考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷333

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷333

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Wcmaintainthatingeneralafocusonpositiveinformationbenefitswell-being.

However,therearcprobablyconditionswhenachronictendencytofocusonpositive

materialismaladaptive.Onesuchcontext,wepresumed,isdecision-making,especially

whenoptionsincludebothpositiveandnegativefeatures.Whenmakingdecisions,

negativefeaturesofoptionsoftenhavehigherdiagnosticvalue.Ifapersonwhois

decidingwhethertorenewahealthcareplanremembersthatshelikesherphysicianbut

forgetsthattheplandoesnotpayforthehipsurgerysheneeds,asuboptimaldecision

couldbemade.CorinnaandIdesignedanotherstudywithtwoprimaryaims:tosee

whetherinadecisioncontextolderpeoplewouldreviewpositivefeaturesofoptions

morethannegativefeatures;andifthiswasthecase,toseeifwecouldeliminatethe

effectbymodifyinggoalswithinstructions.Usingcomputer-baseddecisionscenarios,60

olderand60youngeradultswerepresentedwithpositive,negative,andneutral

informationaboutostensiblehealthcareoptions.Somescenariospresented

characteristicsofphysicians.Otherspresentedfeaturesofhealthcareplans.The

informationwashiddenbehindcoloredsquares,andparticipantshadtoclickonthe

squaretosectheinformation.Theyweretoldthatpositiveinformationwasbehindwhite

squaresandnegativeinformationwasbehindblacksquares.Wethenobservedhowoften

participantsexaminedthepositiveinformationversusthenegativeinformation.Laterwe

testedtheirmemoryfortheinlormalion.Aswepredicted,olderadultsreviewedand

recalledagreaterproportionofpositiveinformationthandidyoungeradults.Most

important,participantsinonegroupwererepeatedlyremindedto"focusonthefacts"and

inthisgroupthepreferenceforpositiveinformationdisappeared.Humanneedisthe

basisfbrvirtuallyallofscience.Ifwerisetothechallengeofanagingpopulationby

systematicallyapplyingscienceandtechnologytoquestionsthatimprovequalityoflife

inadulthoodandoldage,longer-livedpopulationswillinspirebreakthroughsinthe

social,physical,andbiologicalsciencesthatwillimprovethequalityoflifeatallages.

Longevitysciencewillrevealwaystoimprovelearningfrombirthtoadvancedagesand

todeterage-relatedslowingincognitiveprocessing.Longevitysciencewilldraw

enormouslyoninsightsaboutindividuals'genomicpredispositionsandthe

environmentalconditionsthattriggertheonsetofdisease.Longevitysciencewillhelpus

understandhowstressslowlybutsurelyaffectshealth.Mostofthechallengesoflonger-

livedpopulationswillrequireinterdisciplinarycollaborations.Psychologicalscience

mustbeapartofthisprocess.

1、Theauthorholdsthatwhenmakingdecisions,.

A、positiveinformationshouldbefocused

B、alloptionsshouldbecarefullydiagnosed

C、negativeinformationshouldbeconsidered

D^maladaptiveinformationshouldbeavoided

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第一段中的“Whenmakingdecisions,negativefeaturesofoptions

oftenhavehigherdiagnosticvalue"。C应为答案。

2、Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat.

A、asuboptimaldecisionoriginatesfromnegativeinformation

B、anoptimaldecisionprimarilyresultsfrompositiveinformation

C、negativeinformationislessbeneficialthanpositiveinformation

D、bothpositiveandnegativeinformationisneededfordecisionmaking

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第一段，做决定时，不仅要考虑»。引出化information"，而且要

考虑“negativeinformation"，所以，D应为答案。

ThestudymadebytheauthorandCorrinnashowsthat.

A、olderpeoplefocusmoreonpositiveinformation

B、therearemorepositivefeaturesthannegativeones

C、youngerpeoplefocusmoreonnegativeinformation

D、itiseasierforpositiveinformationtoberemembered

标准答案：A

知识点解析:根据第二段第一句"CorinnaandIdesignedanotherstudy...tosee

whether...olderpcoplewouldreviewpositivefeaturesofoptionsmorethannegative

features；...”和该段中的“Aswepredicted,olderadultsreviewedandrecalledagreater

proportionofpositiveinformationthandidyoungeradults”,A应为答案。

4、Theauthorarguesthatlongevityscience.

A、improvesthequalityoflifeforbotholdandyoung

B、contributestotheimprovementofbiologicalfunctions

C、meetsthechallengeoflongerlifeindevelopednations

D、inspiresbreakthroughsinvariousdisciplinesofsciences

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据第三段中的“Longevitysciencewillrevealwaystoimprovelearning

frombirthtoadvancedagesandtodeterage-relatedslowingincognitiveprocessing',,A

应为答案。

5、Accordingtothetext,itisadvisabletobeawareof.

A、thenegativefeaturesofoptions

B、thedarksideofthepositiveeffect

C、thechallengeofanagingpopulation

D、thetypicalprocessofdecisionmaking

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第一段第二句"However,thereareprobablyconditionswhenachronic

tendencytofbcusonpositivematerialismaladaptive”是本文的主题句。所以，B应为

答案。

DNAtestinghasbecomesomethingoursocietyreliesonveryheavilyforidentification

purposes.EveryonehasdifferentDNAsoitisauniquewaytoidentifyanindividual.Itis

theequivalentofasignatureonlyinageneticformthatcan*tbealteredorhidden.Oneof

themostcommonusesofDNAtestingistotrackdowncriminalswhohavelefthair,

skin,orsemenatthesceneofacrime.AuseforDNAtestingthatislessfamiliartomost

individualsisfortrackingdownaperson'sheritage.Itcanbehardtodetermineaperson's

heritagewithoutthehelpofDNAtesting.Eachpersonisclassifiedintooneoffourmain

groupswhenitcomestoancestry.ThosegroupsarcEastAsian,NativeAmerican,

African,orEuropean.Manypeoplehavesomeidentifyingfeaturesorskincolorsthat

helptoidentifytheirparticularlineofancestry.Thetroubleisthatmanypeoplehave

parentsfromtwodifferentancestrylines.Thismakesthediversificationveryhardto

trackasyoustartlookingbackongenerationsofmixedancestry.WithancestryDNAitis

possibletodeterminethedominantoneforthatindividual.Thetestinginvolvedinthe

ancestryDNAprocessisdonewiththetechnologyavailabletoday.AncestryDNA

testinginvolvestheprocessofSingleNucleotidePolymorphismsothatthedominant

ethnicgroupcanbeidentified.TheSingleNucleotidePolymorphismalsotellsthe

percentageofthedifferentancestrygroupsthatmakeuptheindividual'sDNA.While

youmaywonderwhyancestryissoimportanttosomepeople,therealityisthatitdoes

matter.Itisinterestingtoknowwhereyourheritageliesandforsomepeoplenot

knowinggivesthemavoidtheyreallywanttohavefilled.Thisismoreimportanttothem

thansimplyfittingintosocietybecauseoftheirraceorcolor.Thereisplentyofdebate

surroundingtheconceptofancestryDNA.Manyexpertsclaimitisnotareliablewayto

determineone'sheritage.Theyalsobelieveitcausesissueswithculturalbeliefsrather

thaninstillingasenseoftheirroleinsociety.Othersfindtheseclaimstobecompletely

ridiculousandplaceplentyofmeritinancestryDNAtestresults.Therearemanygood

ancestryDNAtestlocationsintheworldthatdoofferindividualstheopportunitytofind

outwheretheirtrueheritagelies.Meanwhileanindependentvalidationmethodstillhas

tobeadoptedbeforethescientificfieldisgoingtoacceptit.

6、Accordingtothetext,DNAtesting.

A、isahighlyaccurate,reliableandconfidentialway

B、candifferentiateapersonfromalltheotherpeople

C、isanindispcnsibletoolforverifyingone'ssignature

D、helpstodistinguishacriminal'shair,skin,orsemen

标准答案：B-

知识点解析：根据第一段第二句，每个人的DNA都不同，因此可以用DNA测试

来验证一个人的身份。所以，B应为答案。

7^Aperson'sheritage.

A、mightbediscoveredwiththehelpofDNAtesting

B、consistsmainlyoftwotypes:culturalandnational

C>issomethingpasseddownfromprecedinggenerations

D、isrevealedbythecolorofhishair,eyes,andcomplexion

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本文谈论的核心是DNAtestingo第二段中的“Itcanbehardto

detemiineaperson'sheritagewithoutthehelpofDNAtesting”说明了DNAtestingH确

定aperson'sheritage。所以，A应为答案。

8、TheancestryDNAtesting.

A、testsyourDNApasseddownfromyourparents

discoverswhereyourmaleancestrylineisfrom

C、givesyoupercentagesofyourancestralmakeup

D、identifiesaperson'sculturalandbiologicalfeature

标准答案：c-

知识点解析：根据第三、四段可知，ancestryDNAtesting可判定一个人的

"dominantanceslry”以及“thepercentageofthedifferentancestrygroupsthatmakeupthe

individual'sDNA"。所以,C应为答案。

9、Ancestryisanimportantconceptinthat.

A、ithelpspeopletodiscovertheirfamilystories

B、everyoneisextremelyinterestedinhisheritage

C、onecanhardlyfitintosocietywithoutknowingit

D、theignoranceofone'sheritagemaycauseemptiness

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第五段中的“forsomepeoplenotknowinggivesthemavoidthey

reallywanttohavefilled,\有些人不知道自己的血统会感到无法填补的空虚。所

以，D应为答案。

10、TheauthorarguesthatancestryDNA

A、canscarcelydetemiineaperson'sheritage

B、justifiestheroleapersonplaysinsociety

C、onlygivesanestimateofgeneticancestry

D、isadisputableconceptinscientificfield

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第六段第一句"Thereisplentyofdebatesurroundingtheconceptof

ancestryDNA”,D应为答案。

Whydowealongwith75othercountries—alternatebetweenstandardlimeanddaylight

time?Althoughmanypeoplebelieveithasanagriculturalprovenance,daylighttimehas

alwaysbeenapolicymeanttosaveenergy.AsBenjaminFranklinargued,ifpeople

moveduptheirsummerschedulesbyanhour,theycouldliveby"sunshineratherthan

candles"intheevenings.Energyconservationwasthemotivationfordaylighttime

duringWorldWarsIandIIandtheoilembargoofthe1970s,anditremainssotoday一

eventhoughtherehasbeenlittlescientificevidencetosuggestdaylighttimeactually

helpsuscutbackonelectricityuse.Recently,however,wewereabletoconductastudy

inIndiana,wheredaylighttimewasinstitutedstatewideonlyin2006.Beforethatyear,

daylighttimewasineffectinjustahandfulofcounties.Thischangeofpolicyoffereda

unique,naturalexperimenttomeasuretheoveralleffectonresidentialelectricity

consumption.Wecouldcomparetheamountofenergyusedbyhouseholdsinthelate-

adoptingcountiesduringthetwoyearsbeforetheyswitchedtodaylighttimewiththe

amountstheyusedduringtheyearafterward—whileusingcountiesthatalwayspracticed

daylighttimeasacontrolgroup.Wefoundthatdaylighttimecauseda1percentoverall

increaseinresidentialelectricityuse,thoughtheeffectvariedfrommonthtomonth.The

greatestincreaseoccurredinlatesummerandearlyfall,whenelectricityuseroseby2

percentto4percent.DaylighttimecostsIndianahouseholdsanaverageof$3.29ayear

inhigherelectricitybills,orabout$9millionforthewholestate.Wealsocalculatedthe

healthandothersocialcostsofincreasedpollutionemissionsat$1.7millionto$5.5

millionperyear.Whatexplainsthisunexpectedresult?Whiledaylighttimereduces

demandforhouseholdlighting,itincreasesdemandforheatingintheearlyspringand

latefall(inthemornings)and,evenmoreimportant,forcoolingonsummerevenings.

BenjaminFranklinwasrightaboutcandles,inotherwords,buthedidnotconsiderair­

conditioners.InregionsoftheUnitedStateswheredemandforair-conditioningisgreater

thaninIndiana,thisspikeincoolingcostsislikelytobeevengreater.Arizona,oneofthe

hotteststates,mayhaveitright;itdoesnotpracticedaylighttime.Eliminatingdaylight

timewouldthusaccordwithPresident-electBarackObama'sstatedgoalsofconserving

resources,savingmoney,promotingenergysecurityandreducingclimatechange.Atthe

veryleast,weshouldabandonthenotionthatwearesavingenergywhileenjoyingthe

extrahourofsunlightonhotsummerevenings.

11、Daylighttimeisusedinmanycountriesbecause.

A、itisanacceptablealternativeforstandardtime

B、itisaspecialconventioninagriculturalsociety

C、itisconsideredaneffectivewaytosaveenergy

D、itisapracticetomakebestuseofsolarenergy

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第一段中的“…daylighttimehasalwaysheenapolicymeanttosave

energy",C应为答案。

12>Accordingtothetext,themotivationforadoptingdaylighttime.

A、wasthedesiretoreduceenergyconsuming

B、wasmuchstrongerinwartimethaninpeace

C、wasinseparablefromglobaleconomiccrisis

D、wastoslightlycuttheimpactofoilembargo

标准答案：A

知识点解析:根据第一段中的“…daylighttimehasalwaysbeenapolicymeanttosave

energy”和第二段中的“Energyconservationwasthemotivationfordaylighttime…”，A

应为答案。

13、ItwasinIndianathatastudywasconductedbecause

A、onlyafewcountiesthereadopteddaylighttimebefore2006

B>theeffectofdaylighttimeonelectricityusecouldbemeasured

C>itwastheonlystateinAmericatoadoptdaylighttimestatewide

D^thelate-adoptingcountiesconsumedlesselectricitythanbefore

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第三段中的"Thischangeofpolicyoffered...experimenttomeasure

theoveralleffectonrcsidcntialelectricityconsumption"，B应为答案。

14、DaylighttimeinIndianafailedtocutbackonelectricityusesince.

A、itseffectvariedfrommonthtomonth

B、itledtoslightlyhigherelectricitybills

C^itincreasedtheuseofair-conditioners

D^itraisedthecostsofpollutionemissions

标准答案：C

知识点解析:根据第六段中的"…itincreasesdemandforheatingintheearlyspring

andlatefall(inthemornings)and...forcoolingonsummerevenings”,C应为答

案。

15、ItisimpliedinthetextthatPresidentBarackObamawould.

A、liveuptohispromisetoreduceclimatechange

B、promotetheuseofdaylighttimeinmorestates

C、accomplishhisstatedgoalsathisinauguration

D、givesupporttotheexclusionofdaylighttime

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据最后一段中的"Eliminatingdaylighttimewouldthusaccordwith

President-electBarackObama'sstatedgoalsofconservingresources,…“，D应为答

案。

Inrecentyears,reformershavesoughttoimproveourfailingpubliceducationsystemby

tighteningandstandardizingthemeasuresweusetojudgeperformance.Fromthe

numericalrequirementsoftheNoChildLeftBehindActtoCalifornia'sincreasedlocus

onassessmentandaccountability,there'sbeenaconsciousattempttouseharddatato

measuresuccessateveryleveloftheeducationsystem.Butonegroupdoesnothaveits

performancemeasuredthisway:teachers.Determiningtheeffectivenessofindividual

teachers—aretheyhelpingourkidslearnornot?remainsamostlysubjectivejudgment.

Yetthere'snoreasonwhyteachersshouldn'talsobeevaluatedagainstobjectivemeasures

ofstudentperformancejustasareschools,districtsandstates.Teacherevaluationsfbcus

onwhattheydointheclassroom—theinputofthelearningprocess.Inmostschool

districts,principalsshowupatprearrangedtimestoobserveteachers'work,andthen

writeiheirobservations.Indoingthis,theytypicallyuseachecklistloguideiheir

assessments.Evaluationsusuallyconsistofoneortwowrittenobservations.This

superficialandlargelysubjectiveapproachtoevaluatingteachersissomethingofafarce.

Inmanyinstances,principalscanonlyrateteachers"satisfactory"or"unsatisfactory'.

Multipleunsatisfactoryevaluationscanleadtodismissal.Butfacedwiththeprospectof

battlingthelocalteachersuniontoprovethatateacher'sunsatisfactoryevaluationis

valid,mostprincipalscapitulateandratevirtuallyallteachersassatisfactory.This

rubber-stamproutinemaymakethingseasierforadministrators,butnotforthekids.

Severalresearchers,amongthemEricHanushekoftheHooverInstitutionofStanford

UniversityandJonahRockoffofColumbiaUniversity,haveshownthatteachersarenot

interchangeablewhenilcomestostudentlearning.Givenayearwithaneffective

teacheronewhosepupilspreviouslyshowedtest-scoregains—studentscanadvance

theirlearningbyagradelevelormore,accordingtoresearchdonebyWilliamSanders

whilehewasattheUniversityofTennessee.Healsofoundthatunderaweakteacher,

kids'progresscanstall,andtheycanfallbehind.Sowhynotincludestudenttestscores—

theoutputofthelearningprocess-inteachers'evaluations?Besidesgivingtheevaluation

processamuch-neededshotofobjectivityandrigor,thischangecouldhelp

administratorstargetassistanceforstrugglingteachersandrecognizethosewhoaremost

effectiveintheclassroom.Initsreportthismonth,Gov.ArnoldSchwarzenegger's

nonpartisancommitteeofeducationexpertsagreed.Amongotherthings,itrecommended

thatteacherevaluationsshouldbebasedinpartonstudentachievement.

16^Itisgenerallybelievedthatpubliceducationsystem