《G20国家2026年度科研表现记分卡》

G20researchandinnovationscorecard2026

ExecutiveSummary

July2026

GordonRogersandTinaJablanovic

Authorbiographies

GordonRogersisaSeniorManager,DataScienceattheInstituteforScientificInformation.HehasworkedatClarivateformorethan25years,inthefieldsofbibliometrics,dataanalysisandsoftwareengineering.Gordonhassupportedclientsaroundtheworldinevaluatingtheirresearchportfolioandstrategy,andhasaresearchbackgroundinAstronomy.HisResearcherIDisABA-6554-2020andORCiDis0000-0002-9971-2731.

TinaJablanovicisaDataAnalystattheInstituteforScientificInformation.Shehasabackgroundinmathematicswhichshapedherpathtowarddataanalysisandbibliometrics.Sheisparticularlyinterestedindata-drivenapproaches,analyticalmethods,andpracticalapplicationsofstatisticsinresearchevaluation.HerworkfocusesonanalyzingtrendsandpatternsinemergingtopicsandsupportingtheannualHighlyCitedResearcherslistanddataanalysisunderpinningUSNews&WorldReportBestGlobalUniversitiesRankings.

Foundationalpast,visionaryfuture

AbouttheInstituteforScientificInformation

TheInstituteforScientificInformation™atClarivate™haspioneeredtheorganization

oftheworld'sresearchinformationformorethan

halfacentury.Todayitremainscommittedtopromotingintegrityinresearchwhileimprovingtheretrieval,interpretationandutilityofscientificinformation.

ItmaintainstheknowledgecorpusuponwhichtheWebofScienceindexandrelatedinformationandanalytical

contentandservicesarebuilt.Itdisseminatesthatknowledgeexternallythroughevents,conferencesandpublicationswhileconductingprimaryresearchtosustain,extendandimprovetheknowledgebase.

Formoreinformation,pleasevisit

/isi

Introduction

TheG20researchandinnovationscorecard,updatedannuallybytheInstituteforScientificInformation(ISI),offersacomprehensivesnapshotoftheresearchandinnovationcapabilitiesofthe21G20members.Asaself-describedforumof“

both

developinganddevelopedcountrieswhichseekstofindsolutionstoglobal

economicandfinancialissues

”,itsmemberscomprisemanyofthelargestcountriesbypopulationandGDPandareevenlysplitbetweentheGlobalSouthandtheGlobalNorth.Theyrepresentnearly80%oftheworldpopulationandproducenearly85%ofitsGDP.

TheG20scorecardprovidesavitaltoolforresearchers,technologistsandpolicymakerstrackingglobalresearchtrends.

In2026,theUnitedStatesholdstheG20presidency,hostingtheLeaders’SummitinDecemberaroundthreecorethemes:removingregulatoryburdenstoboosteconomicprosperity,securingaffordableandresilientenergysupplychains,andpioneeringinnovationsintechnologyandAI.AstheG20sharpensitsfocusoninnovationandeconomicgrowth,amorefundamentalquestionisalsorisingtothesurface:howdoweknowwhetherresearchinvestmentisactuallydeliveringreal-worldimpact?

ThisquestionmattersbecausethescaleofG20investmentisenormous.TheUnitedStatesandMainlandChinaeachinvestmorethan$1trillioninR&Dannually,whiletheEuropeanUnioncontributesmorethan$600billion.CountrieslikeSouthKoreadevotenearly5%ofGDPtoresearch,andmajoreconomiessuchastheU.S.,Japan,andGermanyallexceed3%.

TheG20scorecardprovidesawealthofdataidentifyingnotonlytheresearchandinnovationoutputofeachmemberbutalsoexploringsignalsofreal-worldimpact,intheformofResearchFootprints,thathighlighteachmember’scontributiontoresearchalignedtotheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).

ISIpromotestheresponsibleevaluationofresearchthroughqualitativenarrativesinformedbycomprehensiveprofiles.Whetheranalyzingresearchers,universities,journals,fundersorcountries,researchcannever,andshouldnever,besummarizedinasinglemetric.Weencouragereaderstoexaminetherichandcomprehensivedatainthescorecardforthemselvesandcombinethesedatawiththosefromothersourcestoidentifynarrativesthatarerelevantorinterestingtothem.

Thefollowingpagesofferselectedhighlightsofthisyear’skeyfindings,organizedby

G20member.

Forfullmemberdata,

exploretheG20researchandinnovationscorecard2026.

Key:

BERD BusinessSectorExpenditureonR&D

CNCI CategoryNormalizedCitationImpact–astandardindicatorthatcomparestheaccumulatedcitationcountforaresearchpapertootherresearchpapersofthesamedocumenttype,publishedinthesameyearandinthesamejournalbasedsubjectcategoryintheWebofScienceCoreCollection.

Collab-CNCI CollaborativeCNCI–wherebytheaccumulatedcitationcountforeachresearchpaperisnormalizedagainstotherresearchpapersofthesamepublicationyear,thesamesubjectcategory,thesamedocumenttypeand–critically–thesamecollaborationtype.

GDP GrossDomesticProduct

GERD GrossDomesticExpenditureonR&D

PPP PurchasingPowerParity

SDG UnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals

G20members’performance

AfricanUnion

Output Outputmorethandoubledovertheperiodfrom2016(~65kpapers)to2025(~140k).

Impact CategoryNormalizedCitationImpact(CNCI)isclosetotheglobalaverage,at0.99,risingfrom

0.91in2016to1.05by2025,witharound15%ofpapersoverthisperioduncited.

Disciplines MostfieldsarearoundtheG20averageshareofoutput.However,Agricultural&VeterinarySciencesstandsoutat1.37timestheG20averagepercentageforthisfield,albeitwithonly9%ofpapers.

SDGs Above-G20-averagefocusonSDG1NoPoverty(1.87timesG20average).CNCIinSDG8DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthishighat1.22,whilecitationimpactisaroundtheglobalaverage(1.0)inmostotherSDGs.

Argentina

Gender Highshareoffemaleresearcherswhethermeasuredbyheadcount(54%)orfull-timeequivalent(FTE,53.4%)in2023.

Impact AlthoughoverallCNCIisjustbelowaverage,theMedicine&HealthSciencesdisciplinestandsout,withaCNCIof1.63.

Disciplines NearlyhalfofpapersareinNaturalSciences(47.9%),around1.06timestheG20average.

Humanities&theArtsis2.43timesaverage,albeitwithonly10%oftotaloutput.

SDGs FocusonSDG15LifeonLandisveryhighat2.17timestheaverageG20share.CNCIishighinSDG3GoodHealthandWell-being(1.29)andSDG5GenderEquality(1.27).

OpenAccess Aroundtwo-thirds(66.9%)ofpapersareopenaccess.

Australia

Population Smallestmemberbypopulation,butthird,behindtheUnitedStatesandGermany,forGDPpercapita.

Impact BothCNCIandCollaborativeCNCI(Collab-CNCI),whichalsotakescollaborationintoaccount,areconsistentlywellaboveaverageataround1.46and1.16respectively.Around10%ofpapersfrom2016to2025remainuncited.

Disciplines Morethanathirdofpapers(~37%)areinMedical&HealthSciences,whichis1.2timestheG20average.Above-G20-averagefocuswithinthisfieldonHealthSciences,also~37%,about1.5timestheaverage.

SDGs HighfocusonSDG16Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutions(1.81timestheG20average).CNCIiswellabovetheglobalaverageacrossallSDGs.

OpenAccess Increaseinopenaccessratefrom46.6%in2016toaround70.2%in2025.

Collaboration ThelargestincreaseincollaborationsiswithMainlandChina,risingfrom10.9%to20.6%ofoutputbetween2016and2025,witharound10%ofoutputoverthisperiodinvolvingbilateralcollaborationbetweenthetwopartners.ThesecollaborationsaremostcommonlyinNaturalSciences(55.8%ofcollaborationswithMainlandChina)andEngineering&Technology(45.6%).

Brazil

Impact CNCIandCollab-CNCIremainconsistentlybelowaveragebetween2016and2025,whileinNaturalSciences,Engineering&TechnologyandAgricultural&VeterinarySciencesCNCIshowsaslightdecline.

Disciplines FocusonAgricultural&VeterinarySciencesis2.13timestheG20averagewith14.1%ofpapers.

SDGs AboveaveragefocusonSDG2ZeroHungerandSDG15LifeonLandat1.61and1.54timestheG20averagerespectively.

OpenAccess OArateremainsalmostunchanged,increasingonlyslightlyfrom59.1%in2016to60.2%in2025.

Collaboration Two-fifthsofpapersinvolvecollaborationbetweentwoormoredomesticinstitutions(DomesticMulti,41.1%).CollaborationswiththeUnitedStateshaveremainedconsistentlywellabovethosewithothercountries/regionssince2016(atover12%),withalmosthalfofthese(5.97%oftotaloutput)beingbilateral.

Canada

Impact CNCIandCollab-CNCIareconsistentlyaboveaverage,while11.32%ofpapersremainuncited.

Disciplines FocusonMedical&HealthSciencesis1.27timestheG20averagewith38.3%ofpapersinthisfield.CNCIforthesepapershasconsistentlyremainedatorabove1.5from2016tothepresent.

SDGs Above-averagefocusonSDG16Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutions,SDG5GenderEqualityandSDG10ReducedInequalities.CNCIisaboveaverageinallSDGs.

OpenAccess TheshareofOApapersincreasedbyjustover50%between2016and2025,risingfrom40.5%to64.1%.

Collaboration CollaborationswiththeUnitedStatesarewellabovethosewithothercountries/regions,averaging25.6%overthepastdecade,with47.8%ofthesepapersinMedical&HealthSciences.

ChinaMainland

Output Publishedmorethan1millionarticlesandreviewsindexedinWebofScienceCoreCollectionin2025.

Patents HighpatentapplicationspermillionPPP$ofBusinessEnterpriseExpenditureonR&D(BERD)ataround2,250in2024.

Disciplines FocusonNaturalScienceswith56.1%ofpapers,1.24timestheG20average,andEngineering&Technologywith43.9%ofpapers,1.79timestheaverage.Apartfromasmallfallin2023inMedical&HealthSciencesandNaturalSciences,allfieldshaveshowncontinuousyear-on-yearincreases.

Collaboration Aroundthree-quarters(77.3%)ofoutputisdomestic.Amonginternationalcollaborations,theUnitedStatesremainstheleadingpartner,althoughtheshareofcollaborationsbetweenthetwocountrieshasdeclinedsubstantiallysince2021-from8.9%to4.8%in2025.WhilethiscanpartlybeattributedtoMainlandChina’ssignificantincreaseinoutputoverthisperiod,thisstillrepresentsafallfromaround60,000to50,000papers.

EuropeanUnion

Output Publishedmorethan6.4millionarticlesandreviewsindexedinWebofScienceCoreCollectioninthepastdecade,afewthousandmorethanMainlandChina.

Impact CNCIovertheperiod2016to2025isslightlyaboveaverage(1.07),whileCollab-CNCIisslightlybelowaverage(0.93).

SDGs WhileoutputisaroundtheG20averageshareinmostSDGs,CNCIishigherinSDG2ZeroHunger(1.21)andSDG9Industry,InnovationandInfrastructure(1.29).Collab-CNCIislower,butstillabovetheglobalaverageinbothSDGs(1.07and1.18respectively).

OpenAccess Overall,thenumberofOApapersincreasedby29%between2016and2025.Muchofthisincreaseisdrivenbypaperspublishedbothingold/hybrid/bronzeOAjournalsandingreenrepositories(risingfrom25.7%in2016to52.3%in2025).

Collaboration CollaborationswiththeUnitedStates(~12%)andtheUnitedKingdom(~9%)remainconsistentlyhigh.CollaborationswithMainlandChinahaveincreasedovertheperiod(3.3%in2016to7.0%in2025),withnearlyhalfofthesebilateral.

France

Output Generallyflatataround90,000paperseachyearoverthepastdecade,with63.2%ofpapersinvolvinginternationalcollaboration.

SDGs CNCIishighinSDG5GenderEquality(1.59)andSDG9Industry,InnovationandInfrastructure(1.55).

Collaboration CollaborationswiththeUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,Germany,ItalyandSpainhavebeensteadilyincreasing,primarilythroughquadrilateral+collaborations.

Disciplines Halfofthepapers(51.5%)areinNaturalSciences,1.14timestheG20average.

Germany

Gender In2023,lessthanaquarter(24.3%)ofFTEresearchersandlessthanathird(29.6%)ofresearchersbyheadcountwerefemale.

Impact HighaverageCNCI(1.29)whileCollab-CNCIisaroundaverage(1.01).

Disciplines FocusonMedical&HealthSciencesisslightlyabovetheG20average(1.06)with32%ofpapers,ofwhich65%areinClinicalMedicine.CNCIisalsohighinthiscategory(1.44)andhasremainedhighcomparedwithothercategoriesovertime,consistentlystayingabove1.3since2016.

SDGs FocusonmostSDGsareclosetotheG20average,withSDG10ReducedInequalitiesanexceptionat1.44timestheaveragefocus.CNCIisaboveaverageacrossallSDGs.

Collaboration AlthoughcollaborationswiththeUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,FranceandItalyremainstrong,thelargestincreaseoverthepastdecadewaswithMainlandChina,risingfrom4.9%in2016to9.4%in2025,withanalmostequalshareofbilateralandquadrilateral+collaborations(2.9%and2.7%oftotaloutput,respectively).

India

Output Outputhasdoubledoverthepastdecade,from91kpapersin2016to193kin2025.

Gender In2020,lessthanone-fifth(18.6%)ofFTEresearcherswerefemale.

SDGs HighfocusonSDG7AffordableandCleanEnergyandSDG12ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction.CNCIisaboveaverageat1.12inSDG9Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureand

1.11inSDG8DecentWorkandEconomicGrowth.

OpenAccess PercentageofOAoutputremainsrelativelylowataround40%in2025,havinggrownfromaround30%in2016.

Collaboration ShareofcollaborationswithSaudiArabiahasrisenfrom1.6%in2016to6.3%in2025,withthesecollaborationsbeingroughlyequallydistributedbetweenbilateral,trilateralandquadrilateral+.CollaborationswithMainlandChinaandSouthKoreaareparticularlyhighlycitedinMedical&HealthSciences,withCollab-CNCIat1.96and2.07,respectively.

Indonesia

Output Largeincreaseinoutputbetween2016(5kpapers)and2025(23kpapers).

Disciplines Above-G20-averagefocus(1.65times)onSocialSciences,witharoundone-fifthofoutput(21.7%)andastrongupwardtrendsince2016:outputinthisfieldin2025isaround6.6timesthatof2016.

SDGs VeryhighfocusonSDG1NoPoverty(3timestheG20average)andSDG4QualityEducation(2.11timesaverage).

OpenAccess Growthingold/hybrid/bronzeOAhasplayedanimportantroleinliftingoverallOArates,increasingfrom10.3%ofoutputin2016to23.1%in2025,whiletotalOArosefrom48.8%to66.1%overthesameperiod.

Collaboration ThehighestlevelofcollaborationiswithMalaysia,althoughJapanwastheleadingpartneruntil2021.Sincethen,thepositionshaveshifted,butcollaborationsremainstrongwithbothcountries,at5.09%bilateralwithMalaysiaand4.72%bilateralwithJapan.

Italy

Output Highoutputperresearcher(FTE)at0.63.

Impact CNCIremainsconsistentlyaboveaverage,increasingfrom1.21in2016to1.27in2025.

Disciplines Above-G20-averagefocus(1.25times)onMedical&HealthScienceswith37.6%papers.CNCIinthisfieldconsistentlyoutperformstheotherfields,remainingabove1.33since2016,andaveraging1.47overtheperiod.

SDGs HighCNCI(1.51)andCollab-CNCI(1.38)inSDG9Industry,InnovationandInfrastructure.

Collaboration CollaborationrateswiththeUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,Germany,France,andSpainhaveincreasedslightlyoverthepastdecade,withmostofthisoutputinMedical&HealthSciencesandNaturalSciences.

Japan

Patents HighpatentapplicationspermillionPPP$BERDat~2,280.

Efficiency Lowefficiencywitharound0.15papersperresearcher(FTE)and0.45paperspermillionGERD(PPP$).

Gender In2023,lessthanone-fifth(18.5%)ofresearchersbyheadcountwerefemale.

SDGs CNCIisslightlyaboveaverageinSDG9Industry,InnovationandInfrastructure(1.08)andSDG6CleanWaterandSanitation(1.04).

Collaboration LeadingpartnersoverthepastdecadehavebeentheUnitedStatesandMainlandChina.

However,in2025,MainlandChinatooktheleadpositionforthefirsttime,at11.4%,comparedwith11.1%fortheUnitedStates.

Mexico

Output HighoutputpermillionGrossDomesticExpenditureonR&D(PPP$)at2.52.

Disciplines Above-G20-averagefocus(1.13times)onNaturalScienceswith50.9%papers,withBiologicalSciencescomprising38.9%ofthesepapers.

SDGs HighfocusonSDG15LifeonLand(1.63timesG20average)andSDG2ZeroHunger(1.5).

Collaboration Reflectinggeographyandlanguage,leadpartnersaretheUnitedStatesandSpain.IntermsofCollab-CNCI,collaborationsaremostimpactfulinMedical&HealthScienceswithFrance(2.76),UnitedKingdom(2.48)andBrazil(2.06).

Russia

Output Outputincreasedbetween2016(51kpapers)and2021(72kpapers)buthassincefallenback(55kpapers)withacurrentdownwardtrend.

Disciplines FocusonNaturalSciencesis1.32timestheG20average(59.6%ofpapers),withanabove-G20-averagefocus(1.68)inPhysicalSciences(34.5%ofthesepapers).

SDGs HighfocusonSDG17PartnershipsfortheGoals(1.58timesG20average),SDG13ClimateAction(1.54)andSDG7AffordableandCleanEnergy(1.52).

Collaboration CollaborationwithMainlandChinahasincreasedfrom3.3%ofpapersin2016to7.7%in2025.While70.5%ofthesecollaborationsareinNaturalSciences,Collab-CNCIishigherinMedical&HealthSciencesat2.36,comparedwith1.10inNaturalSciences.

SaudiArabia

Output Outputnearlyquadrupledfrom17kpapersin2016to67kin2025.

Impact WhileCNCIin2025(1.38)ishigherthanin2016(1.28),thismasksadipbetween2019(1.16)and2023(1.25).

SDGs FocusonSDG7AffordableandCleanEnergy(1.8timestheG20average)andSDG6CleanWaterandSanitation(1.53),whilebothCNCIandCollab-CNCIareveryhighinSDG8DecentWorkandEconomicGrowth(1.77and1.30respectively)

OpenAccess OverallOAratehasincreasedfrom37.6%in2016to58.9%in2025.

Collaboration Ratesoftrilateralandquadrilateral+collaborationhaveincreasedsince2020,whilebilateralpartnershipshavedeclined.Egypthasbeentheleadingcollaborativepartnerovermostofthedecade,onaround19.9%ofpapers,albeitwithafallincollaborationsince2022.IndiaovertookEgyptasleadpartnerin2024.

SouthAfrica

Efficiency Highpapersperresearcheroutput(FTE)at0.91andpaperspermillionGERD(PPP$)at4.25.

Impact CNCIremainsconsistentlyabove1,averaging1.18,whileCollab-CNCIremainsconsistentlybelowat0.87.ThelargestfluctuationsareobservedinMedical&HealthSciencesandHumanities&theArts,whiletheotherdisciplinesremainrelativelystable.

SDGs FocusonSDG1NoPoverty(2.13timesG20average)andSDG4QualityEducation(1.96),whilethehighestCNCIisinSDG3GoodHealthandWell-being(1.33).

Collaboration CollaborationrateswiththeUnitedStates,UnitedKingdomandMainlandChinahaveshownasteady,moderateincrease(19.02%,16.31%and7.07%in2025,respectively).GrowthincollaborationswithAustraliaandGermanyhavefollowedalmostidenticaltrends,with7.34%and7.77%ofpapersrespectivelyin2025.

SouthKorea

ResearcherdensityHighatmorethan9,400FTEresearcherspermillionpeoplein2023.However,lessthanaquarter(23.7%)ofresearchersbyheadcountwerefemale.

Investment GERDasapercentageofGDPishighat4.94%.However,thisisn’ttranslatingintoincreased

output:papersperGERDislowat0.54.

Disciplines Above-G20-averagefocusonEngineering&Technology(1.67times)with41%ofpapers(35%ofthesepapersareinMaterialsEngineering).

SDGs HighestfocusonSDG7AffordableandCleanEnergyat1.75timesG20average.

Collaboration LeadingcollaborativepartneristheUnitedStates(13.5%),morethanhalfofwhichisbilateral(58%),witharoundhalf(49.8%)concentratedinNaturalSciences.Collab-CNCIishighinMedical&HealthScienceswiththeUnitedKingdom(2.21),India(2.07)andJapan(1.97).

Türkiye

SDGs FocusonSDG8DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthishighat1.67timestheG20average,withhighCNCI(1.58)andCollab-CNCI(1.30).

OpenAccess IncontrastwiththenormwhereOApaperstendtobecitedmorethannon-OApapers,24.2%ofOApaperspublishedbetween2016and2025areuncited,comparedwith17.7%ofnon-OApapers.Giventhesignificantincreaseinpaperoutputoverthepastdecade(fromaround40kin2016to81kin2025),thismaypartlyreflectthefactthatnewerpapers(whicharemorelikelytobeOA)havenotyetstartedcollectingcitations.

Collaboration Nearlythree-quarters(73.2%)ofoutputisdomestic.TheUnitedStatesistheleadinginternationalpartner,withanalmostequalshareofbilateralandquadrilateral+collaborations(3.0%and2.8%).SaudiArabiaandIranalsoemergeasimportantcollaborationpartners,reflectingbroaderculturalandregionalties.

UnitedKingdom

Impact BothCNCIandCollab-CNCIremainconsistentlyhigh(averaging1.46and1.14respectively).Thispositivetrendisalsoreflectedacrossdisciplines,wherebothCNCIand