菲律宾冷链基建能效专项报告

2

TableofContents

TableofContents2

EvaluatingtheFoodColdChaininthePhilippines3

MainFindings3

CurrentStateofthePhilippines’ColdChain4

ColdChainComponents5

NeartheFarm7

OntheRoad15

NeartheCity20

CleanFoodColdChainAlternatives27

Pre-Cooling&Near-FarmColdStorage27

Transport29

ThePackHouse32

ColdStorage34

FoodRetailandFoodService35

TechnologyAssessmentMethodology35

MeasuringEnergyE侑ciencyandEnvironmentalImpact37

ColdStorageWarehouses37

SpecificEnergyConsumption38

Supermarkets41

ElectricalEnergyIntensity42

GreenhouseGasEmissions44

Annexes50

Annex1:Listofmajorcoldstorageoperators50

Annex2:Listofmajorindustrialrefrigerationequipmentsuppliers51

Annex3:Listofmajorfoodretailers51

Annex4:ListofmajorfoodservicecompaniesinthePhilippines53

Annex5:Listofmajorrefrigeratedtransportcompanies54

Annex6:FoodprocessinginthePhilippines55

3

EvaluatingtheFoodColdChaininthePhilippines

MainFindings

•ThePhilippineshasanopportunitytoleapfrogtraditionalcoolingtechnologiesandimplementseveralalternativecleancoolingtechnologiesavailableinthemarkettoday.

•Implementingtraditionalcoolingequipmenttodayrisksexacerbatinggreenhousegasemissionsforthenextdecadeormore.

•ThePhilippinesagricultureandfarmingsectorisveryvulnerabletodisruptionduetoalackofpost-harvestcoldchaininfrastructure.

•Majorinfrastructureshortagesincludemodernintegratedpack-houseswithpre-cooling

equipmentandcoldstoragefacilitieslocatednearfarmsaswellasrefrigeratedtransportforbothruralareasandurbandistribution.

•Alternativecleancoolingtechnologiesexisttodayandarereadytobetestedanddemonstratedaspartofafullyfunctioningstate-of-the-artinnovativefarm-to-forkcoldchaintosupportthe

futuredevelopmentofthePhilippines.

4

CurrentStateofthePhilippines’ColdChain

Post-harvestcoldstorageinfrastructureforalargepartofthePhilippines’agriculture,fishery,andlivestock/poultrysectorsarenon-existentorinadequatetoday.

Thecoldstorageinfrastructurethatdoesexisttodayinthecountryislargelyownedandoperatedbymajorlogisticscompanies.

“MostofthecoldchainsysteminthePhilippinesaredevelopedandoperatedbymajorlocallogisticscompaniesandretailers(superstoresandconveniencestores)thatsellimported

agri-productsandfoods.”

Source:ColdFoodChainReportSummary,RichardLi,2018

Theinfrastructureislargelydisconnectedfromthelocalproductionregions.Additionally,cold

storageinfrastructurethathasbeencreatedinthelastfewyearshasbeensittingunusedbecausetheywerestrategicallydeployedinareasthatarealreadydisconnectedfromthebeginningstagesofthecoldchain.

ThesituationhasbeenexacerbatedbytheCOVID-19pandemicandtheinsecurityofthefoodsupplyinthePhilippinesanditsoverrelianceonimportsandexportshasbeenbroughttotheforefront.

However,deployingtraditionalcoldchainequipmentisadouble-edgedsword—improvingfoodsecuritywhileatthesametimeriskingasignificantincreaseinenergyuseandenvironmental

impact.

Thismeansthatthereisanurgentneedtoidentify,testanddemonstrateenergye侑cientandcleancoldchainequipmentinthePhilippines.

AccordingtoastudyconductedbytheUK-basedBirminghamEnergyInstitutein2017onestablishingcleancoldchainsinIndia,alternativetechnologiesfortheentirecoldchainareavailableandmarketreadytoday.

"LuckilythereisnoshortageofcleancoldtechnologieswithwhichtobuildasustainablecoldchaininIndia...Itbecameclearthateverystageofthecoldchain–frompackhousepre-coolingtovehiclerefrigerationtocoldstoragehub–couldbefreedfromitscurrentdependenceongridelectricityordiesel."

Source:"India'sThirdAgriculturalRevolution,Doublingfarmers'incomesthroughcleancoldchains,"2017,UniversityofBirmingham,BirminghamEnergyInstitute

Severalexamplesofthesealternativecleancoolingtechnologies,asapplicabletothePhilippines

foodcoldchain,havebeenidentifiedinthisreport.

5

ColdChainComponents

Forthepurposeofthisreport,we’veidentifiedthefourmajorfoodcategoriesthatrequirecoldchaininfrastructure:

•Fruitsandvegetables

•Fishandseafood

•Poultryandlivestock

•Milk,butterandicecream

Tosetafoundationforabasicunderstandingofthefoodcoldchainasawhole,wehavefirstfocusedonthefruitsandvegetablessector.Thecoldchainanditsassociatedinfrastructure

componentsforthissectorhavebeensimplifiedandbrokendowninthefollowinginfographic:

Asimplifiedoutlineofmajorfoodcoldchaincomponentsforthefruitsandvegetablessector.

Thesemajorcomponentswiththeirdesirableset-uplocationshavealsobeenbrokendownandidentifiedinastudyconductedbytheGovernmentofIndiain2015.Thisisshowninthetable

below:

InfrastructureComponent

DesirableSet-upLocation

ModernPack-house(PH)

Atfarmgateforfreshproducepreconditioning

LongHaulTransport(T)

Frompack-houseto“Mandi”(Indiantermforwholesaleproducemarket)/wholesalebuyer

ColdStorageHubs(CH)

Closetoconsumption/distributioncentre

ColdStorageBulk(CS)

Atfarmgate/foodprocessingpremises

RipeningChamber(RC)

Closetoconsumption/distributioncentre

LastMileTransport(t)

Withindistributioncity

Retail/Front-end(FE)

Lastmilemerchandising

6

FoodProcessingUnit(PU)

Factorydispatchoffoodproductassourcepoint

Source:NCCD.2015.AllIndiaCold-chainInfrastructureCapacity(AssessmentofStatus&Gap),Delhi.(

.in

),"Table2.1MajorCold-chainInfrastructureComponents"

7

NeartheFarm

Pre-Cooling

Whatispre-cooling?

Pre-coolingisthefirststepforfruitsandvegetablesinthefoodcoldchain.Itistheprocessofremovingfieldheatfromfreshlyharvestedproduceandistypicallydonebeforeitisstoredinacoldroomforalongerperiodoftimebeforebeingpickedupbyarefrigeratedtruck.

“Toensureenergye侑ciencyincoldstoragefacilities,pre-coolingofharvestedcropsis

necessaryinordertopreparethecropforpropertemperatureinputintothecoldstorage"

process.

Source:ColdFoodChainReportSummary,RichardLi,2018

"Themainobjectiveofpre-coolingis,therefore,toreducethetemperatureofacommoditytotheoptimumlevelasrapidlyaspossibleafterharvestwithoutinducingphysiological

disordersorphysicaldamage.”

Source:"Goodpracticeinthedesign,managementandoperationofafreshproduce

packing-house",FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,RegionalO侑ceforAsiaandthePacific,Bangkok,2012

Pre-coolingisimportantbecauseitmaximizesandpreservestheoptimumlevelofqualityfortheproduceanditsvalueforsale.

"Itmustbenotedthatpre-coolingoffruits,vegetablesandmeatproductsbecomescriticalindeterminingthegradingoutcomeasitsignificantlyprolongsshelflifeofthesefruits/

vegetablesandsatisfiesthecooling/qualityrequirementsofmeatprocessors."

Source:ColdFoodChainReportSummary,RichardLi,2018Idealtemperaturesvaryforvarioustypesofproduce:

8

"2°Cforspinach,forexample,7-10°Cforpeppers,greenbeansandtomatoes,and13°formangoes.”

Source:"India'sThirdAgriculturalRevolution,Doublingfarmers'incomesthroughcleancoldchains,"2017,UniversityofBirmingham,BirminghamEnergyInstitute

Traditionalmethodsandtechnologies

Thereareseveralpre-coolingmethodsusedforfruitsandvegetables.Someworkformanytypesofproducewhileothersonlyworkforcertaintypes.

Somecommonmethodsarepicturedbelow:

Forcedaircooling

Source:"Goodpracticeinthedesign,managementandoperationofafreshproducepacking-

house",FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,RegionalOfficeforAsiaandthePacific,Bangkok,2012

9

Hydrocooling

Source:WorldVegetableCenter,"CoolingMethods",2017,YoutubeIcing

Source:WorldVegetableCenter,"CoolingMethods",2017,Youtube

10

Coldroomwitharoomairconditioneranda“CoolBot”device

Source:WorldVegetableCenter,"CoolingMethods",2017,YoutubeThesemethodsarealsosummarizedinthetablebelow:

Method

Description

Requiredequipment

Shade/nightharvesting

Produceleftintheshadeduringand

immediatelyafterharvesting(orharvestedatnight)deteriorateslessthanproduceleftinthesun.

None

Hydrocooling

Hydrocoolersmayeitherbeanimmersion-

typeorashowersystemandmaymakeuse

oficeblocksoramechanicalrefrigeration

systemasasourceofcooling.Foreithertype,awaterpumpisusedtocirculateand

distributewater.

Icemachine,refrigerationsystem,waterpumps

Evaporativevacuumcooling

Avacuumcoolermakesuseofanair-tightchamberwhichismadeofsteel.Under

reducedpressureheatisabsorbedbytheevaporatingwateratthesurfaceofthe

produce.

Air-tightsteelchamber,refrigerationsystem

Icing

Icingmakesuseofcrushedicepackedtogetherwiththecommodityinwater-resistantcontainers.

Icemachine,water-resistantcontainers

Forcedaircooling

Tunnelcooling,acommonmethodofforcedaircoolingusedindevelopedcountries,

involvestheblowingofcoolairthroughcontainersofproduce.

Refrigerationsystem,coldroom,fans

Coldroom

Thismethodsimplyinvolvesplacingstacksofproduceinarefrigeratedspace.

Slowestmethodofpre-coolingduetofield-heatstillbeingpresentinproduce.

Refrigerationsystem,coldroom

11

Source:"Goodpracticeinthedesign,managementandoperationofafreshproducepacking-

house",FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,RegionalOfficeforAsiaandthePacific,Bangkok,2012

InthePhilippines

Accordingtoseveralstudies,thereisalackorabsenceofpre-coolingfacilitiesinandaroundfarmandtradingareasinthePhilippinesandithascontributedsignificantlytothequalitydeteriorationandincreasedfoodlossesalongthefoodcoldchain.

"Pre-coolingandcoldstoragefacilitiesarelackingbothinthenorthernandsouthernfarmsinthePhilippines.”

"Tradedvegetablesarejustdepositedaroundthetradingfacilityunderdirectsunlight,

unevendustyandrockygroundandleftonthatconditionuntiltradingtransactionhasbeencompletedandtruckforloadinghasarrived,whichcouldlastforhours.”

Source:ColdFoodChainReportSummary,RichardLi,2018

Thecurrentlackofpost-harvestfacilitiesandcoldchainpracticesareresultinginmajorpost-harvestlossesinthecropssub-sector.

“Cabbageisestimatedtohave29%foodlossduetoinadequatepre-cooling.”

Source:ColdFoodChainReportSummary,RichardLi,2018,"TechnologyReducingPostharvestLossesandMaintainingQualityofFruitsandVegetables(Philippines),2010,PerlitaAquino-Nuevo,UniversityofthePhilippinesLosBanosandArnelRamirApaga,PhilippineCenterforPostharvestDevelopmentandMechanization

Researchconductedin2010bytheUniversityofthePhilippinesLosBanosandthePhilippine

CenterforPost-harvestDevelopmentandMechanizationshowedthatthecurrentbusiness-as-

usualprocessinvolvestheharvestingandtransportoffruitsandvegetablesallthewaytomarketwithzerouseofrefrigeration.

"Atpresent,thedistributionsystemisquiteine侑cientduetolackoffunctionalpostharvestfacilities,tradingcentersandpackinghouses,storagefacilitiesforfresh,poorinfrastructureandweakimplementationofpoliciesforagriculture."

Source:"TechnologyReducingPostharvestLossesandMaintainingQualityofFruitsandVegetables(Philippines),2010,PerlitaAquino-Nuevo,UniversityofthePhilippinesLos

BanosandArnelRamirApaga,PhilippineCenterforPost-harvestDevelopmentandMechanization

ThishasbeenexacerbatedbytheCOVID-19pandemicandhasexposedthelackofflexibilityandvulnerabilityofthecountry’sfoodsupplyduetoinadequatecoldchaininfrastructure.

Risksofusingtraditionalmethodsandtechnologies

Traditionalrefrigerationsystemsusedforpre-coolingthatinvolverefrigerationsystems,electric

fansandpumpscontributetocarbonemissionsindirectways(throughsyntheticrefrigerantleaks)andindirectways(throughrelianceongridelectricityordiesel).

“Conventionalcoolingtechnologiestypicallyrunusingrefrigerantgases(‘F-gases’)thatarethemselvesextremelypowerfulgreenhousegasesandtendtoleak.Poundforpound,someF-gasescausethousandsoftimesmorewarmingthanCO2.Conventionalcooling

technologiesalsotypicallyrelyondieselorgridelectricity,andsocausefurtherlarge

emissionsofCO2fromtheirenergyconsumption.Inaddition,sincemanyofthe

technologiesarepoweredbylightlyregulatedsecondarydieselengines,theyalsoemitgrosslydisproportionateamountsoflocalairpollution.”

12

Source:"India'sThirdAgriculturalRevolution,Doublingfarmers'incomesthroughcleancoldchains,"2017,UniversityofBirmingham,BirminghamEnergyInstitute

13

ColdStorage(Bulk)

WhatisColdStorage(Bulk)?

Acoldstorage(bulk)facilityisstrategicallylocatednearthefarm.Onceproducehasbeenpre-cooleditmusteitherbeimmediatelyloadedintoarefrigeratedtruckfortransporttomarketorkeptinacoldstorage(bulk)facility.

Ina2019reporttitled"PromotingCleanandEnergyE侑cientCold-ChaininIndia"bytheShaktiSustainableEnergyFoundation,coldstorage(bulk)facilitiesweredescribedasfollows:

"Itisdesignedforlongdurationstorageofproducetobuildaninventorybufferwhichwillservetosmoothentheepisodicproductionbystabilizing&sustainingthesupplylines.

Thesearenormallyconstructedinareasclosetoproducingareas(farm-gate)tofacilitatequickaccesstoproducersforaselectivesetofcropsonly."

Source:MPEnsystems,etal2019.PromotingCleanandEnergyE侑cientCol-ChaininIndia,MPEnsystems,ShaktiSustainableEnergyFoundationandUniversityofBirmingham(2019)

Pre-coolingandcoldstorageoftenareintegratedinmodernpack-housefacilities.Thesearedescribedinaseparatesectionofthereport(see:ThePackHouse).

Traditionalmethodsandtechnologies

Typically,fruitsandvegetablescansimplybestoredinacoldroomnearthefarmwhileitwaitstobepickedup.Thesecoldroomsarecooledbypackagedrefrigerationsystemsorevenmodifiedair-conditionersonsmalltomediumscalefarms.

Commoncheapformsofcoolroomsinclude:

Method

Description

Requiredequipment

Self-constructedcoolroomwithanairconditioneranda

“Coolbot”device

Atraditionalroomwindow

mountedtypeairconditionercanbeconnectedtoaninsulated

roommadefromdouble-walledplywoodpanelswithpolystyrenesheetsforinsulation.Connectingthe"Coolbot"deviceartificially

lowersthetemperatureoftheairconditionertherebyforcingittooperateasarefrigerationunit.

Plywood,Coolbotdevice,roomairconditioner

Commercialrefrigeratororwalkincooler

Thisisalargercommercial

refrigeratororwalkincooler

poweredbytheelectricalgrid

usingeitherhydrocarbonorfreonrefrigerant.

Commercialrefrigerator

Source:WorldVegetableCenter,"CoolingMethods",2017,Youtube,"CRITICAL

INFRASTRUCTURE:Walk-inCoolers,"2016,UrbanFarmerCurtisStone,YoutubeInthePhilippines

InthePhilippines,thereisasignificantlackofcoldstorage(bulk)facilities.

"InthePhilippines,thereareonlyafewcoldstoragefacilitiesavailableforsmalltomediumscalefarmers,hence,foodlossoccursduringprolongedstorage.Theveryhightemperatureandrelativehumidityduetothetropicalnatureofthecountryisalsooneofthereasonsfor

14

thequalitydeteriorationofcropsforsmalltomediumscalefarmerswhocannotaffordcoldstoragefacilities."

Source:ColdFoodChainReportSummary,RichardLi,2018Risksofusingtraditionalmethodsandtechnologies

Similartopre-coolingtechnologies,traditionalequipmentusedforcoldstorage(bulk)facilities

havesignificantimpactsontheenvironmentincludingrefrigerantgasleaks,pollutionfromdieselengines,ortheuseoffossil-fuelpoweredgridelectricity.

15

OntheRoad

RefrigeratedTrucksandVans

Onland,produceistransportedmainlybyrefrigeratedvehicles(inadditiontobyseaviatherollon/rolloffsysteminthePhilippines).

Traditionalmethodsandtechnologies

Refrigeratedtrucksfallintothreemaincategories:

1.Refrigeratedtrailer(diesel-poweredrefrigerationsystem)

Refrigeratedtrailers’refrigerationsystemsaretypicallypoweredthroughintegrateddieseldrivenmotorsthatareinadditiontothetruck’smainengine.

Source:"AdvancedRefrigeration-TransportRefrigerationPart1",2018,PorterandChesterInstitute,Youtube

16

2.Refrigeratedtrucks/vans(vehicleenginedirectdrivepoweredrefrigerationsystem)

Forsmallerrefrigeratedtrucksandvans,theirrefrigerationsystemsareusuallypoweredeitherbydirectdrivesystemslinkedtothevehicleengineorseparatebatteries.

Source:"AdvancedRefrigeration-TransportRefrigerationPart1",2018,PorterandChesterInstitute,Youtube

3.Refrigeratedtruckswitheutecticplates(pre-chargedcoolingbeforetransport)

Eutecticplatetrucksarechilledpriortotransportbyarefrigerationsystempoweredbyadieselgeneratororbybeingpluggedintotheelectricalgrid.

Source:"AdvancedRefrigeration-TransportRefrigerationPart1",2018,PorterandChesterInstitute,Youtube

Thethreemethodswiththeassociatedenergysourcesaresummarizedbelow:

Method

Equipmentneeded

Energysource

Refrigeratedtrailer

Transportrefrigerationsystem

Secondarydieselgenerator(inadditiontothevehicle’sprimarydieselengine),electricalgrid

Refrigeratedtruck/vans

Transportrefrigerationsystem

Vehicleengine

17

Refrigeratedtruckswitheutecticplates

Stationaryrefrigerationsystem,eutecticplatesorphasechangematerials

Secondarydieselgenerator(inadditiontothevehicle’sprimarydieselengine),electricalgrid

Themajorityoftherefrigeratedtrailers,trucksandvansuseR134aorR404aasrefrigerants.Theusageofthetruckscanbebrokendownintotwomaincategories:

•Longhaul:Usedtotransportproducefromthefarmtoastorageordistributioncenter.

•Shorthaul:Usedtotransportproducefromstorageanddistributioncenterstomarketsorretail/foodservicelocations.

InthePhilippines

ThePhilippineshasasevereshortfallofrefrigeratedvehiclestoserveitsurbanpopulationascomparedtodevelopedcountries.

“…providingthefarmerswithrefrigeratedtrucksisactuallyakeyinpreventingfoodlossandincreasingtheincomeoffarmers.”

Source:CherrieAtilano,President&CEO,Agrea,”'AGREA'launches'MoveFood'initiativetohelpfarmersamidCovid-19lockdown|ANC",May11,2020,ANC24/7,Youtube

Basedondataprovidedbyseveralsources,comparedtoFrancewhichhasasimilarnumberof

urbanresidents,thePhilippineshaslessthan10%oftherefrigeratedvehiclesneededtoserveitsurbanpopulation.

#ofurbanresidents

#ofrefrigeratedvehicles

France(2014)

55,000,000

140,000

Philippines(2019)

54,000,000

10,000

Source:"2018GCCAGlobalColdStorageCapacityReport",July2018,VictoriaSalin,TexasA&MUniversity,InternationalAssociationofRefrigeratedWarehouses,"Coldchainsandthe

demographicdividend"April2015,Dearman,ColdChainAssociationofthePhilippines

Insteadofrefrigeratedvehicles,transportationoffruitsandvegetablesaredonebyopennon-refrigeratedtrucks,oroversizedjeepneysandtricycles.

18

OpentrucktransportingvegetablesfromBenguettoBatangasinSouthernLuzon(6hours)

Source:"BorntobeWild:ThevegetabletradingpostsinLaTrinidad,Benguet",June6,2018,GMAPublicAffairs,Youtube

Theseareusedmainlywhentransportingproducefromruralareastourbanorwholesalemarketsaswellasterminalsandportsforexport.

"Landtransportationisusuallydonebytrucksfromthepackingfacilitiestotheterminalsandportsfordistributioninternationally."

Source:ColdFoodChainReportSummary,RichardLi,2018

Unrefrigeratedlandandseatransportationisusuallycombinedwhenbringingproducefromthesouthernregionstothenorthernregionswherethemajordomesticmarketsarelocated.Transittimeisusuallylessthantwodaysandproduceistypicallyexposedtohightemperaturesduringthetrip.

Thisprocessisdescribedindetailina2010studyconductedbytheUniversityofthePhilippinesLosBanosandthePhilippineCenterforPost-harvestDevelopmentandMechanization:

"Commoditiesareusuallytransportedbyshipfromthesouthernpartwherecropsare

producedandmarketedtothenorthernpartwherethemajordomesticmarketissituated.Iftherearenodelaysduetobadweatherortechnicalshipproblems,thetransittimeisabout

36hours.Delayintransportwouldleadtoadditionalhandlingcost,lossofvolumeandlossofpotentialprofit(BautistaandMaunahan,2007)Whencommoditiesinthemetalvanare

loadedinpassengerships,thevansareplacedbelowtheboatwheretheengineislocated.Thetemperaturerisesreallyhighduetotheengineheatandtheheatofthecommodities

emittedintheprocessofrespiration.Commoditiesarealsoshippedusingcargovesselswhichtakesashorterperiodoftime(24hours).However,cargovesselsaremorelimitedthanpassengerships.

Aftertheshiphasdocked,itwillstilltakeabout5-6hoursforthefruitvantobereleased.Iffruitsarebulkloaded,strippingtakesanother16hours.Thebananaswillthenbetransferredintrucksoroversizedjeepneysandtransportedoverland.However,thevehicleisalways

fullyloadedandthehandlerssitontopoftheproduce.Thepeoplesittingonthebulkloadedfruitsaddweightespeciallytothebottomfruitswhichresultsincompressiondamage."

Source:"TechnologyReducingPost-harvestLossesandMaintainingQualityofFruitsandVegetables(Philippines),2010,PerlitaAquino-Nuevo,UniversityofthePhilippinesLos

BanosandArnelRamirApaga,PhilippineCenterforPost-harvestDevelopmentandMechanization

19

Risksofusingtraditionalmethodsandtechnologies

Therearetwomaincomponentsrelatedtotheenvironmentalimpactofrefrigeratedtransportvehicles.

Thefirstandthelargestisthedieselengineusedtopowerthetransportrefrigerationunit(TRU)onthetruck(separatefromthetrucksmainengine).

Source:"EmissionsofTransportRefrigerationUnitswithCARBDiesel,Gas-to-LiquidDiesel,andEmissionsControlDevices",NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,May2010

"Vehiclerefrigerationtodayisoverwhelminglypoweredbydiesel,oftenusingahighlypollutingsecondaryenginetodrivetheTransportRefrigerationUnit."

Source:LiquidAirontheHighway,CentreforLowCarbonFutures,DearmanEngineCompany,TobyPeters,June2014

Accordingtoa2015reporttitled"Coldchainsandthedemographicdividend"byUK-basedDearmanEngineCompany,thedieselenginesusedtopowertheTRUs:

•Consumeupto20%ofthetruck'sfuel

•Emitsignificantamountsofnitrogendioxide

•Emitsignificantamountsofparticulatematter

•Emit50tonnesofcarbondioxidepertruckperyear

Inaddition,theTRU:

•LeaksF-gasrefrigerantsatanestimatedannualleakagerateof25%(themostcommonF-gasesusedforTRUsareR134aorR404a)

Finally,thevehicleengineitselfemitsCO2.Theseemissionsoccurbothasthetruckismovingandasitsitsidleduringloadingando仟loading.

20

NeartheCity

ColdStorage(Hubs)

WhatareColdStorage(Hubs)?

ColdStorage(Hubs)canalsobecalledcoldstoragedistributionfacilities.Theyarelocatednearurbanareasandmarketsandareusuallydistinguishedfromacoldstorage(bulk)facilitybyitsshorttermhandling,asopposedtolongerdurationstorage.

SPARSouthRandColdStorageDistributionCentre,SouthAfrica

Source:SPARGroupLimited

21

TheGovernmentofIndiadescribedcoldstorage(hubs)asfollows:

"Itisdesignedforshort-termhandlingofproducesoastoserveasadistributionlogistics

platformformarketablepackagedproduceandreadytoretailproduce...Thesearenormallyconstructedclosetoconsumptioncentres,builtatthefront-endlinkedtosourcepointswithrefrigeratedtransport."

Source:NCCD.2015.AllIndi