2025年高考英语大二轮-培优练(二十四)2023石家庄高中毕业年级质检二

培优练(二十四)2023·石家庄高中毕业年级质检二40分钟Ⅰ.阅读理解TheNobelPrizehasbeenawardedtowomen60timesbetween1901and2022.Thesewomenhavemadeoutstandingcontributionstotheworldsofmedicine，science,literatureandsoon.Herearefourofthem.DorothyCrowfootHodgkinAward:NobelPrizeinChemistryYear:1964DorothyHodgkinwasaBritishchemistwhoseinterestinresearchbeganwhen,asachild,shereceivedachemistrybookcontainingexperimentswithcrystals(晶体).ShestudiedatOxfordUniversityanddevelopedproteincrystallography,whichadvancedthedevelopmentofX－rays.ThisearnedhertheNobelPrize.GertrudeB.ElionAward:NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineYear:1988GertrudeElionwontheNobelPrizeforherdiscoveriesofimportantprinciplesfordrugtreatment.Elionhadwatchedhergrandfatherdieofcancer,soshedecidedtofightthediseasethroughoutherlife.Elion，togetherwithGeorgeHitchings,withwhomshesharedtheaward,createdasystemfordrugproductionthatreliesheavilyonbiochemistry.ToniMorrisonAward:NobelPrizeinLiteratureYear:1993ToniMorrison,whosebook“Beloved”earnedherthePulitzerPrizeandtheAmericanBookAward,wasthefirstBlackwomantoeverreceivetheNobelPrizeinLiterature.BorninOhio,MorrisonwasawriterwhoseworksaremostlyaboutlifeintheBlackcommunity.ShetaughtwritingandservedasanhonoraryprofessoratPrincetonUniversity.EstherDufloAward:NobelPrizeinEconomicsYear:2019EstherDuflosharedherprizewithherresearchcolleaguesMichaelKremerandAbhijitBanerjee,whoisherhusband.DuflohasspentmuchofhercareerattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,wheresheearnedherdoctoratedegreein1999.DufloandherpartnerswereawardedtheNobelPrizefortheirapproachtofightingpovertyaroundtheworld.【语篇解读】本文是应用文，介绍了四位曾获得诺贝尔奖的女性。1.WhatwonDorothyCrowfootHodgkintheNobelPrize?A.Herbookaboutcrystals.B.HercontributiontoX－raydevelopment.C.Herresearchonmedicine.D.Herdiscoveryofanewproteincrystal.答案B[细节理解题。根据DorothyCrowfootHodgkin部分的“ShestudiedatOxfordUniversity...ThisearnedhertheNobelPrize”可知，DorothyCrowfootHodgkin对X射线的发展的贡献为她赢得了诺贝尔奖。]2.WhatdoToniMorrison’sbooksmainlyfocuson?A.Educationalissues.B.Communityservice.C.Writingtechniques.D.BlackAmericans’life.答案D[细节理解题。根据ToniMorrison部分的“whoseworksaremostlyaboutlifeintheBlackcommunity”可知，ToniMorrison的作品主要是关于黑人社区的生活。由此可知，ToniMorrison的书主要讲美国黑人生活。]3.WhatdoGertrudeB.ElionandEstherDuflohaveincommon?A.TheywontheNobelPrizeinthesameyear.B.Theydevotedthemselvestofightingdiseases.C.TheysharedtheNobelPrizewithothers.D.Theycommittedthemselvestothemedicalfields.答案C[细节理解题。根据Gertrude B.Elion部分的“soshedecidedtofightthedisease...withwhomshesharedtheaward”和EstherDuflo部分的“EstherDuflosharedherprizewith...whoisherhusband”可知，Gertrude B.Elion和EstherDuflo的相似之处是她们和其他人一起获得了诺贝尔奖。]Everyholidayseason,PatriciaGallagherfillshercarwithstuffedanimalsanddrivesaroundPhiladelphia.Shegivesthemnottokidsbuttoseniors.Patricia’sholidaytraditionstartedin2009.“IjustgotthisideaofcallingtwonursinghomesatrandomandaskingifIcouldcomeandreadbooksonNewYear’sday，”shesaid.Shebroughtsomeofherkids’stuffedanimalsfortheseniorstoholdwhilesheread.“ButwhenIwenttogatherthemandtakethembacktogotothenextnursinghome,nobodywantedtogiveuptheirstuffedanimals，”sheadded.Itwasthenandtherethatsherealizedthepowerofasimpleholidaygift.Patriciawantedtocontinuehertraditionofgiving，sosheputanadonline,askingforgentlyusedstuffedanimals.Inherfirsttwoyearsofcollecting,shereceivedmorethan11，000donatedstuffedanimals.Shesaidsometimeslocalschoolswouldholdstuffedanimalcollectionsonherbehalf,orachildwhooutgrewtheirtoyswoulddonate.Afterreceivingtoomany,Patriciastartedcappinghowmanyshewouldcollectatatime,andsaidshecouldonlytakeinabout250stuffedanimalseachweekduringtheholidayseason.Then,shetookthemtonursinghomes.“Theelderlywantstuffedanimalsnotonlyforcomfort,butalsobecausetheywereconversationstartersandremindedthemoftheirchildhood，”shesaid.Andsherecalledonemansaid,“Youknow,Ineverwantedtogotoschool.AndmyfathersaidifIwouldgothatday,hewouldtakemetotheBrooklynZoo.Andyouknowwhat?ThatwasthefirstanimalIsawthereanditlookedjustlikethisgiraffe.”Spreadingjoyisn’tjustaholidaypastimeforPatricia.Sheisalsoknownasthe“HappyFlowerLady”aroundPhiladelphia,becauseshecollectsoldflowersfromstoresandgivesthemtoanyonewhoneedsapick－me－up.“Whenyougive,youreallydogetmoreback，”Patriciasaid.“Everymorning,whetherit’stheflowersorthestuffedanimals,Ihaveapurpose.”【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。PatriciaGallagher收集毛绒玩具，送给养老院的老人。她还从商店里收集旧花送给需要提神的人。4.WhydidPatriciagotothenursinghomesin2009?A.Tosendgiftstotheseniors.B.Toreadstoriestotheelderly.C.Togetoverherloneliness.D.Togetridofherkids’toys.答案B[细节理解题。根据第二段PatriciaGallagher的话“Ijustgotthisidea...onNewYear’sday”可知，PatriciaGallagher有了个主意，想随便给两家养老院打电话，问问她能不能在新年那天去给老人们读书。由此可知，2009年Patricia去养老院的目的是给老人们读书。]5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“capping”inparagraph3mean?A.Limiting. B.Recording.C.Identifying. D.Doubling.答案A[词义猜测题。根据第三段画线词后的内容“shecouldonlytakeinabout250stuffedanimalseachweekduringtheholidayseason”可知，在收到太多毛绒玩具后，Patricia开始限制每次收集的毛绒玩具的数量。故画线词的意思是“限制”，与A项意义一致。]6.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph4?A.Seniorslovegoodolddays.B.Cuteanimalshavehealingeffectsonseniors.C.Givingmakesseniorshappy.D.Stuffedanimalshavemorethanonefunction.答案D[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Theelderlywantstuffedanimalsnotonlyforcomfort，butalsobecausetheywereconversationstarters”可知，老年人想要毛绒玩具不仅是为了得到安慰，而且还因为它们能成为聊天的话题并让他们回忆起童年。由此可知，毛绒玩具有不止一种功能。]7.WhatdoesPatriciathinkofhergivingexperiences?A.Rewarding. B.Entertaining.C.Timely. D.Tough.答案A[观点态度题。根据最后一段Patricia说的话“Whenyougive，youreallydogetmoreback”可知，当付出的时候，真的会得到更多的回报。由此可知，Patricia认为她的捐赠经历是有意义的。故选A项。entertaining“有趣的”；timely“及时的”；tough“艰难的”。]Anewstudysuggestsclassicpaintingsbywell－knownartistsJosephMallordWilliamTurnerandClaudeMonetmayhavebeeninfluencedbyairpollutionduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Thestudy,publishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyauthorsfromHarvardUniversityandSorbonneUniversity,analyzed60oilpaintingsbyTurnerfrom1796to1850and38paintingsbyMonetfrom1864to1901.Scientistsdon’tknowexactlyhowpollutedthecitieswereduringthattimeforlackofdata.However，researcherssayexaminingtheworksofTurnerandMonetcangiveapictureoflong－termenvironmentalchangewiththeairpollution.Inparticular,researcherssaychangesinlocalsulfurdioxide(二氧化硫)emissionsfromburningcoalmayexplainchangesinthecolourcontrastandintensityofTurner’s,Monet’s,andothers’works,evenaftertakingtheartistictrendsandsubjectmatterofthetimeintoaccount.Scientistssuccessfullymeasuredpainters’representationofnature,focusingondifferencesinlocalweatherpatternswhichinfluencedcolourinworkspaintedindifferentpartsofEurope.PaintingsdoneinBritaingenerallyfeatureapalerblueskythanotherworksinotherpartsofthecontinent.Generally,artistscanhistoricallyaccuratelyrepresenttheirenvironment,soTurnerandMonetwerechosenbecausetheyarefamousfortheirlandscapeandcityscapepaintingsandalsobecausetheywereactiveduringtheIndustrialRevolution，whenairpollutiongrewatarateneverseenbefore.Additionally,researcherssaythatastheairinLondonandParisbecamemorepolluted,thecitieswouldappearhaziertotheeyesaswellasinphotographs.BycomparingthepaintingsofTurnerandMonettopicturesfromtheera,theywereabletodeterminetheartistswereatleastpartlyinfluencedbythechangeinemissions.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。研究人员表示，通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品可以了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。8.Howdidtheresearchersconductthestudy?A.Byreferringtorelevanthistoricalrecords.B.BycomparingthepaintingsofTurnerandMonet.C.Byrelatingthepaintingstotheairconditionsthen.D.ByanalyzingthedataduringtheIndustrialRevolution.答案C[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“However，researcherssayexaminingtheworks...withtheairpollution”可知，研究人员表示，通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品，可以了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。由此可知，研究者是通过将绘画与当时的空气条件联系起来做这个研究的。]9.WhatdidtheresearchersfindintheworksofTurnerandMonet?A.Airpollutionatthattime.B.Changeinsubjectmatter.C.Socialtrendsoftheperiod.D.Developmentofphotography.答案A[推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Generally，artistscan...neverseenbefore”可知，艺术家可以准确地描绘他们所处的环境，所以特纳和莫奈被选中，因为他们以乡村风景画和城市风光画而闻名，他们活跃在工业革命时期，而当时空气污染以前所未有的速度加剧。由此再结合第一段内容可推知，研究人员在特纳和莫奈的作品中发现了当时的空气污染状况。]10.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph5?A.Europeanartistspreferredlandscapepaintings.B.Scientistsfocusedonstudyingweatherpatterns.C.TurnerandMonetintendedtopresentpollution.D.BritainsufferedfromairpollutionmostinEurope.答案D[推理判断题。根据第五段前两句的内容可知，科学家们已经成功测量了画家对自然的描绘，重点关注了影响欧洲不同地区的画作中的色彩的当地天气模式的差异。在英国创作的画作中，天空的蓝色通常比欧洲其他地区的画作要淡一些。由此可推知，英国在欧洲遭受空气污染最严重。]11.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A.Toinformpeopleofanewdiscovery.B.Toinstructpeopletoappreciatepaintings.C.TointroducetheIndustrialRevolution.D.Tocallonpeopletoprotecttheenvironment.答案A[写作意图题。浏览全文可知，本文主要讲述了研究人员通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品来了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。故作者写作本文旨在告诉我们一个研究的新发现。]Manyownersofelectriccarshavewishedforabatterypackthatcouldpowertheirvehicleformorethanathousandmilesonasinglecharge.Researchershavedevelopedalithium－airbatterythatcouldmakethatdreamareality.Thenewbatterydesigncouldalsoonedaypowerairplanesandtrucks.Themainnewcomponentinthislithium－airbatteryisasolidelectrolyte(电解质)insteadoftheusualliquidvariety.Batterieswithsolidelectrolytesarenotsubjecttosafetyproblemswiththeliquidelectrolytesusedinlithium－ionandotherbatterytypes,whichcanoverheatandcatchfire.Moreimportantly,thesolidelectrolytecanpotentiallyboosttheenergyfourtimes,whichtranslatesintolongerdrivingrange.Foroveradecade,scientistshavebeenworkingovertimetodevelopalithium(锂)batterythatmakesuseoftheoxygeninair.Thelithium－airbatteryhasthehighestenergyofanybatterytechnologybeingconsideredforthenextgenerationofbatteriesbeyondlithium－ion.Thenewsolidelectrolyteiscomposedofamaterialmadefromrelativelyinexpensiveelements,comparedwiththepastdesigns.Besides,thechemicalreactioninlithium－iononlyinvolvesoneortwoelectronsstoredperoxygenmolecule(分子),whilethatforthelithium－airbatteryinvolvesfourelectrons.Moreelectronsstoredmeanshigherenergy.Thenewdesignisthefirstlithium－airbatterythathasachievedafour－electronreactionatroomtemperature.Italsooperateswithoxygensuppliedbyairfromthesurroundingenvironment.Thecapabilitytorunwithairavoidstheneedforoxygentankstooperate,aproblemwithearlierdesigns.“Withfurtherdevelopment,weexpectournewdesignforthelithium－airbatterytoreacharecordof1，200watt－hoursperkilogram，”saidCurtiss,aresearcher.“Thatisnearlyfourtimesbetterthanlithium－ionbatteries.”【语篇解读】本文是说明文，主要介绍了研究人员已经开发出一种锂空气电池，可以有朝一日为飞机和卡车提供动力。12.Whatcontributesmosttothelithium－airbattery?A.Lithium－ion.B.Oxygenmolecules.C.Solidelectrolytes.D.Liquidcomponents.答案C[细节理解题。根据第一段尾句可知，锂空气电池主要的新成分是固体电解质；根据第二段的内容可知，有固体电解质的电池不存在安全问题。更重要的是，固体电解质可能会将能量提高四倍，这意味着更长的行驶里程。由此可知，对锂空气电池贡献最大的是固体电解质。]13.What’stheproblemwithlithium－ionbatteries?A.Theyburneasilyifoverheated.B.Theyareunsafeinproduction.C.Theydamagetheenvironment.D.Theyrequirelongerchargingtime.答案A[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“lithium－ionandother...overheatandcatchfire”可知，锂离子电池容易过热且着火。]14.Howdoestheauthororganizeparagraph4?A.Bygivingexamples.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Bypresentingstatistics.D.Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.答案B[写作手法题。根据第四段中的“Thenewsolidparedwiththepastdesigns”可知，与过去的设计相比，新的固体电解质由相对便宜的成分制成；本段第二句中while表示前后两种情况的对比。由此可知，作者是用比较的方法来写第四段的。]15.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A.HowLithium－airBatteriesWorkB.WhatWillBeUsedtoPowerAirplanesC.ElectricCarsAreBecomingMorePopularD.NewBatteriesOfferLongerDrivingRange答案D[标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了研究人员已经开发出一种锂空气电池，讲述了该电池的主要成分、与旧的锂离子电池相比该电池的优点——安全且行驶里程更长。]Ⅱ.七选五Backpaincanmakeitdifficultformanypeopletofunctionineverydaylife.__16__Ifyousufferfrombackpain,readonforfoureverydayfixes.Ourbodiesneedadequatemovementthroughoutthedaytoavoidthestiffness(僵硬)thatcontributestoachesandpains.Iftheweatherisgood,don’thuntforthenearestparkingspot;don’ttaketheelevatorwhenyouhavetheoptionofoneortwoflightsofstairs.Whenyouneedtositforlongperiods,setatimertogetupeveryhourandbeactiveforjustafewminutes.__17__Whenweoveruseourdominantside,wecreatemusclepatternsofweaknessandtensionthatincreasepain,especiallyinourbacks.Considertheactionsyoutakerepeatedlythroughoutthedaythatshiftyourweighttooneside.__18__Anduseyouroppositehandeverysooftenforbasicactivities,suchasopeningdoors.Psychologicalstressisanotedriskfactorforbackpain,accordingtoresearch.Mostmentalstressiscausedbyfocusingonthepastorfuture.__19__Afewminutesadayofmindfulnesscangoalongwaytowardminimizingtheimpactofstress.Additionally,mindfulnesspracticesliketaichihaveallshowneffectivenessinreducingbackpain.__20__Thatis,youcancreateagameplanofdailyactivitiestopracticeforbackhealth.Ifyourbackhurtsattheendoftheday,don’tjustdecideitisa“bad”day.Askyourselfifyouhavepracticedtheactivitiestohelpyouavoidthestressandtension.Takinganactive,daily－lifeapproachtomaintainingahealthybodyisthekeytokeepingbackpainatbay.A.Switchsideswhenyoucarrythings.B.Itaffectshowyoumove,feelandthink.C.Youshouldlearnmoreaboutthecauseofyourpain.D.Approachthehealthofyourbackasaresponsibil