普通语言学概要试题库及答案

普通语言学概要试题库及答案第一部分：单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填在括号内）1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguageasproposedbyHockett?()A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivityC.CulturaltransmissionD.Instinctiveness2.Thefunctionoflanguagethatisprimarilyusedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationshipsisknownas().A.PhaticfunctionB.InformativefunctionC.PerformativefunctionD.Emotivefunction3.Inthestudyofphonetics,thevibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinsoundsdescribedas().A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.NasalD.Oral4.Thesound[l]and[r]arephonemesinEnglishbecausethey().A.areincomplementarydistributionB.arefreevariationC.distinguishmeaningD.areallophonesofthesamephoneme5.Whichbranchoflinguisticsstudiestheinternalstructureofwords?()A.SyntaxB.PhonologyC.MorphologyD.Semantics6.Themorpheme"-s"intheword"cats"isa()morpheme.A.derivationalB.inflectionalC.freeD.root7.Thesyntacticcategoryoftheword"beautiful"istypicallya(n)().A.Noun(N)B.Verb(V)C.Adjective(Adj)D.Preposition(Prep)8.Chomsky'stransformational-generativegrammaraimstodescribethe().A.socialbehavioroflanguageusersB.historicalchangeoflanguageC.implicitknowledgenativespeakershaveD.physicalstructureofthevocaltract9.Therelationshipbetweentheword"dog"andtheanimalitreferstois().A.arbitraryB.iconicC.motivatedD.onomatopoeic10."Hyponymy"isasemanticrelationwhere().A.wordshaveoppositemeaningsB.wordshavethesamemeaningC.aspecificmeaningisincludedinageneralmeaningD.ageneralmeaningisincludedinaspecificmeaning11.Thesentence"Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously"isfamousbecauseitis().A.semanticallymeaningfulbutsyntacticallyill-formedB.syntacticallywell-formedbutsemanticallyanomalousC.bothsyntacticallyandsemanticallyperfectD.anexampleofperformanceerror12.Thestudyofhowcontextcontributestomeaningis().A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Psycholinguistics13.TheCooperativePrincipleproposedbyGriceincludesfourmaxims.ThemaximofQuantityrequiresthat().A.one'scontributionbeasinformativeasrequiredB.one'scontributionbetruthfulC.one'scontributionberelevantD.one'scontributionbeclear14.Sapir-WhorfHypothesissuggeststhat().A.languagedeterminesthoughtB.thoughtdetermineslanguageC.languageandthoughtareindependentD.grammarisuniversal15.Adialectthatischosenasthestandardforuseingovernment,media,andeducationiscalled().A.PidginB.CreoleC.StandardLanguageD.Sociolect16.Theprocesswhereasoundchangesitsarticulationtobecomemorelikeaneighboringsoundiscalled().A.DissimilationB.AssimilationC.ElisionD.Metathesis17.Incomponentialanalysis,thefeature[+HUMAN]ispartofthemeaningoftheword().A.tableB.catC.doctorD.tree18.Theillocutionarypointoftheutterance"Ipromisetocome"is().A.CommissiveB.DirectiveC.ExpressiveD.Declarative19.Thecriticalperiodhypothesisinlanguageacquisitionsuggeststhat().A.adultslearnlanguagesfasterthanchildrenB.languageacquisitionmustoccurbeforeacertainageC.languagelearningispurelybiologicalD.environmentistheonlyfactor20.Theterm"UniversalGrammar"(UG)refersto().A.thegrammarcommontoalllanguagesB.thegrammarofEnglishC.asetofrulesfortranslatinglanguagesD.thestudyofuniversalsounds第二部分：多项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填在括号内。多选、少选、错选均不得分）1.Whichofthefollowingaredesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?()A.DualityofpatterningB.DisplacementC.ArbitrarinessD.ReflexivenessE.Culturaltransmission2.Themajorbranchesofmacrolinguisticsinclude().A.PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.PhonologyD.StylisticsE.Neurolinguistics3.RegardingtheclassificationofEnglishvowels,whichofthefollowingdescriptionsarecorrect?()A./i:/isahighfronttensevowel.B./æ/isalowfrontlaxvowel.C./u/isahighbacklaxvowel.D./ɔ:/isamidbackroundedvowel.E./ə/isacentralvowelknownasschwa.4.Whichofthefollowingareboundmorphemesintheword"unacceptable"?()A.un-B.acceptC.-ableD.unacceptE.-able5.SyntacticmovementisafeatureofTransformational-GenerativeGrammar.Whichtypesofmovementarecommonlydiscussed?()A.NP-movementB.WH-movementC.AUX-movementD.V-movementE.PP-movement6.Senserelationsinclude().A.SynonymyB.AntonymyC.HyponymyD.MeronymyE.Polysemy7.Inconversationalimplicature,aspeakermightfloutthemaximof().A.QuantityB.QualityC.RelationD.MannerE.Power8.Varietiesoflanguagerelatedtotheuserareknownas().A.DialectsB.RegistersC.IdiolectsD.SociolectsE.Styles9.Firstlanguageacquisitionstagestypicallyinclude().A.BabblingstageB.One-wordstageC.Two-wordstageD.TelegraphicspeechE.Fluentspeech10.Causesoflanguagechangeinclude().A.SocialinteractionB.LanguagecontactC.SimplificationofgrammarD.EaseofarticulationE.Politicalneeds第三部分：填空题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1.ModernlinguisticsisgenerallyconsideredtobeginwiththepublicationofFerdinanddeSaussure'scourseingenerallinguisticsintheearly__________century.2.Thedescriptionofalanguageataspecificpointintimeiscalled__________linguistics,whereasthestudyoflanguagechangeis__________linguistics.3.Thethreebranchesofphoneticsare__________,__________,and__________phonetics.4.Asoundthatisproducedwiththevelumcleft,allowingairtopassthroughthenose,iscalleda__________sound.5.TheIPAchartusessymbolstorepresentspeechsounds.Forexample,thesymbol[θ]representsthevoiceless__________fricative.6.InEnglish,thepluralmorpheme{-s}hasthreeallomorphs:/s/,/z/,and__________.7.Morphemesthatcanstandaloneaswordsarecalled__________morphemes.8.Thehierarchicalstructureofasentencecanberepresentedusingbracketsor__________diagrams.9.Aphrasethatfunctionsasthesubject,object,orcomplementinasentenceiscalleda__________phrase.10.Thesemanticrelationshipbetween"sell"and"buy"is__________.11.Thestudyofmeaningincontext,consideringthespeaker'sintentionandthelistener'sinterpretation,iscalled__________.12.SpeechActTheorywasproposedby__________.13.Alanguagevarietyusedforparticularfunctionsinsocietyisknownasa__________.14.Whentwolanguagesmixandbecomethenativelanguageofanewgeneration,a__________isformed.15.Thebrainarearesponsibleforlanguageprocessingandcomprehensionis__________area,while__________areaisresponsibleforproduction.16.The__________Hypothesisstatesthatlanguageinfluencesthought.17.__________istheuseoflanguageprimarilytoconveyinformationandisconsideredthemajorfunctionoflanguage.18.Incomponentialanalysis,"man"isanalyzedas[+HUMAN],[+MALE],[+ADULT]."Boy"wouldbe[+HUMAN],[+MALE],__________.19.Theprocessof"Newwordsareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreexistingwords"iscalled__________.20.__________referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclassorgroup.第四部分：判断正误题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分。判断下列各题的正误，正确的在括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”）1.()Prescriptivegrammartellshowpeopleshoulduselanguage,whiledescriptivegrammardescribeshowpeopleactuallyuselanguage.2.()Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysaperfectrepresentationofitssounds.3.()[p]and[pʰ]aretwodifferentphonemesinEnglish.4.()Freemorphemesarealwaysroots,androotsarealwaysfreemorphemes.5.()Thephrase"intheroom"isaPrepositionalPhrase(PP).6.()"Deepstructure"representsthefinalformofasentenceaftertransformations.7.()Synonymsarewordsthathaveexactlythesamemeaninginallcontexts.8.()Thesentence"Canyoupassthesalt?"istypicallyaquestionaboutability.9.()Pidgisacomplexlanguagethathasnativespeakers.10.()Childrenacquirelanguagethroughexplicitinstructionandcorrectionoferrors.11.()Arbitrarinessmeansthereisabsolutelynoconnectionbetweentheformofawordanditsmeaning.12.()Vowelsareproducedwithsignificantobstructionoftheairflow.13.()Theword"unglamorous"consistsofthreemorphemes.14.()Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.15.()TheCooperativePrincipleisasetofrulesthatpeoplemustalwaysfollowinconversation.第五部分：名词解释（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）1.Arbitrariness2.Phoneme3.Allophone4.Morpheme5.Syntax6.Semantics7.Synonymy8.Pragmatics9.SpeechAct10.Interlanguage第六部分：简答题（本大题共8小题，每小题5分，共40分）1.BrieflyexplainthedifferencebetweenlangueandparoleproposedbySaussure.2.Whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?Brieflydescribewhateachstudies.3.Explainthedifferencebetweensegmentalphonemesandsuprasegmentalfeatures.4.Distinguishbetweenroot,stem,andaffix.5.WhatisaPhraseStructureRule(PSrule)?Giveanexample.6.ExplaintheconceptsofDeepStructureandSurfaceStructureinTGGrammar.7.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple?8.Brieflydescribethestagesoffirstlanguageacquisition.第七部分：论述题/分析题（本大题共5小题，每小题7分，共35分）1.Analyzethewordformationprocessesinthefollowingwords:"unfriendly","smog","edit"(fromeditor),and"LASER"(LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation).2.Drawatreediagram(usinglabeledbracketing)forthesentence:"Thestudentfoundthebookinthelibrary."3.Analyzetheconversationalimplicatureinthefollowingdialogue:A:"Doyoulikemynewdress?"B:"It'saveryinterestingcolor."Whichmaximisfloutedandwhatistheimplicature?4.DiscussthedifferencesbetweenBroca'saphasiaandWernicke'saphasia.5pareandcontrastprescriptivelinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics.Whydomodernlinguistspreferthedescriptiveapproach?参考答案第一部分：单项选择题1.D2.A3.B4.C5.C6.B7.C8.C9.A10.C11.B12.A13.A14.A15.C16.B17.C18.A19.B20.A第二部分：多项选择题1.ABCDE2.ABDE3.ABDE4.AC5.ABC6.ABCD7.ABCD8.ACD9.ABCD10.ABDE第三部分：填空题1.20th2.synchronic;diachronic3.articulatory;auditory;acoustic4.nasal5.dental6./ɪz/7.free8.tree9.noun10.converses(orrelationalopposites)11.Pragmatics12.J.L.Austin13.register14.Creole15.Wernicke's;Broca's16.Sapir-Whorf17.Informative18.[-ADULT]19.(compounding)20.Sociolect第四部分：判断正误题1.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.F10.F11.F12.F13.T14.T15.F第五部分：名词解释1.Arbitrariness:ThisisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageproposedbySaussureandHockett.Itmeansthereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenthelinguisticform(thesignifier)andthemeaningitrepresents(thesignified).Forexample,thereisnoreasonwhythesoundsequence/dɒg/shouldrefertotheanimal'dog'.2.Phoneme:Aphonemeisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagethatcandistinguishmeaning.Itisanabstractunit,notaphysicalsound.Forinstance,/p/and/b/arephonemesinEnglishbecausetheydifferentiatewordslike"pat"and"bat".3.Allophone:Anallophoneisaphoneticvariantofaphoneme.Itistheactualsoundproducedinspeech,determinedbythephoneticenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemedonotchangemeaning.Forexample,the[pʰ]in"pit"andthe[p]in"spit"areallophonesofthephoneme/p/.4.Morpheme:Amorphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.Itcannotbefurtherdividedwithoutlosingitsmeaningoridentity.Forexample,in"unfriendly",therearethreemorphemes:"un-","friend",and"-ly".5.Syntax:Syntaxisthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthestructureofsentencesandtherulesgoverningthearrangementofwordstoformwell-formedsentences.Itdealswithwordorder,phrasestructure,andgrammaticalrelations.6.Semantics:Semanticsisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Itexamineshowwords,phrases,andsentencesconveymeaning,andtherelationshipsbetweenmeanings(suchassynonymyandantonymy).Itisdistinctfrompragmatics,whichstudiesmeaningincontext.7.Synonymy:Synonymyreferstotherelationshipbetweenwordsthathavethesameorverysimilarmeanings.Forexample,"big"and"large"aresynonyms.Completesynonymyisrare,aswordsoftendifferinregister,collocation,orsubtleshadesofmeaning.8.Pragmatics:Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowcontextcontributestotheinterpretationofmeaning.Itlooksathowspeakersuselanguagetocommunicateintentions,performspeechacts,andfollowconversationalprinciplesliketheCooperativePrinciple.9.SpeechAct:Aspeechactisanutterancethatperformsafunctionincommunication,suchasrequesting,apologizing,promising,ornaming.Austindistinguishedbetweenlocutionaryacts(theactofsayingsomething),illocutionaryacts(theintentionbehindtheutterance),andperlocutionaryacts(theeffectoftheutterance).10.Interlanguage:Interlanguageistheuniquelinguisticsystemthatasecondlanguagelearnercreateswhileattemptingtolearnatargetlanguage.Itisdistinctfromboththelearner'snativelanguage(L1)andthetargetlanguage(L2),andevolvesasthelearnerprogresses.第六部分：简答题1.LangueandParole:ProposedbySaussure,languereferstotheabstract,systematicsetofrulesandconventionsofalanguagesharedbyaspeechcommunity.Itissocialandstable.Parolereferstotheconcreteactsofspeakingorwriting—therealizationofthesysteminindividualinstances.Itisindividualandvariable.Linguisticsshouldstudylanguetodiscovertheunderlyingstructure.2.BranchesofPhonetics:Articulatoryphonetics:Studieshowsoundsareproducedbythevocalorgans(lungs,larynx,vocaltract).Acousticphonetics:Studiesthephysicalpropertiesofsoundwaves(frequency,amplitude,duration)transmittedbetweenspeakerandhearer.Auditoryphonetics:Studieshowsoundsareperceivedandprocessedbytheearandbrain.3.Segmentalvs.Suprasegmental:Segmentalphonemesaretheindividualsoundunits(vowelsandconsonants)thatformalinearsequenceinspeech.Suprasegmentalfeaturesarepropertiesofspeechthatextendovermorethanonesegment,suchasstress,tone,pitch,andintonation.Theyaffecttheentireutteranceorwordratherthanindividualsounds.4.Root,Stem,Affix:Root:Thecoremorphemeofawordthatcarriestheprimarylexicalmeaning.Itcanbefree(e.g.,"friend")orbound(e.g.,"cept"in"concept").Stem:Thebaseformtowhichaffixesareadded.Itisthepartofthewordthatremainsafterallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Itmayconsistofarootplusderivationalaffixes(e.g.,"friend"in"friendly","unfriendliness").Affix:Amorphemethatisattachedtoarootorstemtomodifyitsmeaningorgrammaticalcategory.Itcanbeprefix(un-),suffix(-ly),orinfix.5.PhraseStructureRule:APSruleisarewriterulethatdescribesthecompositionandhierarchicalstructureofphrasesinalanguage.ItgenerallytakestheformA→Example:NP6.DeepandSurfaceStructure:DeepStructure:Theunderlyingabstractlevelofsentencestructurethatrepresentsthebasicgrammaticalrelationsandmeaning.Itcontainsalltheinformationnecessaryforsemanticinterpretation.SurfaceStructure:Thefinal,derivedformofthesentenceafteralltransformations(likemovement,deletion,insertion)haveapplied.Itistheactualstringofwordsthatispronouncedorwritten.7.MaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple:MaximofQuantity:Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(butnotmore).MaximofQuality:Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue(donotsaywhatyoubelievefalseorlackevidencefor).MaximofRelation(Relevance):Berelevant.MaximofManner:Beperspicuous(avoidobscurity,ambiguity,bebriefandorderly).8.StagesofFirstLanguageAcquisition:Babblingstage(6-12months):Producesvowel-likeandconsonant-likesounds,intonationpatterns.One-word(Holophrastic)stage(12-18months):Usessinglewordstorepresentcomplexthoughts.Two-wordstage(18-24months):Beginscombiningwordsintosimplephrases(telegraphicspeech).Multi-word/Telegraphicstage:Sentenceswithgrammaticalmorphemesbegintoappear.Laterstages:Complexsyntax,embedding,andfullfluencydevelop.第七部分：论述题/分析题1.WordFormationAnalysis:unfriendly:Derivation.Theroot"friend"takesthesuffix"-ly"toform"friendly"(adjective).Thentheprefix"un-"isaddedtoform"unfriendly"(adjective).Itinvolvestwoderivationalsteps.smog:Compounding.Anewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwoexistingwords:"smoke"and"fog".Specifically,thisisablend(portmanteauword).edit:Back-formation.Theword"editor"(existingnoun)istreatedasifitwerederivedfromaverb"-er",sotheverb"edit"iscreatedbyremovingthesuffix.LASER:Acronym.Awordformedfromtheinitiallettersofaname/phrase:LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Itispronouncedasawordratherthanasequenceofletters.2.TreeDiagramfor"Thestudentfoundthebookinthelibrary.":Usinglabeledbracketingnotation:[S[NP[DetThe][Nstudent]][VP[Vfound][NP[Detthe][Nbook]][PP[Prepin][NP[Detthe][Nlibrary]]]]]Explanation:Thesentence(S)consistsofaNounPhrase(NP)andaVerbPhrase(VP).TheNP"Thestudent"ismadeofaDeterminerandaNoun.TheVPcontainstheVerb"found",theNP"thebook",andaPrepositionalPhrase(PP)"inthelibrary".ThePPconsistsofaPrepositionandanNP.3.ConversationalImplicatureAnalysis:Context:Aasksforanopiniononthedress.Brepliesaboutthecolorbeing"interesting".MaximFlouted:MaximofQuality(orpossiblyManner/Relation).Blikelydoesnotthinkthecolorisgenuinely"interesting"inapositiveway,orisavoidingadirectlie.Alternatively,ifBhatesthedress,saying"It'sinteresting"violatestheMaximofQualityif"interesting"implies"good".However,itistypicallyanalyzedasfloutingtheMaximofQuality(beingironic)orMaximofRelation(if"interesting"isseenasirrelevanttothequestion"doyoulikeit?").AmorestandardinterpretationisthatBfloutstheMaximofManner(avoidingambiguity)orQualitytoimplyanegativeopinionwithoutbeingrude.Implicature