四川省乐山市全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(2026年上半年)

四川省乐山市全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(2026年上半年)SectionIListeningComprehensionPartADirections:Youwillhear10shortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestion,readthefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.1.A)Themanshouldvisitthemuseum.B)Themuseumisclosedforrenovation.C)Shehasneverbeentothemuseum.D)Themuseumisfreeonweekends.2.A)Heisalawyer.B)Heisaprofessor.C)Heisadoctor.D)Heisabusinessman.3.A)7:30.B)8:00.C)8:30.D)9:00.4.A)Thewomanforgottosendtheemail.B)Themandidn'treceivetheattachment.C)Thewoman'semailwasinterceptedbyspamfilters.D)Thefilewastoolargetobesentsuccessfully.5.A)Shefoundtheplotconfusing.B)Sheenjoyedthecharacterdevelopment.C)Shethoughtthemoviewastooshort.D)Shedislikedtheending.6.A)Inalibrary.B)Inabookstore.C)Inaclassroom.D)Inapublishinghouse.7.A)Theeconomicdownturnaffectedthecompany.B)Thecompanyexpandeditsmarketshare.C)Thecompanywentbankrupt.D)Theprofitmarginincreasedsignificantly.8.A)Themanshouldtakethetrain.B)Flightsareoftendelayedduetofog.C)Drivingisthemostconvenientoption.D)Theweatherconditionissevere.9.A)Shewillskipthemeeting.B)Shewilljointhemeetingonline.C)Shewillarriveatthemeetinglate.D)Shewillreschedulethemeeting.10.A)Thegovernmentshouldsubsidizerenewableenergy.B)Fossilfuelsarestillthemostcost-effectiveenergysource.C)Nuclearpowerposessignificantenvironmentalrisks.D)Solarenergyisnotefficientenoughformassproduction.听力原文：1.M:IamthinkingaboutvisitingthenaturalhistorymuseumthisSaturday.Doyouknowiftheychargeanentrancefee?W:Well,usuallytheydo,buttheyhaveaspecialpromotionthismonth.IfyoubringastudentID,theadmissioniscompletelywaived.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?2.W:Dr.Smith,thedefenseattorney,iscross-examiningthewitnessrightnow.Itseemshehasfoundaloopholeinthecontract.M:Iamnotsurprised.Hislegalacumeniswell-knowninthecorporatesector.Q:WhatisDr.Smith'soccupation?3.M:Whattimedoesthekeynotespeechstart?Ithoughtitwasat8:30,butmyschedulesays9:00.W:Itwasoriginallyscheduledfor8:00,buttheypusheditbackbyhalfanhourbecausethespeaker'sflightwasdelayed.Q:Whattimewillthekeynotespeechactuallybegin?4.M:Ididn'treceivethequarterlyreportyoumentionedyesterday.Couldyoucheckifyousentittotherightemailaddress?W:That'sstrange.Isentitat9PMlastnight.Letmecheckmyoutbox.Ah,Isee,thefilesizeexceededtheserverlimit,soitbouncedback.Q:Whydidn'tthemanreceivetheemail?5.M:Howdidyoufindthecinematicadaptationofthenovelwereadlastmonth?W:Honestly,whilethecinematographywasvisuallystunning,thenarrativepacingwasoff.Theprotagonist'stransformationfeltabruptandunconvincing.Q:Whatisthewoman'sopinionofthemovie?6.W:Excuseme,Ineedtoreturnthisbook.It'soverdue,butIwasoutoftownforaconference.Isthereafine?M:Sinceyouareafacultymember,wecanwaivethelatefeethistime,butpleaseensurereferencematerialsarenottakenoutformorethantwoweeksinthefuture.Q:Wheredoestheconversationmostlikelytakeplace?7.M:Therecentfinancialreportshowsadramaticfluctuationinthecompany'srevenue.W:It'sareflectionofthebroadermacroeconomicenvironment.Thesupplychaindisruptionsandinflationarypressureshaveseverelysqueezedourprofitmargins.Q:Whatcanbeinferredaboutthecompany?8.M:I'mplanningtodrivetothecoastalcityfortheweekend.Thesceneryalongthehighwayisbreathtaking.W:Iwouldn'trecommenddriving.Theweatherforecastpredictsheavyfogalongthecoastalroute,andvisibilitywillbedangerouslylow.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?9.M:Wehaveaboardmeetingat2PMtoday.Areyougoingtoattend?W:Ihaveaclinicappointmentatthesametime.I'lltrytofinishitquicklyandjointhemeetingremotelyviavideolinkifI'mnotbackintheoffice.Q:Whatwillthewomanprobablydo?10.M:Somescientistsarguethatsolarenergywillneverreplacefossilfuelsbecausetheinfrastructurerequiredistooexpensive.W:Whiletheinitialcapitalexpenditureishigh,ignoringthelong-termenvironmentalcostsofcarbonemissionsisamyopicperspective.Subsidiescouldacceleratethetransition.Q:Whatisthewoman'sviewpoint?PartBDirections:Youwillhearalonginterview.Attheendoftheinterview,youwillbegiven5questions.Youwillheartheinterviewonlyonce.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterviewwithamarinebiologist.11.A)Theimpactofplasticpollutiononcoralreefs.B)Thebehavioralchangesindeep-seacreatures.C)Themigrationpatternsofwhales.D)Theadaptationofmarinelifetorisingtemperatures.12.A)Theyconsumeplasticdebrismistakingitforfood.B)Theyabsorbmicroplasticsthroughtheirskin.C)Theyingesttoxinsreleasedbydegradingplastics.D)Theyareentangledindiscardedfishingnets.13.A)Itblockssunlight,inhibitingphotosynthesis.B)Italtersthechemicalcompositionofthewater.C)Itintroducesinvasivespeciestothereefecosystem.D)Itsuffocatesthecoralpolypsdirectly.14.A)Implementingstricterregulationsonplasticproduction.B)Developingbiodegradablealternatives.C)Organizinglarge-scaleoceanclean-upcampaigns.D)Raisingpublicawarenessaboutrecycling.15.A)Thedeep-seaecosystemishighlyresilient.B)Surfacepollutioneventuallyreachesthedeepocean.C)Deep-seacreaturesareimmunetohumanpollutants.D)Thedeepoceanremainslargelyunexplored.听力原文：Interviewer:Today,wehaveDr.Harrison,aleadingmarinebiologist,todiscusshisrecentresearchondeep-seaecosystems.Dr.Harrison,welcome.Dr.Harrison:Thankyouforhavingme.Interviewer:Yourlatestpaperfocusesontheeffectsofmicroplasticsondeep-seaorganisms.Canyousummarizeyourfindings?Dr.Harrison:Certainly.Wefoundthatmicroplasticsarepervasiveeveninthedeepesttrenches.Theorganismsthereingesttheseparticles,mistakingthemforplankton.Thisingestionintroducestoxiccompoundsintotheirdigestivesystems,whichthenbioaccumulatesupthefoodchain.Interviewer:Howexactlydotheseplasticsreachsuchextremedepths?Dr.Harrison:PlasticsdumpedintotheoceandegradeveryslowlyduetothecoldtemperaturesandlackofUVlight.Theygraduallysink.Overtime,oceancurrentstransporttheseparticlesfromthesurfacetotheabyssalplains.Interviewer:Whatisthemostalarmingdiscoveryyoumade?Dr.Harrison:Themostalarmingaspectisthephysiologicalstressobservedindeep-seacorals.Microplasticsadheretothecoralpolyps,blockingtheirfeedingmechanismsandpreventingphotosynthesisinsymbioticalgae.Thisleadstomassivecoralbleaching,evenintheabsenceofthermalstress.Interviewer:Whatsolutionsdoyoupropose?Dr.Harrison:Whileoceanclean-upisnoble,it'sakintomoppingthefloorwhilethetapisrunning.Themosteffectivesolutionisstrictlyregulatingplasticproductionatthesourceandtransitioningtobiodegradablematerialsglobally.Interviewer:Thankyou,Dr.Harrison.Q11:Whatisthemaintopicoftheinterview?Q12:Howdodeep-seaorganismsprimarilyingestmicroplastics?Q13:Whydomicroplasticscausecoralbleachinginthedeepsea?Q14:WhatdoesDr.Harrisonconsiderthemosteffectivesolution?Q15:Whatcanbeinferredabouttheconnectionbetweensurfaceanddeep-seaenvironments?PartCDirections:Youwillhearalecture.Afterthelecture,youareaskedtocompletethenotesbyfillingintheblanksnumbered16to25withtheexactwordsyouhaveheard.Youwillhearthelectureonlyonce.Lecture:Goodmorning,class.Todaywewilldelveintothefascinatingsubjectofneuroplasticity,thebrain'sabilitytoreorganizeitselfbyformingnewneuralconnectionsthroughoutlife.Historically,scientistsbelievedthatthebrainwasastaticorganafterchildhood.However,modernneurosciencehasdebunkedthismyth.Neuroplasticityoccursundertwoprimaryconditions:duringnormalbraindevelopmentandasacompensatorymechanismfollowinginjury.Therearetwomaintypesofneuroplasticity.Thefirstisstructuralplasticity,whichinvolvesthephysicalchangeinthebrain'sstructure.Forinstance,learninganewlanguageoramusicalinstrumentliterallyincreasesthegraymatterdensityinspecificregionslikethehippocampus.Thesecondisfunctionalplasticity,wherethebrainmovesfunctionsfromadamagedareatoanundamagedarea.Forexample,ifastrokepatientlosesmotorcontrolintheirlefthand,throughtargetedrehabilitation,therighthemisphereofthebraincansometimesrewireitselftotakeoverthosemotorfunctions.Severalfactorsinfluencethedegreeofneuroplasticity.Ageisasignificantdeterminant;theyoungerthebrain,themoremalleableitis.However,olderadultscanstillinduceneuroplasticitythroughconsistentcognitivetraining.Environmentalenrichmentplaysacrucialroleaswell.Astimulatingenvironmentwithcomplexsensoryinputspromotessynaptogenesis.Conversely,chronicstressandlackofsleepinhibitneurogenesis.Inclinicalapplications,understandingneuroplasticityhasrevolutionizedstrokerecovery.WeusetechniqueslikeConstraint-InducedMovementTherapy,wheretheunaffectedlimbisrestrained,forcingthepatienttousetheaffectedlimb,therebystimulatingthebraintorewirethosepathways.Furthermore,mindfulnessmeditationhasbeenshowntodecreaseamygdalareactivityandincreaseprefrontalcortexthickness,aidinginemotionalregulation.笔记填空：Neuroplasticityreferstothebrain'sabilitytoreorganizeitselfbyformingnewneuralconnections.Itwaspreviouslybelievedthatthebrainwasstaticafter(16)______.Structuralplasticityinvolvesphysicalchangesinthebrain'sstructure,suchasincreasedgraymatterdensityinthe(17)______whenlearninganewlanguage.Functionalplasticityallowsthebraintomovefunctionsfromadamagedareatoanundamagedarea,suchas(18)______patientsrecoveringmotorcontrol.Thedegreeofneuroplasticityisinfluencedbyage,whereyoungerbrainsaremore(19)______.Environmentalenrichmentwithcomplexsensoryinputspromotes(20)______.Chronicstressandlackofsleepinhibit(21)______.ClinicalapplicationsincludeConstraint-InducedMovementTherapy,whichforcesthepatienttousetheaffectedlimbtostimulatebrain(22)______.Mindfulnessmeditationdecreases(23)______reactivityandincreases(24)______thickness,aidingin(25)______regulation.SectionIIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtextandfillineachblank(26-45)withonewordthatbestfitsthecontext.Thefirstletterofeachwordisgiven.Theconceptofcirculareconomyhasgainedunprecedentedtractionasasustainablealternativetothetraditionallineareconomicmodelof"take,make,anddispose."Unlikethelinearmodel,whichdepletesfiniteresourcesandgeneratesmassivewaste,thecirculareconomyaimstoe(26)thelifecycleofproducts.Thisisachievedthroughrigorousstrategiessuchasr(27),repairing,andrecycling.Bymaintainingmaterialsinuseforaslongaspossible,thecircularmodelminimizesresourceextractionandsignificantlyr(28)environmentalfootprint.Oneofthecoreprinciplesofthissystemistheeliminationofwastebydesign.Inacirculareconomy,wasteisnotseenasrefuse,butasav(29)resource.Biologicalmaterialscanbesafelyreturnedtothebiospheretoregeneratenaturalcapital,whiletechnicalmaterials,likemetalsandplastics,aredesignedtobecontinuouslyr(30)withinthemanufacturingloop.Thisrequiresaparadigmshiftinindustrialdesign,whereproductsareengineeredford(31)andreassemblyratherthanplannedobsolescence.Furthermore,thetransitiontoacirculareconomynecessitatescollaborationacrosstheentiresupplychain.Manufacturersmustengagewithsupplierstoensurethatrawmaterialsares(32)responsibly.Consumers,ontheotherhand,playacrucialrolebyalteringtheirconsumptionpatterns.Insteadofpurchasingandowningproducts,thereisagrowingtrendtowardsaccessingservices,whichisknownasthes(33)economy.Forinstance,car-sharingplatformsandleasingmodelsforhouseholdappliancesshifttheresponsibilityofmaintenanceandrecyclingbacktothemanufacturer,i(34)themtocreatemoredurablegoods.However,theimplementationofcirculareconomyprinciplesisnotwithoutchallenges.Highinitialcapitalinvestmentisrequiredtodevelopthenecessaryrecyclinginfrastructure.Moreover,thequalityofrecycledmaterialsoftend(35)aftermultipleprocessingcycles,aphenomenonknownasdowncycling.Toovercomethesehurdles,governmentsmustimplementstringentregulationsandprovideeconomici(36)toencourageindustriestoadoptcircularpractices.Ultimately,thecirculareconomyrepresentsar(37)approachtoreconcilingeconomicgrowthwithenvironmentalpreservation.SectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionsbychoosingA,B,CorD.Text1Theintricaterelationshipbetweensleeparchitectureandmemoryconsolidationhasbecomeafocalpointincognitiveneuroscience.Itisnowwidelyacceptedthatsleepisnotauniformstateofunconsciousness,butadynamicallyorchestratedsequenceofstages,eachcontributinguniquelytocognitiveprocessing.Specifically,Slow-WaveSleep(SWS)andRapidEyeMovement(REM)sleepplaycomplementaryrolesinthestabilizationandintegrationofnewlyacquiredinformation.DuringSWS,whichdominatestheearlypartofthenocturnalcycle,thehippocampusengagesinadialoguewiththeneocortex.Thehippocampus,actingasatemporaryrepositoryforepisodicmemories,replaysneuralfiringpatternsacquiredduringtheday.Thisreplaystimulatestheneocortextoformlong-termstructuralconnections,effectivelytransferringthememoryfromafragile,short-termstatetoarobust,long-termrepository.Thisprocess,knownassystemconsolidation,isparticularlycrucialfordeclarativememories—facts,events,andspatiallocations.Conversely,REMsleep,characterizedbyhighbrainactivityandvividdreaming,dominatesthelatterhalfofthesleepcycle.Duringthisphase,thebrainprocessesproceduralandemotionalmemories.Ratherthanmerelyreplayinginformation,REMsleepfacilitatessynapticconsolidation,strengtheningtheneuralconnectionsthroughlocalizedchemicalsignaling.Furthermore,REMsleepactivelyprunesirrelevantsynapticconnectionsformedduringtheday,aprocessknownassynaptichomeostasis.Thispreventsthebrainfrombecomingoverloadedwithtrivialinformation,optimizingitscapacityforfuturelearning.Thedisruptionofspecificsleepstagesthusyieldsdistinctcognitivedeficits.DeprivationofSWSimpairstherecalloffactualknowledge,whereastheinterruptionofREMsleephindersthemasteryofmotorskillsandemotionalregulation.Contemporaryeducationalparadigms,whichoftennecessitatechronicsleeprestrictioninstudents,mayparadoxicallybeunderminingtheirownobjectivesbyinterferingwiththesepreciseneurobiologicalmechanisms.Recognizingsleepasanactive,structurallycomplexprocessfundamentaltocognitionisimperativeforoptimizinglearningstrategiesandaddressingmemory-relateddisorders.46.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheprimaryfunctionofSlow-WaveSleep(SWS)regardingmemory?A)Itprocessesproceduralandemotionalmemories.B)Itprunesirrelevantsynapticconnections.C)Ittransfersepisodicmemoriesfromthehippocampustotheneocortex.D)Itstrengthensneuralconnectionsthroughlocalizedchemicalsignaling.47.Theterm"synaptichomeostasis"inthethirdparagraphrefersto:A)Theprocessoftransferringshort-termmemoriestolong-termstorage.B)Thebrain'smechanismofeliminatingtrivialsynapticconnections.C)Thechemicalsignalingthatstrengthensproceduralmemories.D)Thedynamicorchestrationofdifferentsleepstages.48.HowdoestheauthorcharacterizetherelationshipbetweenSWSandREMsleep?A)Theyperformidenticalfunctionsbutatdifferenttimes.B)Theyperformcomplementaryfunctionsfordifferenttypesofmemory.C)REMsleepismoreimportantthanSWSfordeclarativememory.D)SWSreplacesthefunctionofREMsleepintheearlypartofthecycle.49.Whatcanbeinferredaboutcontemporaryeducationalparadigms?A)Theyoptimizelearningbyencouragingstudentstostudylateintothenight.B)Theyoftenoverlooktheimportanceofsleepincognitiveprocessing.C)Theysuccessfullyintegrateneuroscienceintotheirteachingmethods.D)Theyprioritizeemotionalregulationoverfactualknowledge.50.Whatistheauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthispassage?A)Tocritiquethetraditionalviewofsleepasauniformstate.B)Toexplainthedistinctrolesofsleepstagesinmemoryconsolidation.C)Toadvocateforlongersleepdurationsforstudents.D)Tocomparethehippocampusandtheneocortex.Text2Intherealmofquantummechanics,theconceptofquantumentanglementhaslongfascinatedphysicists.Whentwoparticlesbecomeentangled,theirphysicalpropertiesbecomecorrelated,regardlessofthedistanceseparatingthem.Thisphenomenon,whichAlbertEinsteinfamouslyderidedas"spookyactionatadistance,"hasnowbeenexperimentallyvalidatedandformsthebedrockofemergingquantumtechnologies,particularlyquantumcomputing.Aquantumcomputerleveragestheprinciplesofsuperpositionandentanglementtoprocessinformationinafundamentallynovelway.Whileclassicalcomputersusebitsthatexistdefinitivelyaseither0or1,quantumcomputersusequantumbits,orqubits.Apurestatequbitcanexistinastateofsuperposition,mathematicallyrepresentedas|ψ⟩=α|0⟩+β|1Becauseaqubitcanrepresent0and1simultaneously,aquantumcomputerwithnqubitscanrepresentstatesatonce.Thisexponentialscalingallowsquantumcomputerstosolvecertaincomplexproblems,suchasintegerfactorizationandmolecularsimulation,exponentiallyfasterthanclassicalsupercomputers.Forinstance,Shor'salgorithm,aquantumalgorithmforintegerfactorization,couldtheoreticallybreakwidelyusedcryptographicsystemslikeRSA,whichrelyonthecomputationaldifficultyoffactoringlargeprimenumbers.However,quantumsystemsareextraordinarilyfragile.Thephenomenonofquantumdecoherenceoccurswhenaquantumsystemlosesitsquantumbehaviorduetointeractionswithitsexternalenvironment.Decoherencecausesthesuperpositiontocollapseintoaclassicalstate,introducingerrorsintothecomputation.Maintainingqubitsinacoherentstaterequiresextremeisolation,oftennecessitatingcoolingtonearabsolutezero.Currentresearchisheavilyfocusedondevelopingquantumerrorcorrectioncodestomitigatetheseerrorsandrealizefault-tolerantquantumcomputing.51.Whatisthemainfocusofthepassage?A)ThehistoryofquantummechanicsandEinstein'scontributions.B)Thetheoreticalfoundationandchallengesofquantumcomputing.C)Themathematicalproofofquantumentanglement.D)Thecomparisonbetweenclassicalandquantumsupercomputers.52.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweenaclassicalbitandaqubit?A)Aclassicalbitcanrepresent0and1simultaneously,whereasaqubitcannot.B)Aqubitexistsdefinitivelyas0or1,whereasaclassicalbitisinsuperposition.C)Aqubitcanexistinasuperpositionof0and1,whereasaclassicalbitisdefinitively0or1.D)Aclassicalbitismathematicallyrepresentedbycomplexnumbers,whereasaqubitisnot.53.Basedonthemathematicalrepresentation|ψ⟩=α|A)Theirsummustequal1.B)Thesumoftheirabsolutesquaresmustequal1.C)Theymustberealnumbers.D)Theirproductmustbegreaterthan1.54.WhydoestheauthormentionShor'salgorithm?A)Toillustratethecomputationalpowerofquantumcomputersoverclassicalones.B)Toprovethatclassicalcryptographicsystemsareunbreakable.C)Toexplainthemathematicaldifficultyofgeneratinglargeprimenumbers.D)Todescribethehardwarelimitationsofquantumsystems.55.Whatisquantumdecoherence?A)Theprocessofmaintainingqubitsatnearabsolutezero.B)Theinteractionbetweenentangledparticlesoverlargedistances.C)Thelossofquantumpropertiesduetoenvironmentalinterference.D)Themathematicalcalculationofprobabilityamplitudes.Text3Thephenomenonoflinguisticdivergence,wherebytwoormorelanguagesevolvefromasinglecommonancestor,isacornerstoneofhistoricallinguistics.Theclassicmodeloflanguagedivergence,oftencomparedtoafamilytree,positsthatlanguagessplitabruptlyandthenevolveindependentlyinisolation.However,recentsociolinguisticresearchsuggeststhatthisbranchingmodelisanoversimplification.Instead,languagedivergenceisfrequentlycharacterizedbyprolongedperiodsofdialectalcontinuityandgradualdiffusion,ratherthansharp,definitivebreaks.ThisrevisedunderstandingisexemplifiedbytheevolutionoftheRomancelanguagesfromVulgarLatin.TraditionalhistoriographyassertsthatLatinfragmentedintodistinctlanguagessuchasFrench,Spanish,andItalianfollowingthecollapseoftheRomanEmpire.Yet,linguisticevidenceindicatesthatforcenturiesaftertheempire'sfall,thespokenvernacularacrosstheformerRomanterritoriesremainedlargelymutuallyintelligible.Thedivergenceintoseparatelanguageswasaprotractedprocessdrivennotbysuddengeographicisolation,butbygradualshiftsinpronunciation,vocabulary,andsyntax,exacerbatedbyvaryingpoliticalandculturalaffiliations.Furthermore,thetreemodelfailstoaccountforlanguageconvergenceandcontact-inducedchange.Languagesrarelyevolveinavacuum;theycontinuouslyinteractwithneighboringlanguages,borrowinglexicalitemsandgrammaticalstructures.TheBalkanSprachbund,anareacomprisinglanguagesfromdistinctIndo-Europeanbranches(suchasGreek,Albanian,andRomanian)whichsharestrikingsyntacticsimilaritiesdespitehavingdifferentvocabularies,servesasaprimeexampleofhowprolongedcontactcanobscuregeneticlinguisticboundaries.Therefore,contemporarylinguistsadvocateforawavemodelornetworkmodeloflanguageevolution.Thesemodelsconceptualizelinguisticchangeasripplesspreadingacrossapond,whereinnovationsdiffuseoutwardfromacenterandgraduallyblendwithexistingforms.Thisperspectiveacknowledgesthatlanguageevolutionisacomplex,multidirectionalprocess,heavilyinfluencedbyhumanmigration,trade,andsocialstratification,ratherthanameresequenceofbinarybifurcations.56.Whatistheprimarycriticismofthetraditionalfamilytreemodeloflanguagedivergence?A)Itoveremphasizestheroleofsuddengeographicisolation.B)Itignorestheexistenceofacommonancestrallanguage.C)Itfocusestoomuchonlinguisticconvergence.D)Itunderestimatestheinfluenceofpoliticalboundaries.57.Accordingtothepassage,whathappenedtoVulgarLatinafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire?A)Itimmediatelysplitintomutuallyunintelligiblelanguages.B)Itremainedlargelymutuallyintelligibleforalongperiod.C)ItwasreplacedbytheBalkanSprachbund.D)Itevolvedexclusivelythroughbinarybifurcations.58.TheBalkanSprachbundismentionedasanexampletoillustrate:A)ThesuddendivergenceofIndo-Europeanlanguages.B)Theimpactofgeographicisolationonvocabulary.C)Howlanguagecontactcanleadtosharedsyntacticfeatures.D)Thesuperiorityofthewavemodeloverthenetworkmodel.59.Howdothewavemodelandnetworkmodeldifferfromthetreemodel?A)Theyviewlanguageevolutionasabruptbinarysplits.B)Theyemphasizegradualdiffusionandmultidirectionalcontact.C)Theydenytheexistenceofacommonlinguisticancestor.D)Theyfocussolelyonlexicalborrowingratherthansyntax.60.Whatcanbeinferredaboutcontemporaryhistoricallinguistics?A)Ithascompletelyabandonedtheconceptoflanguagefamilies.B)Itreliesexclusivelyongeneticclassification.C)Itincreasinglyrecognizesthecomplexityandnon-linearityoflanguageevolution.D)Itconsiderspoliticalandculturalaffiliationsirrelevanttolinguisticchange.PartBReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthenmatchthestatements(61-70)tothesectionsofthetext.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Thephenomenonofurbanheatislands(UHI)hasbecomeacriticalconcernforurbanplannersandenvironmentalistsworldwide.Ascitiesexpandandpopulationsdensify,thenaturallandscapeisreplacedbyasphalt,concrete,andglass,fundamentallyalteringthethermaldynamicsoftheenvironment.61.TheprimarycauseofUHIistheextensivealterationoflandsurfaces.Naturalvegetation,whichcoolstheenvironmentthroughevapotranspiration,isreplacedbyimpervioussurfaces.Theseartificialmaterialshavesignificantlydifferentthermalproperties;theyabsorbahigherproportionofsolarradiationandhaveagreaterheatcapacity,releasingstoredheatslowlyintotheatmosphere.62.TheanthropogenicheatgeneratedbyhumanactivitiesfurtherexacerbatestheUHIeffect.Thecombustionoffossilfuelsinvehicles,industrialprocesses,andtheoperationofairconditioningsystemsreleaseimmensequantitiesofthermalenergydirectlyintotheurbanatmosphere.Thisisparticularlypronouncedduringthesummermonthswhencoolingdemandspeak.63.Thereductionofevaporativecoolingsurfacesplaysapivotalrole.Inruralareas,waterevaporatesfromsoilandvegetation,absorbinglatentheatandcoolingtheair.Incities,thelackofopenwaterbodiesandvegetationmeansthatincomingsolarradiationisconvertedalmostentirelyintosensibleheat,warmingtheairdirectlyratherthanbeingusedforphasechanges.64.Urbangeometry,specificallythecanyoneffectcreatedbytallbuildings,trapsradiation.Indensecitycenters,theskyviewfactorisreduced.Thisrestrictstheabilityoflongwaveradiationtoescapebackintotheatmosphereatnight.Themultiplereflectionsofshortwaveradiationbetweenbuildingwallsincreasetheabsorptionofsolarenergyduringtheday.65.TheconsequencesofUHIaremultifaceted.Themostimmediateimpactistheincreasedenergyconsumptionforcoolingbuildings,which,inafeedbackloop,generatesmoreanthropogenicheat.Thisdriv