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考研英语(二)模拟试卷106

一、完型填空(本题共20题,每题7.0分,共20分。)

Drivingthroughsnowstormonicyroadsforlongdistancesisamostnerve-racking

experience.Itisaparadoxthatthesnow,coming[Cl]gently,blowing

gleefullyinahighwind,allthewhile[C2]downatreacherouscarpet,freezes

thewindows,[C3]theview.Themightofautomatedmanis[C4].

Thehorses,thepowerfulelectricalsystems,thedeep-treadtires,allgo[C5]

nothing.Oneminutetheroadfeels[C6],andthenextthedriverisslidingover

it,lightasa[C7],inapanic,wonderingwhattheheavytrailertruckscoming

up[C8]thereararegoingtodo.Thetrucksarelike[C9]whenyou

havetopassthem,notatsixtyorseventy[CIO]youdowhentheroadisdry,

butattwenty-fiveandthirty.[Cl1]theirenginessoundunnaturallyloud.

Snow,slushand【012】oficesprayfrombeneaththewheels,obscurethe

windshield,andrattle[C13]——yourcar.Beneaththewheelsthereisplentyof

[C14]foryoutoslideandgetmashedtoapulp.Inch[05]inchyou

moveup,pasttherearwheels,thecenterwheels,thecab,thefrontwheels,all[C16]

tooslowlyby.Straightaheadyoucontinue,[C17]tocutoversharply

wouldsendyouintoaslip,[C18]infrontofthevehicle.Atlast,thereis

[C19]enough,andyoucreepbackover,infrontofthetrucknow,but[C20]

thesoundofitsenginestillthunderinginyourears.

1、(Cl]

A、up

B、off

C、down

D、on

标准答案:C

知识点解析:短语动词辨析。空格处填入的副词与动词come搭配,其分词形式作

后置定语,修饰限定主语iheedown指“(雨、雪等)落下,降落”,因此

C符合文意,在文中指“大雪飘落”。comeup意为“破土而出;升起;即将发生”,

comeoff意为“能被去掉或除去;发生;(计如等)成功”,comeon意为“改进,发

展;开始

2、[C2]

A、lies

B、lays

C>settles

D、sends

标准答案:B

知识点解析:短语动词辨析。空格处填入的动词与down搭配,相当于及物动词,

其主语是thesnow,宾语是atreacherouscarpet©liedown意为"躺下“;laydown意

为“放下;记下;拟定”;settledown意为“安下心来,定居“;senddown只能接

sb.作宾语,意为“判某人入狱”。因此lays符合文意,意为“(大雪)吹落(一块毯

子广,B为正确答案。

3、[C3]

A、blocks

B、strikes

C、puffs

D、cancels

标准答案:A

知识点解析:动词辨析。空格处填入的动词接theview作宾语,而且它与前面的

down和freezes并列作谓语,其主语都是thesnow。作及物动词时,block意为“堵

塞,阻塞”,strike意为“撞击,打击,侵袭“,puff意为“吸,抽,喷”,cancel意为

“取消能够和theview搭配的只有block,表示“挡住视线”。

4、[C4]

A、muted

B、discovered

C、doubled

D、undervalued

标准答案:A

知识点解析:动词辨析。空格处填入的过去分词与is构成被动式的谓语,因此其

动词实际的宾语是ihemighi(强大力量,威力)。mule意为“消除或减弱声音;减

弱.缓解discover意为“发现.发觉“:double意为“加倍undervalue意为“低

估……之价值,看轻因此mute符合文意,它与themight搭配,表示“威力减

弱”。

5、[C5]

A、for

B、with

C、into

D、from

标准答案:A

知识点解析:固定短语。gofornothing相当于beinvain,意为“白费,毫无用处,

毫无价值因此A正确,其他介词都不能与g。和nothing构成搭配。

6、[C6]

A、comfortable

B>weak

C^risky

D、firm

标准答案:D

知识点解析:形容词辨析。feel是系动词,意为“摸起来,感觉起来”,它常与形容

词构成系表结构。本题中feel的主语是theroad,因此空格处的形容词应说明,遁

路''的特点。四个选项都可以修饰事物,comfortable一般指“(衣服、家具等)使人舒

服的”,weak意为“不牢固的,易损坏的“,weak也可指“微弱的,隐约的”,强调不

容易被看到或听到,risky意为“有危险或风险的“,firm意为“坚固的,结实的,稳

同的“。根据上下文,空格处的形容词应与下文“容易滑倒''相对照,因此fkm正

确,强调道路“结实

7、[C7]

A、loaf

B、feather

C、leaf

D、fog

标准答案:B

知识点解析:英语语言习惯。英语和汉语中都有大员的L匕喻形式。有些比喻的喻体

大不相同。本题应选fealher,文中用这个比喻形容"车子打滑时驾驶者失重的感

受”。loaf意为“一条(面包)";leaf意为“树叶”;fog意为“雾

8、[C8]

A、beneath

B、from

C、under

D、beyond

标准答案:R

知识点解析:介词辨析。空格所在部分wondering…是个分词结构,在句中作状

语,wondering的逻辑主语是thedriver,逻辑宾语是what引导的宾语从句。该从句

中,comingup...therear也是一个分词短语,作从句主语trucks的后置定语。

空格处填入介词,其宾语是therear,根据文意,表示“从后面''应选from。beneath

和under都表示“在……之下",beyond表示“在(或向)较远的一边”,不符合逻辑。

9、[C9]

A、dwarfs

giants

C、patients

D、princesses

标准答案:B

知识点解析:根据上下文选择恰当的词。空格所在部分是一个比喻,说明卡车像什

么。下文出现了两个when引导的状语从句的比较:路面干燥时的行驶速度为60

或70,而此时的行驶速度为25和30。可见,文章在说明由于路面滑造成了行驶速

度下降。根据逻辑推理,行驶缓慢时从大卡车旁开过花费的时间当然较长,因此它

们看起来更像giants“巨人”,而不是dwafT矮子”,patient“病人”或princess“公主”。

因此B项正确。

10、[C10]

A、what

B、since

C、as

D、that

标准答案:C

知识点解析:从句引导词。空格所在句子中存在比较结构,B|J,youhavetopass

themnot...youdowhentheroadisdry(路面滑时开车不像路面干燥时那样快),因此

空格处填入的词应引导比较状语从幻youdowhen...,从句中do为上文动词pass

的替代词。as可用于比较结构,表示“像……一样,如同”,因此C项正确。what

只能引导名词性从句,whatyoudo表示“你做的事情";since一般引导时间状语从

句,表示“从……以后,自……以来”;ihal只能引导定语从句或名词性从句。

11、[CU]

A、So

B、But

C、Or

D、Then

标准答案:D

知识点解析:逻辑词辨析。空格处填入的词出现在句首,表示上文与空格所在句子

之间的逻辑关系。then是副词,可用来引出额外的信息,意为“另外,还有;再

者,而且”。上文提到路面滑时从卡车旁开过的速度非常慢,本句则提到另一方面

的问题是卡车的噪音非常大°因此D项正确.在文中意为“而且•此外“.表示

因果关系;but表不转折关系;or表不选择关系。

12、[C12]

A、flakes

B、flocks

C、chips

D、cakes

标准答案:C

知识点解析:名词辨析。空格处填入的名词作定语修饰ice。flake意为“小薄片”,

修饰snow时指“雪花”;flock一般指“(羊或鸟)群”或“一大群(人)“;chip意为“碎

屑,碎片,碎渣";cake作名词时指“蛋糕或饼状食物”,作动词时意为“覆盖”。从

下文可知,车轮子下溅出来的应是“雪、泥(slush)和碎冰碓”,因此C项最符合文

意。

13、[C13]

A^onto

B、against

C、off

D、along

标准答案:C

知识点解析:介词辨析。空格处填入的介词与动词rallle(象声词,“格格响,嘎嘎

响”)搭配,其宾语是yourcar,主语是上文的snow,slushandchipsofice。选项

中,onto表示“(朝某处或某位置运动)向,朝”,against表示“逆着,与...相反”或

“紧靠,倚”,off意为“从(某处落下)",along意为“沿着,顺着”。根据句意,应是

“雪、泥和碎冰硝溅到车上,又格格作响地从车上挖下来”,因此C项正确。

14、[C14]

A、snow

B、earth

C、room

D、ice

标准答案:C

知识点解析:根据上下文选择恰当的词。四个选项都是常见的简单词汇,关键要根

据句子含义进行选择。空格所在句子的结构是lhereisplenlyofs【h.foryouto…,

其中不定式作结果状语,意为“轮子下有足够的……让你打滑并被碾成肉酱"。根据

句子逻辑,应是“(足够的)空间”,而非snow“雪”,earth“泥土”或ice“冰因此C

项正确。

15、[C15]

A、by

B、after

C、for

D、with

标准答案:A

知识点解析:英语成语。英语讲究对称美,其表现之一为成语排列形式上的对称

美,即以介词、连词(and或or)或动词为“对称轴”,构成相同词、同词性的词、反

义词或同类词的对称。本题inchbyinch就是以介词by为“对称轴”构成的相同词

(inch)的对称,意为“一点一点地”。类似结构的成语还有:headtohead(交头接耳),

wordforword(逐词地),likeforlike(以牙还牙)。A项为正确答案。

16、[C16]

A、climbing

B、crawling

C、winding

D、sliding

标准答案:D

知识点解析:动词辨析。空格处填入现在分词作句子状语,其逻辑主语是you,

climb一般指"(向上)攀登,(吃力地向某处)爬";crawl指“(向前,身体接近地面的)

爬行”;wind作不及物动词时,意为“(路,河等)蜿蜒,曲折而行”;slide指“滑行,

滑动”。根据句意,你(驾驶者)缓慢地从大卡车旁往前开,由于路面滑,只能是“慢

慢地滑过”,因此D项为正确答案。

17、[C17]

A、meanwhile

unless

C、whereas

D、for

标准答案:D

知识点解析:逻辑词辨析。空格前后是两个独立的分句,因此空格处需要填人一个

连词。meanwhile为副词,意为“同时”,放在句首时要么另起一句,要么与前一句

用分号隔开,meanwhile首先排除。其他几个词都可作连词,unless意为“除非”;

whereas常用于比较或定比两个事实,意为“然而,但是,尽管“;for意为“因为

根据句意,空格前后两个分句之间是因果关系,即“你(驾驶者)继续笔直地往前

开,因为突然超车抢道到卡车前面(cutoversharply)会使你的车滑倒”,因此D项为

正确答案。

18、[C18]

A、sheer

B、mostly

C、rarely

D^right

标准答案:D

知识点解析:副词辨析。空格处应填入一个副词,修饰介词短语infromof(在……

前面)csheer作副词时意为“垂直地.陡峭地":mostly意为“主要地,一般地”:

rarely意为“罕有,很少,不常、fight意为“正好,恰好,直接地”,根据文意,D

项为正确答案。

19、[C19]

A、might

B、distance

C^air

D、power

标准答案:B

知识点解析:根据上下文选择恰当的词。四个选项的含义分别是might“力量”,

distance“距离",air"空气",power”力量,势力根据空格所在句子的含义,应选

distance,表示“当有足帽的车距时,你才慢慢地挪到卡车的前方”,故B项为正确

答案。

20、[C201

A^with

B、like

C、inside

D、upon

标准答案:A

知识点解析:介词辨析。空格前的bul为并列连词,连接句子中的两个状语成分,

即infrontof…和thesoundthundering。“with+名词+分词”可构成独立主格结构,作

状语,因此A项正确。其他项作介词时,like意为“像,如同",inside意为“在……

里面“,upon意为“在……上”。

二、阅读(常规阅读理解)(本题共20题,每题7.0

分,共20分。)

High-qualitycustomerserviceispreachedbymany,butactuallykeepingcustomers

happyiseasiersaidthandone.Shoppersseldomcomplaintothemanagerorownerofa

retailstore,butinsteadwillalerttheirfriends,relatives,co-workers,strangers—and

anyonewhowilllisten.Storemanagersareoftenthelasttohearcomplaints,andoften

findoutonlywhentheirregularcustomersdecidetofrequenttheircompetitors,

accordingtoastudyjointlyconductedbyVerdegroupandWhartonschool."Storytelling

hurtsretailersandentertainsconsumers,"saidPaulaCourtney,PresidentoftheVerde

group."Thestorelosesthecustomer,buttheshoppermustalsofindareplacement.On

average,everyunhappycustomerwillcomplaintoatleastfourothers,andwillnolonger

visitthespecificstore.Foreverydissatisfiedcustomer,astorewillloseuptothreemore

duetonegativereviews.Theresulting"snowballeffect"canbedisastroustoretailers.

Accordingtotheresearch,shopperswhopurchasedclothingencounteredthemost

problems.Rankedsecondandthirdweregroceryandelectronicscustomers.Themost

commoncomplaintsincludefilledparkinglots,cluttered(塞满了的)shelves,over­

locatedracks,out-of-stockitems,longcheck-outlines,andrudesalespeople.Duringpeak

shoppinghours,someretailerssolvedtheparkingproblemsbygettingmoonlighting(4k

余兼职的)localpolicetoworkasparkingattendants.Somehiredflagwaverstodirect

customerstoemptyparkingspaces.Thisguidanceeliminatedtheneedforcustomersto

circletheparkinglotendlessly,andavoidedconfrontationbetweenthoseeyeingthesame

parkingspace.Retailerscanrelievetheheadachesbyredesigningstorelayouts,pre­

stockingsalesitems,hiringspeedyandexperiencedcashiers,andhavingsales

representativesonhandtoanswerquestions.Mostimportantly,salespeopleshouldbe

diplomaticandpolitewithangrycustomers."Retailerswho'reresponsiveandfriendlyare

morelikelytosmoothoverissuesthanthosewhoaren'tsofriendly,"saidProfessor

StephenHoch."Maybesomethingassimpleasagreeteratthestoreentrancewouldhelp.

"Customerscanalsoimprovefutureshoppingexperiencesbyfillingcomplaintstothe

retailer,insteadofcomplainingtotherestoftheworld.Retailersarehard-pressedto

improvewhentheyhavenoideawhatiswrong.

21、Whyarestoremanagersoftenthelasttohearcomplaints?

A、Mostcustomerswon'tbothertocomplaineveniftheyhavehadunhappy

experiences.

Customerswouldratherrelatetheirunhappyexperiencestopeoplearoundthem.

C、Fewcustomersbelievetheservicewillbeimproved.

D、Customershavenoeasyaccesstostoremanagers.

标准答案:B

知识点解析:细节题。取据题干中的storemanagersoftenthelasttohearcomplaints

首先定位到第二段首句,其原因应在第二段寻找。第二段提到,顾客很少向经理或

者零售店的老板投诉,相反,他们会提醒自己的朋友、亲戚、同事等。B项中的

relatetheirunhappyexperiencestopeoplearoundthem与原文的alerttheirfriends,

relatives,co-workers意思一致,故B项为正确答案。

22、WhatdoesPaulaCourtneyimplybysaying"...theshoppermustalsofinda

replacement"(Line2,Para.4)?

A、Newcustomersareboundtoreplaceoldones.

Itisnotlikelythattheshoppercanfindthesameproductsinotherstores.

C、Moststoresprovidethesamekindofservice.

D、Notcomplainingtothemanagercausestheshoppersometroubletoo.

标准答案:D」「

知识点解析:语义题。艰据题干将本题出处定位到第四段。该段主要说明顾客不向

零售商投诉而是向周围的人抱怨其不好的购物经历的影响。结合前面的but和bul

前的句子“商店会失去顾客”可推出,保拉.科特尼说,顾客也必须找到替代的商店”

这句话意在说明,不向零售商投诉也会给顾客带来不便和麻烦,故D项为正确答

案。

23>Shopownersoftenhiremoonlightingpoliceasparkingattendantssothatshoppers

A^canstaylongerbrowsinginthestore

B、won'thavetroubleparkingtheircars

C^won'thaveanyworriesaboutsecurity

D、canfindtheircarseasilyaftershopping

标准答案:B

知识点解析:细节题。根据题干中的moonlightingpoliceasparkingattendants将本

题出处定位到第八段首句。该句指出,在购物高峰期,零售商通过雇用当地兼职警

察来充当停车服务人员以解决停车问题,B项的意思和原文一致,故为正确答案。

24Whatcontributesmosttosmoothingoverissueswithcustomers?

A、Mannersofthesalespeople.

Hiringofefficientemployees.

C>Hugesupplyofgoodsforsale.

D、Designofthestorelayout.

标准答案:A

知识点解析:细节题。艰据题干中的smoothingoverissueswithcustomers将本题出

处定位到倒数第二段首句。该句指出,能够及时反应且态度友好的零售商更有可能

平息事端。此外,倒数第三段指出,最重要的是,销售人员应该对怒气冲冲的顾客

应对自如且不失礼仪,即销售人员的态度和方式最重要。因此A项为正确答案。

25、Toachievebettershoppingexperiences,customersareadvisedto.

A、exertpressureonstorestoimprovetheirservice

B、settletheirdisputeswithstoresinadiplomaticway

C、voicetheirdissatisfactiontostoremanagersdirectly

D、shoparoundandmakecomparisonsbetweenstores

标准答案:C

知识点解析:细节题。眼据题干中的bettershoppingexperiences将本题出处定位到

末段首句。该句指出,顾客也可以通过向零售商投诉来改善今后的购物体验,C项

的内容和原文中的fillingcomplaintstotheretailer一致,故为正确答案。

Cripplinghealthcarebills,longemergency-roomwaitsandtheinabilitytofindaprimary

carephysicianjustscratchthesurfaceoftheproblemsthatpatientsfacedaily.Primary

careshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.Countrieswithappropriate

primarycareresourcesscorehighlywhenitcomestohealthoutcomesandcost.TheU.S.

takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycare

physician.ArecentstudyanalyzedtheproviderswhotreatMedicarebeneficiaries(老年

医保受惠人).ThestartlingfindingwasthattheaverageMedicarepatientsawatotalof

sevendoctors—twoprimarycarephysiciansandfivespecialists—inagivenyear.

Contrarytopopularbelief,themorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon'tguaranteebetter

care.Actually,increasingfragmentationofcarcresultsinacorrespondingriseincostand

medicalerrors.Howdidweletprimarycareslipsofar?Thekeyishowdoctorsarepaid.

Mostphysiciansarepaidwhenevertheyperformamedicalservice.Themoreaphysician

does,regardlessofqualityoroutcome,thebetterhe'sreimbursed(返还费用).Moreover,

theamountaphysicianreceivesleansheavilytowardmedicalorsurgicalprocedures.A

specialistwhoperformsaprocedureina30-minutevisitcanbepaidthreetimesmore

thanaprimarycarephysicianusingthatsame30minutestodiscussapatient'sdisease.

Combinethisfactwithannualgovernmentthreatstoindiscriminatelycut

reimbursements,physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasequantitytoboost

income.Primarycarephysicianswhorefusetocompromisequalityareeitherdrivenout

ofbusinessortocash-onlypractices,furthercontributingtothedeclineofprimarycare.

Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursement

deckisstackedagainstprimarycare.Therecentnumbersshowthatsince1997,newly

graduatedU.S.medicalstudentswhochooseprimarycareasacareerhavedeclinedby

50%.Thistrendresultsinemergencyroomsbeingoverwhelmedwithpatientswithout

regulardoctors.Howdowefixthisproblem?Itstartswithreformingthephysician

reimbursementsystem.Removethepressureforprimarycarephysicianstosqueezein

morepatientsperhour,andrewardthemforoptimally(最佳地)managingtheirdiseases

andpracticingevidence-basedmedicine.Makeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedical

studentsbyforgivingstudentloansfbrthosewhochooseprimarycarcasacareerand

reconcilingthemarkeddifferencebetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysiciansalaries.

We'reatapointwhereprimarycareisneededmorethanever.Withinafewyears,the

firstwaveofthe76millionBabyBoomerswillbecomeeligibleforMedicare.Patients

olderthan85,whoneedchroniccaremost,willriseby50%thisdecade.Whowillbe

theretotreatthem?

26Itcanbeinferredthattheauthor'schiefconcernaboutthecurrentU.S.healthcare

systemis.

A、theinadequatetrainingofphysicians

B、thedecliningnumberofdoctors

C>theever-risinghealthcarecosts

D、theshrinkingprimarycareresources.

标准答案:D

知识点解析:推理题。艰据题干中的U.S.healthcaresystem将本题出处定位到

第二段。该段介绍基本医疗在健康保健体系中的地位。第三句在提到美国的情况时

说的是takestheoppositeapproach,是相对上句说的Countries…resources”有适当基

本医疗资源的国家”而言,由此推断美国没有适当的基本医疗资源,结合

emphasizing...physician可确定这种不适当指的是基本医疗资源配置过少,故D项

为正确答案。

27、Welearnfromthepassagethatpeopletendtobelievethat.

A、seeingmoredoctorsmayresultinmorediagnosticerrors

B、visitingdoctorsonaregularbasisensuresgoodhealth

C、themoredoctorstakingcareofapatient,thebetter

D、themorecosilythemedicine,themoreeffectivethecure.

标准答案:C'

知识点解析:细节题。艰据题干中的peopletendtobelieve将本题出处定位到第三

段倒数第二句。该句提到,与普遍看法相反的是,更多医生护理你并不一定能保证

就是更好的护理。由此可以推出,普遍看法认为,更多医生护理就是更好的护理,

故C项为正确答案。题干中的peopletendtobelieve和文中popularbelief相对应。

28、Facedwiththegovernmentthreatstocutreimbursementsindiscriminately,primary

carephysicianshaveto.

A^seemorepatientsattheexpenseofquality

B>improvetheirexpertiseandservice

C、makevariousdealswithspecialists

D>increasetheirincomebyworkingovertime

标准答案:A

知识点解析:细节题。眼据题干中的governmentthreatstocutreimbursements

indiscriminately将本题出处定位到第四段末句。thisfact即上句的专科医生普科医

生同工时却不同酬。nochoicebutio后提到在政府将不加区分地减少返还给医生的

报酬这一坏兆头下,普科医生的唯一选择:increasequantitytoboostincome,即提

高看病数量以增加收入。结合下句提到的有些普科医生拒绝compromisequality(降

低质量)可推断,这种“提高看病数量”其实以降低质量为代价的,故A项为正确答

案。

29>Whydomanynewmedicalgraduatesrefusetochooseprimarycareastheircareer?

A、Theythinkworkinginemergencyroomstedious.

B、Thecurrentsystemworksagainstprimarycare.

C、Theyfindtheneedforprimarycaredeclining.

D、Primarycarephysicianscommandlessrespect.

标准答案:B

知识点解析:细节题。艰据题干中的chooseprimarycareastheircareer将答案出处

定位到第六段第三句。该句提到医学专业刚毕业、选择基本医疗作为职业的学生数

量下降了50%,题干中manynew…career是对该句的同义转述。B项与对上句提

到的原因“他们看得到返还报酬的平台有多么不利于基本医疗''意思一致,故B项

为正确答案。

30、Whatsuggestiondoestheauthorgiveinordertoprovidebetterhealthcare?

A、Extendprimarycaretopatientswithchronicdiseases.

B、Recruitmoremedicalstudentsbyofferingthemloans.

C、Reducethetuitionofstudentswhochooseprimarycareastheirmajor.

D、Bridgethesalarygapbetweenspecialistsandprimarycarephysicians.

标准答案:D

知识点解析:细节题。眼据题干中的suggestion将本题出处定位到倒数第三段,该

段是对上段问题“我们如何解决这个问题''的回答,即作者对如何改善基本医疗行业

状况的建议。其中,第三句提到两个吸引医学专业学生到基本医疗行业的方法,即

forgiving...career和reconciling...salaries,D项是对第二个方法”调整专科医生和普

科医生工资之间的明显差距”的同义转述,故为正确答案。

Itusedlobesostraightforward(直接的).Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthe

laboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwould

thenremovetheauthor'snamesandaffiliations(附属机构)fromthepaperandsenditto

theirpeersforreview,dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthe

paperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublishers,and

researchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.No

longer.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhy

commercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchby

restrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganization

forEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribing

thefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoria

UniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingfor

publisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.It

signalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.The

valueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,

uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientific

publishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternational

AssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublishersaysthattherearemorethan

2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2

millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.Accordingto

theOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusiness

modelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport'sauthors.Thereisthe

so-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonline

journaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,

typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobe

published.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives(档案),whereorganizationssuchas

universitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories(仓库).Othsr

modelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournals

allowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreely

availabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformof

thepccr-rcvicwprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

31、Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses.

A^thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

B>thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

C^therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

D、thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

标准答案:D

知识点解析:细节题。第一段是本文的引子,为第二段的论述做铺垫。综合各句子

的含义可以看出,第一段.主要描述了科研成果发表的传统过程。因此D项“传统的

期刊出版过程”为正确答案,iraditional和文中的usedto相对应。

32、WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?

A>Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

B、kintroducesanefieciivemeansofpublication.

C、Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.

D、Itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.

标准答案:C

知识点露析:判断题。第二段第三、四句指出,经合组织的报告描述了免费使用科

研成果这一做法的深远影响,出版商读了肯定很不舒服,因为他们赚取了丰厚的利

润。可见,C项“它让获利的期刊出版商感到不舒服”是正确答案。

33、Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat.

A^itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.

B、itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.

C、itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.

D、itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.

标准答案:A

知识点解析:细节题。第二段第三句提到,网络使免费使用科研成果成为现实。在

同一段中,作者还批评了杂志社的传统做法,认为它们限制了人们使用科研成果。

可见,作者赞同在线出版模式,认为它能使读者以便捷的方式使用科研成果。A项

“它提供了使用科研资源的便捷方式”为正确答案。

34Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto

A、coverthecostofitspublication.

B、subscribetothejournalpublishingit.

C、allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.

D、completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.

标准答案:A

知识点解析:细节题。第四段共介绍了四种网络出版模式,其中第五句提到了、'开

放存取出版模式”,在这种模式下,作者或其雇主支付论文出版费用。因此A项

“支付出版费用”为正确答案。

35、Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?

A、Theinternetisposingathreattopublishers.

Anewmodetopublicationinlaboratory.

C、Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.

D、Publicationisrenderedeasilybyonlineservice.

标准答案:B

知识点解析:主旨题。文章第一段介绍了科研成果发表的传统过程,用于引出第二

段以后所介绍的新的网络出版模式。文章主要从“免费使用科研成果”和“网络出版”

两个角度分析了学术期刊出版的变化。B项”新的出版模式正在出现”强调了出扳方

式的变化,是正确选项。

Onlytwocountriesintheadvancedworldprovidenoguaranteeforpaidleavefromwork

tocareforanewbornchild.Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthedubious

distinctionbyestablishingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2014.Iwasn'tsurprisedwhenthis

didn'tmakethenewshereintheUnitedStates—we'renowtheonlywealthycountry

withoutsuchapolicy.TheUnitedStatesdoeshaveoneexplicitfamilypolicy,theFamily

andMedicalLeaveAct,passedin1993.Itentitlesworkerstoasmuchas12weeks*

unpaidleaveforcareofanewbornordealingwithafamilymedicalproblem.Despitethe

modestyofthebenefit,theChamberofCommerceandotherbusinessgroupsfoughtit

bitterly,describingitas"government-runpersonnelmanagement"anda"dangerous

precedent".Infact,everystepoftheway,as(usually)Democraticleadershavetriedto

introducework-familybalancemeasuresintothelaw,businessgroupshavebeenstrongly

opposed.AsYalelawprofessorAnneAlstottargues,justifyingparentalsupportdepends

ondefiningthefamilyasasocialgoodthat,insomesense,societymustpayfor.Inher

bookNoExit;WhatParentsOweTheirChildrenandWhatSocietyOwesParents,she

arguesthatparentsareburdenedinmanywaysintheirlives;thereis"noexit"whenit

comestochildren."Societyexpects—andneeds-parentstoprovidetheirchildrenwith

continuityofcare,meaningtheintensive,intimatecarethathumanbeingsneedto

developtheirintellectual,emotionalandmoralcapabilities.Andsocietyexpects一ard

needs—parentstopersistintheirrolesfor18years,orlongerifneeded.Whilemost

parentsdothisoutoflove,therearepublicpenaltiesfornotprovidingcare.Whatparents

do,inotherwords,isofdeepconcerntothestate,fortheobviousreasonthatcaringfor

childrenisnotonlymorallyurgentbutessentialforthefutureofsociety.Thestate

recognizesthisinthelargebodyoffamilylawsthatgovernchildren'swelfare,yetparents

receivelittlehelpinmeetingthelife-changingobligationssocietyimposes.Toclassify

parentingasapersonalchoiceforwhichthereisnocollectiveresponsibilityisnotmerely

toignorethesocialbenefitsofgoodparenting;really,itistostealthosebenefitsbecause

theyaccrue(不因i积累的)tothewholeofsocietyastoday'schildrenbecometomorrow's

productivecitizenry(公民).Infact,bysomeestimates,thevalueofparentalinvestments

inchildren,investmentsoftimeandmoney(includinglostwages),isequalto20-30%of

grossdomesticproduct.Iftheseinvestmentsgeneratehugesocialbenefits-asthey

clearlydo-thebenefitsofprovidingmoresocialsupportforthefamilyshouldbethat

muchclearer.

36、Whatdowelearnaboutpaidfamilyleavefromthefirstparagraph?

A、Americaisnowtheonlydevelopedcountrywithoutthepolicy.

B、IthasnowbecomeahottopicintheUnitedStates.

C、ItcameasasurprisewhenAustraliaadoptedthepolicy.

D、ItsmeaningwasclarifiedwhenitwasestablishedinAustralia.

标准答案:A

知识点解析:细节题。根据题I,中的paidfamilyleave和thefirstparagraph将本题

出处定位到第一段。该段末句提到we'renowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsucha

policy(我们现在成了唯一一个没有施行这项政策的富裕国家),wc指代破折号前的

theunitedSlates,suchapolicy指的则是上一句中所提到的paidfamilyleave(带薪休

假)。A项是破折号后内容的同义转述,故为正确答案,其中America即theUnited

States,developedcountry与wealthycountry同义。

37、Whathaspreventedthepassingofwork-familybalancelawsintheUnitedStates?

A、TheincompetenceoftheDemocrats.

B、TheexistingFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct.

C-.ThelackofaprecedentinAmericanhistory.

D、Theoppositionfrombusinesscircles.

标准答案:D

知识点解析:细节题。艰据题干中的work—familybalancelaws将本题出处定位到

第二段末句。该句提到,事实上,民主党领导人试图将平衡工作和家庭的措施写进

法律中,每走一步都遭到商业群体的强烈反对。由此可知,商业群体的反对阻止了

平衡工作和家庭的相关法律的通过。D项”来自商业圈的反对”是对businessgroups

havebeenstronglyopposed的同义转述,故为正确答案。

38、WhatisProfessorAnneAlston'sargumentfbrparentalsupport?

A^ThecostofraisingchildrenintheU.S.hasbeengrowing.

B、Goodparentingbenefitssociety.

C、TheU.S.shouldkeepupwithotherdevelopedcountries.

D、Childrenneedcontinuouscare.

标准答案:B

知识点解析:细节题。限据题干中的ProfessorAnneAlstotfsargumentforparental

support将本题出处定位到第三段首句。该句提到,就像耶鲁法学教授AnneAktott

所辩解的那样,证明给父母提供支持这种做法合理,取决于将家庭定义为对社会有

益的事情,在某种意义上,社会对这种事情必须负责。由该段中后面引用的Anne

Alston书中的观点也能看出,社会之所以要对家长提供支持是因为社会期许也需要

家长们对孩子付出不问断的关爱。由此可知,AnneAlston教授认为社会应该给父

母提供支持的理由是父母养育孩子对社会有利。B项“好好养育孩子有益于社会”是

对familyasasocialgood的同义转述,故为正确答案。

39、WhatdocstheauthorthinkofAmerica^largebodyoffamilylawsgoverning

ch

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