2026年GMAT文本逻辑推理考试真题(完整版)

2026年GMAT文本逻辑推理考试真题(完整版)Question1Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?Theintroductionofanadvanced,AI-drivenlogisticssystembytheretailgiantOmniCorpisexpectedtoreducethecompany'sdeliverytimesby30%overthenexttwoyears.However,industryanalystspredictthatOmniCorp'soverallmarketsharewillnotincreasesignificantlyduringthisperiod,despitetheprojectedefficiencygains.Thispredictionismostlikelysupportedbythefactthat__________.A.OmniCorp’sprimarycompetitorsarecurrentlyimplementingsimilarAI-drivenlogisticssystemsthatwillyieldcomparablereductionsindeliverytimes.B.ThecostofimplementingthenewAI-drivenlogisticssystemwillrequireatemporaryincreaseinproductpricesacrossallOmniCorpstores.C.Consumerloyaltyintheretailsectorisprimarilydrivenbyproductvarietyratherthandeliveryspeed.D.OmniCorpplanstousetheefficiencygainsfromthenewsystemtoreduceitsworkforceratherthantolowerprices.E.Theaverageconsumerinthemarketisunwillingtopayextrapremiumsfordeliverytimesshorterthantwodays.Question2InthecountryofVeridia,thegovernmenthasrecentlyimposedasignificanttaxontheproductionofallnon-biodegradableplastics.Proponentsofthetaxarguethatitwillsignificantlyreducethetotalvolumeofplasticwasteenteringtheenvironment.However,criticsclaimthatthetaxwillhaveanegligibleeffectonthetotalvolumeofplasticwaste.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthensthecritics'claim?A.ManufacturersinVeridiahavealreadybegunresearchingbiodegradablealternativestoplastic,butthesealternativesarenotyetcommerciallyviable.B.ThemajorityofplasticwasteenteringVeridia'senvironmentoriginatesfromneighboringcountriesthatdonothavetaxesonplasticproduction.C.Thetaximposedonnon-biodegradableplasticsisoneofthehighestsuchtaxesintheregion.D.ConsumersinVeridiaarewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforgoodspackagedinbiodegradablematerials.E.Theproductionofnon-biodegradableplasticsinVeridiahasdecreasedby15%sincethetaxwasannounced.Question3Arecentstudyofcorporatemergersinthepharmaceuticalindustryfoundthat,onaverage,mergedcompaniesexperienceda20%dropinresearchproductivity(measuredbythenumberofnewdrugpatentsfiledperyear)inthefiveyearsfollowingthemerger,comparedtothefiveyearsprecedingit.Theresearchersconcludedthatcorporatemergersinhibitresearchproductivity.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheresearchers'conclusion?A.Thepharmaceuticalindustryasawholeexperienceda25%dropinresearchproductivityduringthesameperiodduetostricterregulatoryapprovalprocesses.B.Mergedpharmaceuticalcompaniesoftenspendsignificantlymoreonmarketingthannon-mergedcompaniesdo.C.ResearchproductivityinthepharmaceuticalindustryishighlycorrelatedwiththeamountofcapitalinvestedinR&D.D.Manypharmaceuticalcompaniesmergespecificallytoacquirethepatentportfoliosofsmallerfirms.E.Thedropinresearchproductivitywasmostacuteinmergerswherethetwocompanieshadoverlappingresearchspecialties.Question4Mayor:Theconstructionofthenewdowntowntraffictunnelisessentialforrelievingcongestiononourmainbridge.Criticsarguethatthetunnelwillbetooexpensiveandthatthefundswouldbebetterspentimprovingthepublicbussystem.However,thisargumentisflawed.Thetunnelwillpayforitselfwithintenyearsthroughtollrevenues,afterwhichitwillgenerateasurplus.Incontrast,improvingthebussystemwouldrequirecontinuoussubsidiesandwouldnotdirectlyaddressthevolumeofcross-rivercommutertraffic.Themayor’sargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonthegroundsthatitA.assumesthatthevolumeofcross-rivercommutertrafficwillremainconstantoverthenexttenyears.B.failstoconsiderthepossibilitythatthebussystemimprovementscouldalsogeneraterevenuethroughincreasedridership.C.reliesonthepredictionthatthetunnelwillbecompletedontimeandwithinbudget,whichisuncertainforlargeinfrastructureprojects.D.presumesthatrelievingcongestiononthemainbridgeistheonlygoalthatshouldbeconsideredintrafficplanning.E.takesforgrantedthatdriverswhocurrentlyusethebridgewouldbewillingtopayatolltousethetunnel.Question5EnvironmentalScientist:ThedeclineinthefrogpopulationintheSilverLakewetlandsisdirectlyattributabletotheintroductionofnon-nativecrayfish,whichpreyonfrogeggs.However,simplyremovingthecrayfishmaynotbesufficienttorestorethefrogpopulation.Historicaldataindicatesthatevenbeforethecrayfisharrived,thefrogpopulationwasvulnerabletodrasticfluctuationsduringperiodsoflowrainfall.WhichofthefollowingconclusionsismoststronglysupportedbytheEnvironmentalScientist’sstatements?A.Thenon-nativecrayfisharenottheprimarycauseofthedeclineinthefrogpopulation.B.ThefrogpopulationintheSilverLakewetlandsisunlikelytorecovertoitspreviouslevelsevenifthecrayfishareremoved.C.Periodsoflowrainfallaremoredetrimentaltothefrogpopulationthanthepresenceofnon-nativecrayfish.D.Theintroductionofthenon-nativecrayfishcoincidedwithaperiodofhistoricallylowrainfallintheSilverLakewetlands.E.Removingthecrayfishandimplementinganartificialirrigationsystemwouldbethemosteffectivestrategytorestorethefrogpopulation.Question6Psychologist:Manyadultsattributetheirabilitytocopewithstresstotheirchildhoodexperiences,specificallyciting"freeplay"wherechildrenresolveconflictswithoutadultintervention.However,arecentlongitudinalstudyfoundnocorrelationbetweentheamountoftimespentinunstructuredfreeplayduringchildhoodandstressmanagementskillsinadulthood.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestexplainstheapparentdiscrepancydescribedabove?A.Thestudymeasuredstressmanagementskillsusingself-reportedsurveys,whichareoftenunreliable.B.Adultswhoattributetheircopingskillstochildhoodfreeplayoftenengageinselectivememory,recallingpositiveeventsandforgettingnegativeones.C.Thebenefitsoffreeplayregardingstressmanagementareonlyrealizedifthechildreceivespositivereinforcementfromadultsduringtheplay.D.Stressmanagementskillsinadulthoodaremoreheavilyinfluencedbygeneticfactorsandadultlifeexperiencesthanbychildhoodactivities.E.Thestudydefined"freeplay"toonarrowly,excludingactivitiesliketeamsportswhereconflictresolutionisoftenadult-supervised.Question7InvestmentAdvisor:Ourclientsshouldconsidermovingaportionoftheirassetsintogovernmentbonds.Whilethereturnonbondsislowerthanthatofequities,bondsprovideaguaranteedsafetyofprincipal.Furthermore,inadeflationaryeconomicenvironment,therealvalueoftheguaranteedprincipalincreases,providingabetterreturnthanequities,whichtypicallysufferduringdeflation.TheInvestmentAdvisor’sconclusionfollowslogicallyifwhichofthefollowingisassumed?A.Theeconomyisheadinginto,oriscurrentlyin,adeflationaryperiod.B.Governmentbondsaretheonlyinvestmentvehiclethatguaranteesthesafetyofprincipal.C.Thereturnonequitiesisalwaysnegativeduringadeflationaryenvironment.D.Clientsaremoreconcernedwiththepreservationofcapitalthanwithhighreturns.E.Therateofdeflationwillbehighenoughtooffsetthelowernominalreturnofthebonds.Question8CompanyXandCompanyYbothmanufacturehigh-performancerunningshoes.CompanyXusesapatented"AirFoam"material,whileCompanyYusesastandardgelcushioning.Aconsumermagazinetestedshoesfrombothcompaniesandfoundthatthe"AirFoam"shoesprovided40%bettershockabsorption.However,salesofCompanyY'sshoeshavebeendoublethoseofCompanyXforthepastthreeyears.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoresolvetheapparentparadox?A.CompanyYspendsthreetimesasmuchonadvertisingasCompanyXdoes.B.The"AirFoam"materialdegradessignificantlyfasterthanthegelcushioning,leadingtoashorterusablelifespanfortheshoes.C.CompanyX'sshoesarepriced20%higherthanCompanyY'sshoes.D.Professionalathletes,whoinfluenceconsumerpurchasingdecisions,aresponsoredprimarilybyCompanyY.E.MostcasualrunnersdonotrequirethelevelofshockabsorptionprovidedbyCompanyX'sshoes.Question9Editorial:Thecitycouncilshouldvotetobantheuseofplasticbagsinallretailestablishments.Suchabanhasbeenhighlyeffectiveinreducinglitterinneighboringtowns.Criticsarguethatabanisinconvenientforconsumersandhurtssmallbusinessesthatwouldhavetopurchasemoreexpensivepaperbags.However,theseconcernsareoutweighedbytheenvironmentalnecessity.Thecouncilmustprioritizethelong-termhealthoftheenvironmentovershort-termconvenience.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostmostunderminestheEditorial’sconclusion?A.Theproductionofpaperbagsgeneratessignificantlymorewaterpollutionandgreenhousegasemissionsthantheproductionofplasticbags.B.Manyconsumersalreadyownreusableclothbagsandwouldnotbesignificantlyinconveniencedbyaplasticbagban.C.Smallbusinessesinneighboringtownsthatenactedplasticbagbansreportedanincreaseincustomerloyalty.D.Plasticbagsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthetotallitterfoundinthecity'sstreetsandwaterways.E.Thecostofpaperbagshasdecreasedinrecentyearsduetotheavailabilityofrecycledmaterials.Question10Astronomer:ThedetectionoforganicmoleculesonthesurfaceofMarssuggeststhattheplanetmayhaveharboredlifeinthepast.However,thesemoleculescouldalsohavebeenformedbynon-biologicalgeologicalprocesses.Todetermineifthemoleculesarebiologicalinorigin,wemustanalyzetheratioofcarbonisotopesinthesamples.LifeonEarthpreferentiallyusesCarbon-12overCarbon-13,creatingadistinctisotopicsignature.TheAstronomer’sargumentreliesonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?A.Non-biologicalgeologicalprocessesonMarsdonotproducethesameCarbon-12toCarbon-13ratioasbiologicalprocesses.B.CarbonisotopesaretheonlyreliableindicatorofbiologicalactivitythatcanbeextractedfromMartiansurfacesamples.C.AnylifethatmayhaveexistedonMarswouldhavebiochemicallyresembledlifeonEarthinitspreferenceforCarbon-12.D.TheorganicmoleculesdetectedonthesurfaceofMarshavenotbeencontaminatedbymeteoritesoriginatingfromEarth.E.ThetechnologyrequiredtopreciselymeasurecarbonisotoperatiosiscurrentlyavailableontheMarsrovers.Question11HealthOfficial:Theincidenceofallergiesinchildrenhasrisensharplyinthelastthirtyyears.Thisincreasecorrelateswiththeriseintheuseofantibacterialcleaningproductsinthehome.Thissupportsthe"hygienehypothesis,"whichsuggeststhatreducedexposuretobacteriaandinfectionsduringearlychildhoodimpairsthedevelopmentoftheimmunesystem,leadingtoahigherlikelihoodofallergies.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheHealthOfficial’sargument?A.Childrenwhogrowuponfarms,wheretheyareexposedtoawidevarietyofbacteria,havesignificantlylowerratesofallergiesthanurbanchildren.B.Antibacterialcleaningproductsareeffectiveatkillingthespecificbacteriaresponsibleforcommonchildhoodillnesses.C.Theincreaseinallergieshasbeenobservedprimarilyinindustrializednationswhereantibacterialproductsarewidelyused.D.Somestudieshaveshownacorrelationbetweenairpollutionandtheriseinchildhoodasthma,whichisoftentriggeredbyallergies.E.Parentswhouseantibacterialproductsarealsomorelikelytotaketheirchildrentothedoctorforallergytesting,resultinginhigherreportedrates.Question12Economist:Thegovernment'sproposaltosubsidizetheelectricvehicle(EV)industryismisguided.WhilesubsidieswilllowerthepriceofEVsintheshortterm,theydistortmarketsignalsandencourageoverproduction.Furthermore,thesubsidieswillbefundedbytaxpayers,manyofwhomcannotaffordEVsevenwiththesubsidy.Abetterapproachwouldbetoinvestinresearchanddevelopmentforbatterytechnology,whichwouldnaturallylowerEVcostsinthelongrunwithoutmarketdistortion.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheroleofthetwoboldfacedportionsintheEconomist’sargument?A.ThefirstisafactthattheEconomistdisputes;thesecondisaconclusionthattheEconomistsupports.B.ThefirstisapredictionthattheEconomistacceptsaslikely;thesecondisarecommendationthattheEconomistrejects.C.Thefirstisanegativeconsequenceofapolicy;thesecondisanalternativepolicythattheEconomistfavors.D.Thefirstisevidenceusedtosupportaprediction;thesecondisaconclusionthatcontradictsthatprediction.E.ThefirstisaclaimthattheEconomistarguesagainst;thesecondisevidenceusedtosupportthatargument.Question13Aspecificspeciesofbeetle,thePineBeetle,hasbeendestroyingvastswathesofforestinthewesternregion.Forestryexpertshaveproposedcontrolledburnstoreducethebeetlepopulation,asthebeetlescannotsurvivehightemperatures.However,localresidentsopposetheburns,citingairqualityconcernsandtheriskoffiresspreadingoutofcontrol.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostjustifiestheexperts'proposaldespitetheresidents'objections?A.TheeconomicdamagecausedbythePineBeetleinfestationisestimatedtobetentimesthecostofimplementingcontrolledburns.B.Controlledburnsaretypicallyconductedduringperiodsoflowwindandhighhumiditytominimizetheriskofspreading.C.Thesmokefromcontrolledburnsissignificantlylesstoxicanddissipatesmuchfasterthanthesmokefromuncontrolledwildfires.D.ThePineBeetlehasnonaturalpredatorsinthewesternregion,makingcontrolledburnstheonlyeffectivemethodofpopulationcontrol.E.Withoutintervention,thePineBeetleinfestationwilllikelyspreadtoadjacentagriculturalareas,threateningfoodsecurity.Question14Manager:Toimproveemployeemorale,weshouldimplementa"four-dayworkweek"whereemployeeswork10hoursadayforfourdaysinsteadof8hoursadayforfivedays.Employeeswillvaluetheextradayoff,andthetotalnumberofworkinghoursremainsthesame,soproductivityshouldnotdecline.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostcastsdoubtontheManager’sproposal?A.Studieshaveshownthatemployeeproductivityperhourtendstodecreaseafter8hoursofcontinuouswork.B.Manyemployeesusetheirweekendstotravel,andhavingathree-dayweekendwouldfacilitatethis.C.Thecostofoperatingtheofficebuilding(utilities,security)isthesamewhetheritisopenfor4or5days.D.Competitorswhohaveimplementedthefour-dayworkweekhaveseenanincreaseinjobapplications.E.Employeescurrentlyreporthighlevelsofsatisfactionwiththeircurrenttwo-dayweekendschedule.Question15Archaeologist:Wehavediscoveredasetoftoolsinacavethatdatesback15,000years.Thesetoolsareremarkablysimilarindesignandcraftsmanshiptotoolsfoundinaseparatecavesystem500milesaway,whichdateback20,000years.Thissuggeststhattherewassignificantculturalcontactandtechnologytransferbetweenthetwogroupsofpeopleseparatedbythisdistance.TheArchaeologist’sconclusiondependsontheassumptionthatA.Thetoolsfoundinthefirstcavewerenotbroughttherebymodernexplorersorcollectors.B.Theoldertoolsfoundinthesecondcaverepresenttheearliestexampleofthisspecifictooldesign.C.Therewerenootherancientpopulationslivingbetweenthetwocavesystemsthatcouldhavefacilitatedthetransfer.D.Thedesignofthetoolsissufficientlycomplexthatitcouldnothavebeeninventedindependentlybytwodifferentgroups.E.Thematerialsusedtomakethetoolsinthefirstcavewerenotavailableinthevicinityofthesecondcave.Passage1(Questions16-19)Thehistoryofeconomicthoughtisoftenpunctuatedbydebatesregardingthenatureofvalue.Forcenturies,thedominanttheorywastheLaborTheoryofValue(LTV),mostfamouslyassociatedwithAdamSmithandDavidRicardo.TheLTVpositsthatthevalueofacommodityisderivedfromtheamountoflaborrequiredtoproduceit.Thisintuitivetheorysuggestedthatifittakestwiceaslongtomakeachairasitdoestomakeatable,thechairshouldnaturallycommandtwicetheprice.However,bythelate19thcentury,theLVTfacedacriticalchallengeknownasthe"transformationproblem."Theissuewasthatifpricesweredeterminedsolelybylaborinputs,industrieswithdifferentcapital-to-laborratioswouldhavedifferentratesofprofit,whichcontradictedtheobservabletendencyofprofitratestoequalizeacrosssectorsinacompetitivemarket.ThesolutiontothisparadoxarrivedwiththeMarginalRevolution,introducingtheconceptofsubjectivevalue.EconomistslikeCarlMenger,WilliamStanleyJevons,andLéonWalrasarguedthatvalueisnotintrinsictoanobjectbutisratherafunctionoftheutility(satisfaction)thatthemarginalunitofagoodprovidestoaconsumer.Thisshiftfromacost-of-productiontheorytoasubjectivepreferencetheorylaidthefoundationformodernmicroeconomics.Underthisframework,priceisdeterminedbytheintersectionofsupplyanddemandcurves.Thedemandcurvereflectsthediminishingmarginalutilityofconsumption—theideathatthefirstsliceofpizzabringsmoresatisfactionthanthefifth.Thesupplycurvereflectsthemarginalcostofproduction.However,thetriumphofmarginalismdidnotentirelyerasetheinsightsofclassicaleconomics.Thedistinctionbetweenuse-valueandexchange-value,hintedatbySmith,becamemorenuanced.Whilewaterhashighuse-value(itisessentialforlife)andlowexchange-value(itisusuallycheap),diamondshavelowuse-valueandhighexchange-value.Marginalismresolvedthis"diamond-waterparadox"bynotingthatthepriceofwaterisdeterminedbytheutilityofthelastunitconsumed,whichislowgivenwater'sabundance,whereasthepriceofdiamondsisdeterminedbytheutilityofthelastunit,whichishighgiventheirscarcity.Inthe20thcentury,thedebateevolvedfurtherwiththeintroductionoftransactioncosteconomicsbyRonaldCoase.Coasearguedthatinaworldwithzerotransactioncosts,theinitialallocationofresourcesdoesnotmatterforefficiency(theCoaseTheorem),aspartieswillbargaintocorrectexternalities.However,sincetransactioncostsarepositiveintherealworld,institutions,laws,andorganizationalstructuresbecomecriticalindeterminingeconomicoutcomes.Thisreintroducedaformof"objective"constraintonthepurelysubjectivepreferencesofindividuals,acknowledgingthatthefrictionofreal-worldinteractionsshapesvalueinwaysthatsimplesupply-and-demandmodelsmightmiss.Question16TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.tracetheevolutionofeconomictheoriesregardingthedeterminationofvalue.B.argueforthesuperiorityoftheLaborTheoryofValueovermodernsubjectivisttheories.C.explainthe"diamond-waterparadox"anditsimplicationsformodernpricingstrategies.D.comparethecontributionsofAdamSmithandRonaldCoasetothefieldofmicroeconomics.E.describethespecificmathematicalformulasusedtocalculatemarginalutility.Question17Accordingtothepassage,the"transformationproblem"posedachallengetotheLaborTheoryofValuebecauseithighlightedacontradictionbetweenA.thelaborinputsrequiredforproductionandtheactualpriceconsumerswerewillingtopay.B.thesubjectivepreferencesofconsumersandtheobjectivecostsofproduction.C.theLTV’spredictionofvaryingprofitratesandthemarketrealityofequalizedprofitrates.D.theabundanceofwaterandthescarcityofdiamonds.E.thetheoreticalzerotransactioncostsandthepositivetransactioncostsfoundinreality.Question18Theauthormentionsthe"diamond-waterparadox"inordertoA.demonstratethefailureoftheLaborTheoryofValuetoexplainpricingdiscrepancies.B.illustratehowtheconceptofdiminishingmarginalutilityresolvesapricinganomaly.C.provideevidencethatdiamondsareintrinsicallymorevaluablethanwater.D.suggestthatthesupplycurveismoreimportantthanthedemandcurveindeterminingprice.E.arguethatuse-valueistheonlyvalidmeasureofanitem'seconomicworth.Question19WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutRonaldCoase’scontributiontoeconomictheorybasedonthepassage?A.HeprovedthattheLaborTheoryofValuewasmathematicallyimpossible.B.Hebelievedthattransactioncostswerenegligibleinmostmodernmarkets.C.Hedemonstratedthatinstitutionalstructuresplayaroleindeterminingeconomicoutcomeswhentransactioncostsarepositive.D.Herejectedtheconceptofmarginalutilityinfavorofareturntoclassicalcost-of-productiontheories.E.Hisworkappliesonlytolegaldisputesregardingpropertyrightsandnottogeneralmarketpricing.Passage2(Questions20-23)Thestandardmodelofparticlephysicsisoftenhailedasthemostsuccessfultheoryinthehistoryofscience,accuratelypredictingavastarrayofexperimentalresults.Itclassifieselementaryparticlesintofermions(quarksandleptons)andbosons(forcecarriers).However,despiteitsempiricaltriumphs,theStandardModeliswidelyconsideredbyphysiciststobeincomplete.Oneofthemostglaringomissionsisthelackofadescriptionofgravity.Whiletheotherthreefundamentalforces(electromagnetism,theweaknuclearforce,andthestrongnuclearforce)aremediatedbygaugebosonswithinthequantumfieldtheoryframework,gravityremainsbestdescribedbyEinstein'sGeneralRelativity,aclassicalgeometrictheory.AttemptstoquantizegravityandfititintotheStandardModel,suchasstringtheoryorloopquantumgravity,havesofaryieldednoexperimentalconfirmation.AnotherlimitationoftheStandardModelisitsinabilitytoaccountfordarkmatteranddarkenergy.Observationalcosmologyindicatesthatvisiblematter(baryonicmatter)constitutesonlyabout5%ofthetotalenergydensityoftheuniverse.Roughly27%isdarkmatter,whichdoesnotinteractwiththeelectromagneticforcebutexertsgravitationalpull,andtheremaining68%isdarkenergy,amysteriousforcedrivingtheacceleratedexpansionoftheuniverse.TheStandardModelprovidesnocandidateparticlesfordarkmatter,althoughextensionslikeSupersymmetry(SUSY)proposepartnerstoStandardModelparticles(e.g.,neutralinos)thatcouldfillthisrole.Unfortunately,theLargeHadronCollider(LHC)hasnotyetdetectedanysupersymmetricparticles,leadingtoincreasedurgencyinthesearchfor"physicsbeyondtheStandardModel."Furthermore,theStandardModelcannotexplainthematter-antimatterasymmetryoftheuniverse.AccordingtotheBigBangtheory,matterandantimattershouldhavebeencreatedinequalamounts.Astheyannihilateeachotheruponcontact,theuniverseshouldbeleftwithonlyenergy.Yet,weexistinauniversedominatedbymatter.TheStandardModelincorporatesCP-violation(charge-parityviolation)intheweaksector,whichsuggeststhatparticlesandantiparticlesbehaveslightlydifferently.However,theknownsourcesofCP-violationintheStandardModelareinsufficienttoaccountfortheobservedimbalance.ThissuggeststhattheremustbeunknownCP-violatingprocessesoccurringathigherenergylevels.Inresponsetothesegaps,theoreticalphysicistsareexploringvariousframeworks.Onesuchframeworkinvolvestheconceptofextraspatialdimensions,positedbystringtheory.Insomemodels,gravityisweakcomparedtootherforcesbecauseit"leaks"intotheseextradimensions.Anotherapproachinvolvesmodifyingthenatureofthevacuumitself,asinquintessencemodelsofdarkenergy.Untilexperimentaldata—perhapsfromnext-generationcollidersormoresensitivegravitationalwavedetectors—providesaclue,theStandardModelremainsan"effectivefieldtheory,"correctattheenergieswecurrentlyprobebutultimatelyalow-energyapproximationofadeeper,moreunifiedtheory.Question20Theauthordiscussesthe"matter-antimatterasymmetry"primarilytoA.highlighttheStandardModel'ssuccessinpredictingthebehaviorofweaknuclearforces.B.identifyaspecificphenomenonthattheStandardModelfailstoexplainfully.C.arguethattheBigBangtheoryisincompatiblewiththeStandardModel.D.explainwhytheLargeHadronColliderwasbuilttodetectsupersymmetricparticles.E.demonstratethatgravityistheweakestofthefourfundamentalforces.Question21Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueregardingSupersymmetry(SUSY)?A.ItisaprovenextensionoftheStandardModelthataccountsfordarkenergy.B.Itproposesthatgravityismediatedbyagaugebosoncalledthegraviton.C.IthasbeenexperimentallyverifiedbytheLargeHadronCollider.D.Itofferspotentialcandidatesfordarkmatterparticles.E.Itattemptstoexplainmatter-antimatterasymmetrythroughextradimensions.Question22ThepassagesuggeststhatstringtheorymightexplaintherelativeweaknessofgravitybyproposingthatA.gravityisnotafundamentalforcebutanemergentpropertyofentropy.B.gravityoperatesatalowerenergylevelthantheotherforces.C.gravitydissipatesintoextraspatialdimensionsthatarenotperceivableathumanscales.D.thegravitonhasamuchlargermassthantheothergaugebosons.E.theconstantsintheequationsforgravityaredifferentinavacuum.Question23Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?A.Ahistoricaloverviewofparticlephysicsisfollowedbyacritiqueofcurrentresearchmethods.B.Adescriptionofasuccessfultheoryisfollowedbyanenumerationofitslimitationsandpotentialsolutions.C.AnargumentfortheexistenceofdarkmatterisfollowedbyarefutationbasedonStandardModelprinciples.D.Acomparisonofthefourfundamentalforcesisfollowedbyamathematicalproofoftheirunification.E.AhypothesisregardingtheBigBangisfollowedbyevidencesupportingtheexistenceofantimatter.Passage3(Questions24-27)Intherealmofcorporategovernance,themechanismof"shareholderprimacy"hasdominatedtheAnglo-Americanbusinessmodelfordec