、Legalproceduresalonemaynotsolvetheroughproblem.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

25、Itseemsthattheauthorismostcriticalof

A^negligentdoctors.

B、unfriendlypatients.

C、insurancecompanies.

D^sympatheticlawyers.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

Intheend,adegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreacha

policecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsite

ofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.So

chargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeks,asthedeclared

deadlineofMarch15thneared,(hataclashatRam'ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhave

provokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ilhas,unfortunately,

happenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt'sdecisionis

onlyaninterimone,andthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuild

theirtemple.Extremereligiousviolence,whichseemedinrecentyearstohavefaded

aftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992—1993,isagainafeatureofthepolitical

landscape.Thoughfaultslieonbothsides(itwasaMuslimattackOnHindusinatrainin

Gujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughter),thegreatbulkofviciimswere,asalways,

Muslims.Onceagain,educatedHindusarctobeheardinveighingagainstthe

"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusfor

KashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.Onceagain,thepolicearcbeing

accusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.

Onceagain,India's130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.Fartoo

manyHinduswouldrefuseioacceptthatitis"iheirowncountiy"alall.Thewonderofit,

perhaps,isthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlast

lockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroups,inIndiathezealotsstillsupport,

sustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJP,whichleadstheruling

coalition,wasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.Itissimplyone,and

hynomeansthedominant,memberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwar,the"familyof

organizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHP,

theWorldHinduOrganization,whichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.There

is(heBajrangDal,thebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHP.Thereissubstantialevidence

(hatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizeiheslaughterof

hundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58Hinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturned

fromAyodhya.

26Accordingtothetext,theSupremeCourtruledthat

A、Muslimsaredeniedtherighttocivillaws.

B、Hindu-Muslimclashesareanissueofreligion.

C、itisillegaltoseektobuildtheRamtemple.

D^religiousgroupsareinthechargeoftheirleaders.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

27、Whatdoesthewriterwantstoillustratewith"aMuslimattackonHindusonatrain

inGujarat"?

A^ThebrutalityofextremeIndianpolicemen.

B、FrequentclashesbetweenHindusandMuslims.

C、ThecrueltyasshownbyHindustoMuslims.

D、Thedisappearanceofextremereligiousviolence.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

28、Theword"rampaging"(Para2)denotes

A、dominance.

B、violence.

C、deference.

D、acceptance.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

29、Accordingtothetext,nowtheworldwouldpraiseHindusandMuslimsmainlyfor

their

A、generosity.

B、humaneness.

C、enthusiasm.

D^sensibility.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

3。、TowardstheissueofHindu-Muslimrelations,thewriter'sattitudecanbesaidtobe

A^objective.

B、biased.

C、appalled.

D、supportive.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

ForTonyBlair,homeisamessysortofplace,wheretheprimeminister'sjobisnotto

upholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchanges(hatmaymakethe

countryworkabitbelter.Theareawherethisismostobvious,andwhereitmattersmost,

is(hepublicservices.Mr.Blairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.

Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitals,schools,

transportandpolicing,hebuiltupexpectations.Mr.Blairhassaidmanytimesthat

reformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.Mr.

Blairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadof

extractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisown,hehaspledged

himselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochange

fromtheunions.Why,giventhatthispledgehasbeenmade,shouldthehealthunions

givegroundinreturn?InaspeechonMarch20th,GordonBrown,thechancellorofthe

exchequer,saidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesand

(herecanbenoblankcheques".Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealth

workersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageas

(hetreasury.OnMarch19th,JohnHutton,ahealthminister,announcedthatcleanersand

cateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthService

willstillbegovernmentemployees,entitledtothesamepayandconditionsasother

health-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopesto

reformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateproviders,andsinceoneofthemainwaysin

whichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcosts,this

moveseemstounderminethegovernment'sstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesits

hardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfof

(hem,forinstance,retireearly,atacostof£1billion($1.4%billion)ayeartothe

taxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10—1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretary,David

Blunkett,toreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.If

thepolicegetawaywithit,otherpublic-serviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.And,if

theyallgetawayit,Mr.Blair'sdomesticpolicy—whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelyto

judgehimonathenextelection—willbeafailure.

31、InBritain,TonyBlair'schieftaskisto

A^dealwithdisorders.

B、seetopublicservices.

C、attendtoreforms.

D、liveuptoexpectations.

标准答案:A

知识点解析：暂无解析

32、Whatdoestheauthormeanby"aclassicnegotiatingerror"(Paragraph2)?

A^keepingtoendlessbargains.

B、avoidingfinancialchallenges.

C、makingsolemnpromises.

D^offeringunnecessarypledges.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

33、TheviewsofGordonBrownandJohnHuttononpublicservicesreformsare

A、similar.

B、dubious.

C、opposite.

D^identical.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

34、ItcanbeinferredfromthattextthatTonyBlair

A^mighthavebeencaughtinhisowntrap.

B、ismorelikelytowinthenextelection.

C、getsawaywithhisnegotiatingstrategies.

D、isboundtoencounterfinancialtroubles.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

35、TheconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatBritain'spublicservicesmaybe

A^onthevergeofcollapse.

B、atacrucialstage.

C、inpursuitofpopularity.

D^beyondrepairs.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.Twoyearsago,theEuropeanUnion'sLisbon

summitsetagoalofbecomingtheworld'sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccess,asany

new-ageexecutivecoachmighttellyou,requiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.Thatis

whyEurope'sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEurope,asintheUnited

Stales,manyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybegins

(orecover.Ironically,theupturnisoften(hemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.But

America'sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope'sweaklings:theircountry'smore

relaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoing

bustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathing

spacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudge,andcreditors

decidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasay

inwhethertokeepthefirmrunning,ortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunning,theyoften

endupwithabigchunkofequity,ifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropean

companyisharderintwootherways.First,withnoequivalentofChapter11,bankruptcy

forcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors'

potentialassets,andmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.Second,acompanythattrades

acrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsin

(he15memberstates,whosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingand

sometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetween

companiesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernirenttostepin.When

governmentsdonotcome(o(herescue,thelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.Asa

resultofallthis,Europe'steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitiveby

sellingassetstootherswhoirightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmerican

rivalssurvive,transformed,tosweepthefield.Anopportunitynowexiststothinkagain

aboutEurope'sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanew

directiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.And

lastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycould

StillethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon'sgoals.

36、OneofgoalssetbytheEuropeanUnion'sLisbonsummitisto

A、strivefbrtheleadintheworld,seconomy.

B、achievegreatsuccessinbusiness.

C、comeupwithaplanfbrreorganization.

D、preventexcessiveeconomicgrowth.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

37、Accordingtotext,what:sbeyondtheabilityofEurope'sfailingfirmsnowis

A、todefectAmericancompetitiverivals.

B、tocomplywithdifferentlaws.

C、toescape(hecontrolofgovernments.

D,tonegotiatewiththeircreditors.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

38、Besidesapplyingfbrbreathingspacefromcreditors,managersinAmericanfirms

canalso

A^damagethecreditors'potentialassets.

B、requestthegovernment'sinterventions.

C、takeadvantageoflegalprocedures.

D、talkwiththeirsterndebtorsabroad.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

39Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthattheabsenceofrelevantlawsconcerning

bankruptcymaymoreoftenthannotresultin

A^dangerousconfusion.

B、desperateconflicts.

C、abruptreforms.

D、potentialthreats.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

40WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

A、TheachievementofLisbon'sgoalswouldprecedetheeliminationofchaos.

B、ThebestwaytohelpEuropeanfirmsmaybetomakeiteasierforthemtofail.

C、ItishightimethattherigidbankruptcylawsintheU.S.wereradicallychanged.

D、ShuttingaweakAmericancompanymeansendingupwithabigchunkofassets.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

三、阅读(补全短文)(本题共5题，每题1.0分，共

5分。)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthelist(AxB、C^D、E^F、G)tofitintoeachofthe

numberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10

points)Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeteriorating

atmosphere,theplanet'sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreat

dangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth-global

warmingandthethinningozonelayer—havebeenidentified.Betteryet,scientistsand

policymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.

(41).CFCs-firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandand

MarioMOlina,twoofthisyear'sNobel-prizewinningchemists—havebeenwidelyused

forrefrigerationandotherpurposes.Ifuncontrolled,theCFCassaultontheozonelayer

couldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth's

surface,whichwould,amongotherthings,damagecropsandbringdisastersto

environment.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathas

turnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarctica,the

MontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplacedangerousCFCswithsafersubstances.

(42).Nonetheless,observesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathan

Shanklin:"Ilwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowherethey

werein(he1970s”.Eventhattimetablecouldbethrownoffbyinternationalsmugglers

whohavebeenbringingillegalCFCsintoindustrialcountriestouseinrepairingor

rechargingoldappliances.(43).Developingcountriesweregivenmoretimeto

complywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250

millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemoment,though,only

60%of(hosefundshasbeenfonhcoming.Thisisacriticallime.Itisalsoacriticaltime

forwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechangeWastegasessuchascarbon

dioxide.MethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlight

andwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:andeventualmeltingofpolaricecaps,risesin

sealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.(44).Theencouragingprecedentisthe

MontrealProtocolforozoneprotection,whichshowedhowquicklynationscanactwhen

(heyfinallyrecognizeadisaster.ArelatedlessonisthatifCFCsdodisappear,itwillbe

partlybecausechemicalmanufacturesdiscover(heycanmakeaprofitbysellingsafer

replacements.(45).If(hathappens,thenallnations,from(herichto(hepoor,

mayendupworkingtosavetheatmosphereforthesamereasonthey'vepollutedit:pure

economicself-interest.A.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:"If

developedcountriesdon'tcomeupwiththemoney,theozonelayerwillnotrecuperate".

B.Butthatdoesn'tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.The

stratosphericozonelayer,forexample,isstillgettingthinner,despitethe1987

internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocol,whichcallsforaphaseoutof

chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)andotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.C.

Thesameprocessmayultimatelybewhatmitigatesglobalwarming.Afterlongyearsof

effort,manufacturersofsolar-powercellsareatlastclosetomatchingthelowcostsof

moreconventionalpowertechnologies.Andafewbigordersfromutilitiescoulddrive

thepricedowntocompetitivelevels.D.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoing

(heirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbefore,and

ozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedson

schedule,theatmosphereshouldstarlrepairingitselfhytheyear20(H).sayscientists.E.

Lastyearalone2000()tonsofcontrabandCFCsenteredtheU.S.一mostlyfromIndia,

where(hecompoundsarelessrestricted.F.Untilrecently,laggardgovernmentscouldto

scientificuncertaintyaboutwhetherglobalwarminghasstarted,butthatexcuseis

wearingthin.AdraftreportcirculatingontheInternethasproclaimedfbrthefirsttime

(hatwarminghasindeedbegun.G.Thegoodnewsisthatthisgloomyscenariomay

galvanizetheworld'sgovernmentsintotakingseriousaction.Forexample,thoughit's

nowmorecostlytogenerateelectricityfromsolarcellsthanfromwouldotherwisehave

tobespentinthefuturecombatingtheeffectsofglobalwarming.

41>Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A^B、C、D^E^F、G)tofitinto

eachofthenumberedblankThereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyof

(hegaps.(10points)Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethe

deterioratingatmosphere,theplanet'sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.The

(wogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth-

globalwanningandthethinningozonelayer-havebeenidentified.Betteryet,scientists

andpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.

(41).CFCs-firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandand

MarioMOlina,twoofthisyear'sNobel-prizewinningchemists-havebeenwidelyused

fbrrefrigerationandotherpurposes.Ifuncontrolled,theCFCassaultontheozonelayer

couldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth's

surface,whichwould,amongotherthings,damagecropsandbringdisastersto

environment.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathas

turnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarctica,the

Montrealaccordshavespurredindustry(oreplacedangerousCFCswithsafersubstances.

(42).Nonetheless,observesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathan

Shanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowherethey

wereinthe1970s".Eventhattimetablecouldbethrownoffbyinternationalsmugglers

whohavebeenbringingillegalCFCsintoindustrialcountriestouseinrepairingor

rechargingoldappliances.(43).Developingcountriesweregivenmoretimeto

complywith(heMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250

millionfromrichernationstopayfor(heCFCphaseout.Atthemoment,(hough,only

60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.Thisisacriticaltime.Itisalsoacriticaltime

forwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechangeWastegasessuchascarbon

dioxide.Methaneand(hesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlight

andwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:andeventualmeltingofpolaricecaps,risesin

sealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.(44).Theencouragingprecedentisthe

MontrealProtocolforozoneprotection,whichshowedhowquicklynationscanactwhen

theyfinallyrecognizeadisaster.ArelatedlessonisthatifCFCsdodisappear,itwillbe

partlybecausechemicalmanufacturesdiscovertheyca