Unit 4 定语从句讲义 2022-2023学年高中英语（外研版2019必修第一册）

2022外研版英语-新高一-定语从句（专项练习）定语从句-全面解析【教学目标】能准确理解定语从句的定义、构成；关系代词和关系副词的区别【教学重点】定语从句关系代词的选用【教学难点】在复合句中，能正确辨认定语从句，并区别其他从句【教学内容一】定语从句-关系连词分类分类关系词所指代的先行词在从句中的成分关系代词who人主语、宾语（可省略）whom人宾语（可省略）which物主语、宾语（可省略）that人或物主语、宾语（可省略）Whose（谁的=adj）whose后必须是名词人或物定语关系副词when状语从句不缺成分时间状语where状语从句不缺成分地点状语why状语从句不缺成分原因状语【教学内容二】关系词的用法引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose。关系副词有when，where，why等。关系代词和关系副词不仅有连接先行词和从句的作用，而且在从句中担当一个句子成分。1.关系代词的用法：1)由who引导的定语从句关系代词who只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：Ateacherisapersonwhopassesknowledgetothestudent.（关系代词在从句中作主语）Themanwhocandothisworkwillget1000dollars.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）2)由whom引导的定语从句关系代词whom只能指人，是who的宾格，在从句中作宾语，在口语中常常省略。如：Themanwhomyoumetonthestreetismyfather.（关系代词who在从句中作宾语，可以省略）Thewoman(whom)youtalkedwithyesterdaywillcomeherethedayaftertomorrow.（关系代词whom在从句中作宾语，可以省略）3)由that引导的定语从句关系代词that在从句中既可以作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。如：Sheisthewomanthatoftencomeshere.（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人）Thebookthatisonthedeskwaswrittenbymygrandfather.（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指物。此句中的that可以用which替换）IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?我能为你做点什么呢？（关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物。此句中的that不能用which替换）Thepassengerandthesuitcasesthatwerestillwaitinghadtobetransferredtoanotherplane.(这句的关系代词that不能用which替换，因为它在此句中既指人又指物)4)由which引导的定语从句关系代词which一般指物，在从句中可作主语，也可以作宾语。如：Hecamelate，whichmadetheteacherangry.（which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语）ThatisthepencilwhichIlostyesterday.（which引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语，which可以省略）5)由whose引导的定语从句关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。如：Thisistheboywhoseparentsdiedlastyear.（whose作定语，指人）注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与ofwhich结构互换，词序是：“名词+ofwhich”。如：Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown.(=thebackwallofwhich)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)【教学内容三】通常在以下六种情况下只能用that而不能用which（1）先行词为all，much，something，everything，nothing，little，none，theone等不定代词时。ThatisallthatIwanttosay.（2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.。Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.ThisisthemostwonderfulfilmthatIhaveseen.Lookattheapples.Youcanseethetwothatyougaveme.（3）以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。Whoisthegirlthatiscrying?（4）先行词被theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast，little，few等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.Mr.Smithistheonlyforeignerthatheknows.（5）先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which。Weweredeeplyimpressedbytheteachersandschoolsthatwehadvisited.IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.（6）先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。It’sabookthatwillhelpyoualot.（7）主句是therebe结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which。ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.8.关系词只能用which，而不用that的情况：（1）先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that。What’sthatwhichisunderthedesk?（2）关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that。Thisistheroominwhichhelives.（3）引导非限制性定语从句，用which（which用逗号隔开，指代前面整个句子的内容或意思，前面不一定有先行词，也不是修饰前面的先行词），而不用that。Tomcameback,whichmadeusexcited.【教学内容四】高一常见5种定语：（一）形容词作名词的前置定语：1.anhoneststudent.2.awonderfulday.3.anexcitingactivity.（二）形容词作复合不定代词：1.Iwanttogotosomewhereinteresting.2.Isthereanythingelse?3.Doyouknowanyonehumorous?（三）介词作名词的后置定语：1.Themaninblackismyfather.2.ThegirlfromChengduinmyclassismybestfemalefriend.3.Thewomanwithapairofglassesisourmathteacher.（四）todo不定式做作名词的后置定语：1.BeijingisoneofthemostpopularcitiestovisitinChina.2.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.（五）动词的非谓语形式作名词的后置定语：1.HeistheonlystudentcomingfromHongKong.2.DoyouknowthemansittingnexttoMike?3.SheismybestfriendcalledLisa.注意：在复合句中，动词的非谓语三种形式来做名词的后置定语。三种形式：（一）：V-ing，与前面名词主动关系（二）：V-ed，与前面名词被动关系（三）:Todo不定式，与前面名词关系（表将来或表目的）【教学内容五】介词+关系连词一．使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1)这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when=on(in，at，during...)+which;where=in(at，on...)+which;why=forwhich.如：IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.2)当先行词是表时间的time，day等和表地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.3)when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。二．“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人时，就只能用whom；关系代词若是表示事物时，就只能用which。1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只能用which(指物)或whom关系代词不能省略。如：Hehasfoundagoodjobforwhichheisqualified.（qualify+名词+for意为“使……具有……资格”）Themantowhomyoutalkedjustnowwillchairthemeetingtomorrow.（talkto+名词意为“与某人谈话”）Heisbargainingwiththelandlordoverthemonthlypriceatwhichtheapartmentrents.（名词+rentat+表示价格的词意为“某物以某价格出租”）2.当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。如：Thisisthehero(that/who/whom)weareproudof.Thisisthepen(that/which)Iwrotetheletterwith.3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。Helivedinabighouse，infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.Themonkeycrossedtheriver，inthemiddleofwhichhewasalmostkilled.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：ThisisthepenwhichI’mlookingfor.Theboysheislookingafterareveryhealthy.4.介词+关系代词=关系副词1）这就是我们去年住过的房间。Thisistheroomwhichwelivedinlastyear.Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.Thisistheroomwherewelivedlastyear.2)我仍然记得我入党的那一天。IstillrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedtheParty.IstillrememberthedaywhenIjoinedtheParty.通过对上述知识的掌握，对于一个句子我们可用不同的表达方法来表达。如：那就是他工作的大学。注意：定语从句的种类以及区别1.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，现将它们之间的用法及区别列表如下限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系密切（删去后，影响整个句子意义的表达）和先行词的关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删去后不影响整个句子意义的表达）不用逗号分开一般使用逗号分开可用关系代词that引导不可用关系代词that引导可以省略（that，who，which在从句中担当宾语时可以省略）不可以省略可以替代（whom作宾语时，可用who或that替代）不能替代只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定语从句前有逗号分开，只能用which或as引导。课堂练习1.---Whoistheman_______wastalkingtoourEnglishteacher?---Oh!It’sMrBaker,ourmathsteacher.A.heB.thatC.whomD.which2.Ihatethepeople________don’thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.theyD.where3.Theforeigner_________visitedourschoolisfromCanada.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.whom4.GeorgeMallorywasanEnglishschoolteacher_______lovedclimbing.A.whoB.whomC.heD.which5.Thisistheplace

_____Ihaveevervisited.

A.there

B.when

C.where

D.which6.Nobodyknowsthereason______shedidn’tcometothemeeting.A.thatB.whichC.whyD.when7.Themoonisaworld______thereisnolife.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.why8.Hehasforgottentheday_______hearrived.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which9.Hestillremembersthedays______hespentwithyourfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhich10.Mr.White,______carhadbeenstolen,cametothepoliceman.A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which11.Hegottothevillage_______hisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where12.Thisisthehouse_______Iwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where13.Thisisthehouse_______ourbelovedPremierZhouoncelivedandworked.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where14.Hedidn’ttellmetheplace_______hewasborn.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where15.Helivedinasmallvillage,______wasalongwayfromtherailwaystation.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when16. Hetriedtofindahammer________hecouldrepairthedesk.A.throughwhich B.withwhich C.bywhich D.usingwhich17. Hecametothecity,________thereisafamoustowercalledYellowCarneTower.A.onwhich B.inwhere C.which D.where18. Theytalkedforaboutanhourofthingsandpersons________theyrememberedintheschool.A.which B.that C.who D.whom19. Thatistheonlydictionary________heoftenturnstoforhelp.A.which B.that C.what D.one20. Allthepencils________shehadboughtatachappricebroke.A.which B.that C.what D.those21. Isoxygentheonlygas________helpsfireburn?A.that B.X C.which D.it22. —Whataboutthephoto?—It’smuchbetterthan________shetooklastweek.A.that B.which C.theone D.one23. Hehasdroppedthenecklacetothedrawer________themoneyiskept.A.inwhere B.inwhich C.under