考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷612

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷612

一、阅读（补全短文）（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共

20分。）

[A]Thisinterpretationwaschallengedinarecentpaper.Afterreviewingtheresearch

literature,theauthorsconcludedthatnarcissismandself-esteemaremuchmoredistinct

thanconventionalwisdomhasledustobelieve.Statisticallyspeaking,theyareonly

weaklycorrelated.Narcissistscanbelowinself-esteem,andhighself-esteemdoesnot

implynarcissism.Narcissistsfeelsuperiortoothers,believetheyareentitledto

privileges,andcraveadmiration.Theythinktheworldwouldbeamuchbetterplaceifit

revolvedaroundthem.Andwhentheythinkitdoesn't,theylashoutaggressively.High

self-esteemers,bycontrast,feelsatisfiedwiththemselvesasaperson,butdon'tsee

themselvesasanybetterthanothers.[B]Sincethe1970s,Westernparentshavebecome

increasinglyconcernedwithbuildingchildren'sself-esteem.Parentsintuitivelybelieve

thathighself-esteemiskeytosuccess,health,andwell-being,andtheytrytoraiseself­

esteembytellingchildrenthattheyareuniqueandextraordinary.Unfortunately,thereis

someevidencethatsincetheverysamedecade,Westernyouthhavebecomeincreasingly

narcissistic.Theconclusionwouldseemobvious:inraisingourchildren'sself-esteemtoo

much,wehavenecessarilyturnedthemintonarcissists.[C]Narcissismiscultivatedby

parentalovervaluation:parentsseeingtheirchildasuniqueandextraordinaryindividual.

Overvaluingparentshavebeenfoundtooverestimate,over-claim,andoverpraisetheir

child'squalities.Overvaluingparentsthinktheirchildissmarterthanheorsheactually

is.Theyclaimtheirchildhasknowledgeofawidevarietyoftopics,eventopicsthat

cannotpossiblybeknownbythechild.Andtheylavishtheirchildwithpraise,even

whenthechilddoesn'tperformwell.Overtime,thesepracticescanteachchildrentosee

themselvesasuniqueandextraordinaryindividuals.[D]Tiws,narcissismdoesn'tarise

fromhavingtoomuchself-esteem.Itarises,inpart,frompracticesthatareintendedto

raiseself-esteembutactuallyraisenarcissism.Whenparentstrytoraisechildren'sself-

esteem,theyintuitivelytellthemthattheyareuniqueandextraordinary—thevery

practicethatraisesnarcissismratherthanself-esteem.Theself-esteemmovementwas

rightaboutonething:raisingself-esteemisimportant.Althoughcertainlynotapanacea,

self-esteembringshappinessandsatisfyingsocialrelationships.Butthemovementwas

wrongaboutanotherthing:raisingself-esteemisn'teasy.[E]Thisdistinctioniskeyto

rethinkingoureffortstoboostchildren'sself-esteem.Oncewerecognizethefinelinethat

runsbetweennarcissismandself-esteem,wccanhelpchildrendevelophealthyviewsof

themselves.Whydosomechildrenbelievethey'reGod'sgifttohumanity,whileother

childrenlikethemselvesbutdon'tseethemselvesasanybetterthantheirfellowhumans?

Narcissismandself-esteemarebothpartlyheritable,butthey'realsoshapedbychildhood

experiences.Theauthorsstudiedthechildhoodoriginsofnarcissismandself-esteem,and

discoveredthatthey'requitedistinct.[F]Howcanweeffectivelyraisechildren'sself-

esteem?Psychologistsoftentellustotrustourintuition,butaswe'veseen,intuitionisn't

alwaysthebestparentingguide,forwhatseemsintuitivelyrightcanbreednarcissism.

Ratherthantellingchildrenthey'reuniquesnowflakes,weshouldmakechildrenfeel

lovedandvalued,sotheygrowuplikingthemselveswithoutseeingthemselvesas

superiortoothers.[G]Self-esteem,ontheotherhand,iscultivatedbyparentalwarmth:

parentsexpressingfondnessandaffectionfortheirchild.Thisisn'tanythinglike

overvaluingchildren.Warmparentssharejoywiththeirchild,showinterestinthechild's

activities,andmakethechildfeellovedandvalued.Overtime,thesepracticescanteach

childrentoseethemselvesasworthyindividuals—notasanybetterorworsethanother

individuals.

1、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题可先用排除法。A和D的位置已经给出，不用考虑。E首句的

Thisdistinction和G首句的ontheotherhand都提示这两段前面均有上文与之对

应，故排除。剩下B、C、F三段。B说的是自恋和自尊的关系，C说的是自恋产

生的根源，F说的是如何有效地培养孩子的自尊心，根据已给出的第二段（即A）开

头的Thisinlerpretalion可知，第一段末尾应提至IJ某种观点或说法，且该说法与A

第二、第三句提到的结论（自恋与自尊有很大区别，二者并无很强的朕系）相反。B

最符合要求，B先提出过多培养自尊心会导致自恋，接着A对此提出反驳（其中

Thisinterpretation即指B末尾处的结论）。指出自尊和自恋相差甚远。无甚关联。B

和A的逻辑关系紧密，语义衔接顺畅，故确定B为本题答案。

2、

标准答案：E

知识点解析：本题位于第二段（即A）之后。A谈论了自恋和自尊区别。E首句提到

的Thisdistinction正是指A说的这种区别。两段衔接顺畅。C和G分别说的是自恋

和自尊产生的根源，与E相比，这两段与A缺乏明显的过渡，都不选。F说如何培

养孩子的自尊，其主题与A也相去甚远，也排除。故最终确定本题选E。

3、

标准答案：C

知识点露析：上一段（即E）的结尾处提到自恋和自尊在一定程度上是由童年生活的

影响所致，并且二者在童年生活中的根源有显著区别。因此，本段应开始谈论它们

产生的根源有何不呼C、G分号讲述自恋和自尊在童年生活中的根源，而G的

ontheotherhand提示G在C之后，故本题应选Co

4、

标准答案：G

知识点解析♦：上一段（即C）说的是自恋的根源，G说的是自尊心的根源，两段一起

阐明了E末尾说的观点一自恋和自尊在童年生活中的根源明显不同。G首句的

ontheotherhand,表明G在C之后。此外，下一段为D,该段开头的Thus表明,

根据上文的内容应能得出D首句的结论。C、G讲述自恋与自尊产生根源的区别，

正因有区别，才得出D首句“自恋并非有高度自尊心所致”的结论。故最终确定G

为本题答案。

5、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：本题位于D之后，D的位置已经给出，位于文中倒数第二段。从D

的主题可以看出，D对自恋和自尊产生的根源做了总结，并在段末指出不要把培养

自尊想得过于复杂。本文为典型的问题分析型文章，一般来说，这类英语文章遵循

''提出问题-分析问题-解决问题”的行文模式。因此，D之后应该进入到,、解决问

题”的部分。既然D末尾提及培养自尊不像上文说的错误做法则复杂，那接下来

讲述一下正确的培养方法便是顺理成章之事。故本题选F。

[A]Overthepastyear,theprospectivebrainhypothesishasgainedsteadysupportamong

neuroscientists.Anintriguingpossibilityraisedbythehypothesisisthattheprimaryrole

ofhumanmemorymaynotbetorememberthepast,buttoimagineandprepareforthe

future.MOncethingsinthepastarefinished,there'snothingyoucandoaboutthem,"

Levinesays.[B]BrianLevine,aneuroscientistattheUniversityofTorontoinCanada,is

convincedthatthedatashowarealdeclineinpersonalfutureimaginings."Ithinkthat

methodologicallytheyhaveruledoutrheotherpossibleexplanations,"Levinesays.He

addsthatthefindingsareconsistentwithotherstudiesexaminingfuturethinkingin

humans."Themoreinterestingquestionis'why?'1',hesays.[C]Oldagedoesmorethan

stealthilystealawayourmostcherishedmemories:italsoseemstodiminishourabilityto

imaginethings.Thisfinding,detailedintheJanuaryissueofthejournalPsychological

Science,supportsthe"prospectivebrain"hypothesis,theideathatimaginingthefuture

andrememberingthepastrelyonthesameneuralmachinery.Oneimplicationofthis

studyisthatimaginingisquitecloselyrelatedto,anddependenton,remembering,

perhapsmoresothanwepreviouslyrealized,DanSchacterofHarvardUniversitysays.

[D]Inthestudy,Schacterandhisteamaskedgroupsofyoungandoldparticipants,with

averageagesof25and72,respectively,torecountapersonalepisodefromtheirpastor

imagineapersonalexperienceintheirfutureinresponsetocuewords.Detailsinthe

participants'narrativeswerecategorizedaseither"internal"or"externar*.Internal

memoriesaresimilartoscenesfromamovie:theycontainspecificsubjectsandtake

placeinparticularsettingsandtimeperiods.Externalmemoriesconsistmostlyofgeneral

factsabouttheworld,suchas"theskyisblue".Asexpected,resultsshowedthatthepast

accountsoftheolderparticipants'talescontainedfewer,andlessdetailed,internal

memoriesthanthoseoftheyoungergroup.Thisdeficitalsoextendedtotheirfuture

imaginings.[E]Incontrast,anolderparticipant'sresponsetothesamecuewordwas:

"ThesceneisI'mjustdrivingalong,intheSaab,and...notworryingabouthighenergy

costs..."Itwasn'tthattheoldergrouphadtroublespeakingorspokeless,theresearchers

found.Theolderpeoplescorednormallyonverbaltests,andtheytalkedatlengthabout

non-personalexternalmemories.[F]Ayoungparticipantaskedtoimagineapersonal

sceneinresponsetothecueword"engine*1,forexample,mightenvisagethemselves

drivinginaredconvertiblealongCalifornia'sPacificCoastHighwayoneweekendover

thesummer.Theymightdescribeseagullscirclingoverhead,thefeelofthewindmussing

theirhair,andthesmellofthesaltairastheyroundaparticularcorner.[G]The

researchersspeculatethatpersonalmemoriesarcparticularlysusceptibletoageing

becausetheyrelyheavilyon"relationalprocessing”,theabilitytomentallysummonand

joinuniquepiecesofinformation,suchaswhereandwhenanexperienceoccurred.

Stitchingtheparticularsofascenetogether-beitrealorimagined-getsmoredifficult

withage.

1.—*2.t3.f「4.fB-*5.।—*A

6、

标准答案：C

知识点解扁：本题为文章首段，可先用排除法。A和B的位置已给出，不用考

虑，然后快速浏览其余各段的开头部分。D首句的Inthestudy表明上文应已提及

这个study。E开头的Incontrast说明E之前已讲述了另一种与E构成对比的情

况。F首句的主语为Ayoungparticipant“一名年轻的参与者”，parlicipant是针对实

验或研究而言的概念，故上文应提及某项实验或研究的信息。G开头的特指名词

Theresearchers,也需要有前文交代。排除了上述选项后，只剩下C,该项介绍了

一项研究结果，引出“衰老会使记忆力和想象力都衰退”的话题，符合开篇段落的特

征。故确定C为正确答案。

7、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：上一段（即C）简要介绍了一项关于记忆力和想象力的研究结果。由此

推测，下文应该会接着介绍这项研究的具体情况。D的内容符合要求，其开头的

Ihesludy即指上段所讲的研究。E开头的Incontrasl表明上文应与E首句形成对

比，但C段末讲的是研究得出的结果，不能与E首句描述的具体情况构成对比，

故不选E。F为其中一类研究对象的反应情况，放在此处缺乏对该研究大致情况的

交代，显得卜分突兀，故F不能与C衔接。G是对研究结果的深层原因的探究，

不可能位于这么靠前的位置，故G也排除。最终确定本题答案为D。

8、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：上一段（即D）末讲到研究的方式是让参与者叙述过去发生之事和根据

提示词想象未来的场景，段末指出老年组的描述中包含较少内部记忆，并提到这情

况同样发生在他们对未来事情的想象力上。可见下文应该会接着讲在对未来事情的

想象方面的研究情况或结果。F结合具体例子说明年轻组在未来想象力方面的表现

情况，符合上述推测，F跟D语义衔接得当。E虽然也是介绍参与者在未来想象力

方面的表现，但Incontrast和thesamecueword说明E之前应该先提及另一组参与

者的情况，故不选。G解释老化使得记忆力和想象力衰退的原因，与D主题相去

甚远，无法衔接。故本题答案为F。

9、

标准答案：E

知识点解析：上一段(即F)讲述年轻参与者在未来想象力方面的表现情况，E讲述

的是老年参与者在未来想象力的表现。前者的描述中信息丰富，画面饱满；后者的

描述缺乏想象力，场景单调。两段所讲的情况形成鲜明对比，与Incontrast体现的

逻辑相吻合。此外，E首句的ihesamecueword也与F中的ihecueword“engine”相

对应。故确定本题选E。

10、

标准答案：G

知识点解析：本题在B之后。B的末尾处，研究人员提问为什么老年人会出现想象

力衰退的现象。3提到研究人员推测衰老之所以会削弱记忆力是因为记忆力所依赖

的regionalprocessing受到影响；如前文所讲，想象力依赖于记忆力，当记忆力衰

退，想象力自然也随之减弱。这就回答了B末尾提出的问题。故本题选G。

[A]Itturnsoutthatunemployedyouthwiththemosteducationinhigh-income

economieshaveworsephysicalwell-beingthanthosewithlesseducation.Unemployed

youthwithcollegedegreeshavethelowestphysicalwell-being,followedbythosewith

secondaryeducation,andthenprimaryeducation.Sonotonlyistheresomethingunique

aboutyouthunemploymentinhigh-incomeeconomies,butthereisalsosomething

uniqueabouteducationalattainmentlevelswithinthem.Sowhatmightexplainthese

counieriniuiiiveandtroublingfindings?[B]Weknowaloiaboutihedevasiaiinghealth

effectsofunemployment.Butnewanalysisrevealsjusthowbaditcanbefor

unemployedyouthinhigh-incomecountries.OurGallup-HealthwaysGlobalWell-Being

Indexfoundthatamong47high-incomccountries,thephysicalwell-beingof

unemployedyoungadultsbetweentheagesof15to29isstatisticallytiedwithemployed

peopleaged50andolder.AndintheU.S.,wherewewereabletoanalyzeasufficient

samplesize,unemployedyouthhaveaworsephysicalwell-beingcomparedwith

employedolderadults.Thesamephenomenonisnotobservedinmanylower-incometo

upper-middle-incomeeconomies,whereunemployedyouthonaverageenjoyhigher

physicalwell-beingcomparedwithemployedolderadults.Inotherwords,thesefindings

areuniquetounemployedyoungpeopleinmanyhighlydevelopedeconomies.[C]

Seeingsuchalowpercentageofyoungpeoplewhoarcthrivingintheirphysicalwell­

beingrelativetootherscriesoutforaction.Muchattentionhasbeendedicatedtothe

problemofyouthunemploymentindevelopingcountries(forgoodreason),butitis

clearlyaproblemforhigh-incomecountriesaswell.Andinhigh-incomecountries一

whereunemployedyouthmaysufferfromstigmasandlackfamilysupport—itraises

importantquestionsabouthowbesttoservethemandhelpthemfindmeaningfulwork.

[D]Second,unemploymentmaybehardertobearwhenfamilysupportisabsent.Take

threereferencepoints:India,Mexico,andtheU.S.InIndia,thevastmajorityof

Generation-programstudentsarclivingwithseveralmembersintheirhouseholds.U.S.

youth,ontheotherhand,areoftenontheirown.Mexicoisamiddlepointbetweenthe

two.Forreference,MexicoandIndia,whenviewedaspartofupper-middle-incomeand

lower-middle-incomeeconomies,tendtohavehigherpercentagesofthrivingamong

youngunemployedadults.[E]What'sthecause?Aquickanswerwouldbethatmanyof

theseyoungadultswereinpoorphysicalwell-beingtobeginwith,preventingthemfrom

working.Thisispossible.Butouranalysisalsoleadstosomeotherviableexplanations.

Couldthestigmaofnothavingajobasayoungpersoninahighlydevelopedeconomy

bedevastatingenoughthatitissimilartoadding30yearsofagingtoone'sphysicalwell-

being?|F|Foranswers,weturnedtoMcKinseySocialInitiative'sGeneration,ayouth

employmentprogramthatisactiveinfivecountriesspanningvariousincomelevels:the

U.S.,Spain,Mexico,IndiaandKenya.Ithassupportedmorethan8,000youthacross

thesegeographiesinthepast20months,anditsdataandexperiencesyieldtwo

hypothesesthatmayexplainwhytheseoutcomesaresoprevalentintheUnitedStates

specifically.[G]First,sharingtheburdenwithapeergrouplessensthehealtheffectsof

unemployment.InSpain,youthunemploymentrateshadreachedmorethan50%two

yearsagoandremainupwardof40%.Inspiteofthismassiverate,thephysicalwell­

beingofunemployedSpanishyouthishigherthanthatofunemployedyouthintheU.S.,

whereyouthunemploymentrateswerebetween11%to12%inJulythisyear.We

hypothesizethatU.S.youthwhoareunemployedcouldbesufferinglowerphysicalwell­

beingthantheircounterpartsbecausetheyareananomalyinahigh-employment

economyandthereforebearahigherindividualcost.

4.5.TC

11、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题要选文章首段，可先用排除法。C、E位置已给出，不用考虑。

浏览其余各段的开头部分之后，可接着排除段首分别含Second、Foranswersfl

First的D、F、G三段。剩下A、B两段。A开头的Itturnsout意为“结果是,原来

是，结果发现……”，也不是文章开端会用的表达，故排除A。B通过指出高收入

国家的失业年轻人的健康状况很差这个现象引人本文要探讨的话题，符合文章开篇

特点；且从第二段（即E）首句可知，第一段应该讲述了某种现象或问题，B的内容

与此相符。故最终确定B为答案。

12、

标准答案：A

知识点解析：上一段（即E）结尾处指出出现上文所讲现象的可能原因“身处高收

入国家却失业''带来的耻辱感影响了青年的健康。该处用的是问句，暗示了情况没

这么单一。A讲到失业青年所健康状况还受其教育程度影响。A分析的是青年失业

与身体健康关系的另一种情况，与上述推断吻合；此外，A倒数第二句对上文提及

的“高收入国家失业青年的健康更糟糕”和本段前半部分讲的“失业青年所受教育程

度越高，其健康状况越差''作了总结，这也说明A接着E之后是合理的。因此，本

题答案选A。

13、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：上一段（即A）末尾提出问题：要如何解释上文提到的现象（即发达国家

失业青年、受教育程度高的失业青年健康状况特别差）。F首句的Foranswers,we

turnedlo…正好承接上文的发问，开始进入对原因的探讨，指出可以从麦肯锡的一

个帮助失业青年就业的项目中寻找原因。两段语义衔接合理，故本题答案选F。

14、

标准答案：G

知识点解析：上一段（即F）结尾处指出根据麦肯锡的“时代”项目，可以总结出两个

假设来解释上文所说的现象。注意此处说的“两种假设”，而选项中出现了分别以

First和Second开头的段落，可见这两个段落讲述的应该是上述两种假设的具体内

容，所以答案可先圈定G。G主要讲述同龄人失业的比例对失业青年健康状况有影

响，这可以解释为何青年失业率低的发达国家，其失业青年的健康状况反而更糟。

由此，最终确定本题选G。

15、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：上一段（即G）分析的是第一种假设，接下来应该讲述第二种假设。以

Second开头的D符合要求，该段讲述在没有家庭支持的情况下，失业对青年人来

说更加难以承受。这解释了为何诸如美国这样高收入的国家，其失业青年的健康状

况反而更差——因为美国青年倾向于独居，其失'业后所承受的压力更大，从而对他

们的健康产生更大的影响。故确定本题选D。

[A]Itwouldbeeasytobelievethatrudenessis"nobigdeal"andthatpeoplemustjust

"getoverit",butmoreandmoreresearchersarerindingthatthisissimplynottrue.

Experiencingrudenessatworkhasbeenassociatedwithdecreasedperformance,

decreasedcreativity,andincreasedturnoverintentions,tonamejustafewofthemany

negativeoutcomesofthesebehaviours.Knowinghowharmfulthesebehaviourscanbe,

thequestionbecomes:wheredotheycomefrom,andwhydopeopledothem?[B]Most

peoplecanrelatetotheexperienceofhavingacolleagueinexplicablytreatthemrudelyat

work.You'renotinvitedtoattendameeting.Aco-workcrgetscoffeeforeveryonebut

you.Yourinputislaughedatorignored.Alargeandgrowingbodyofresearchsuggests

thatsuchincidents,termedworkplaceincivilityorworkplacerudeness,arenotonlyvery

common,butalsoveryharmful.Althoughthesebehavioursaredefinedaslow-intensity

deviantbehaviourwithambiguousintenttoharm,thenegativeoutcomesassociatedwith

workplacerudenessareanythingbutsmallortrivial.[C]Therearetwowaysinwhich

behavioursandemotionscanbecontagious.Oneisthroughaconsciousprocessofsocial

learning.Forexample,ifyou'verecentlytakenajobatanewofficeandyounoticethat

everybodycarriesawaterbottlearound,itlikelywon'tbelonguntilyoufindyourself

carryingone,too.Thistypeofcontagionistypicallyconscious.Ifsomebodyaskedwhy

youarecarryingthatwaterbottlearound,youwouldsay,"BecauseIsaweverybodyelse

doingitanditseemedlikeagoodidea.1*[D]Whiletherearelikelymanyreasonspeople

behaverudely,atleastoneexplanationthatresearchershaverecentlyexploredisthat

rudenessseemstobe"contagious".Thatis,experiencingrudenessactuallycausespeople

tobehavemorerudelythemselves.Lotsofthingscanbecontagious—fromthecommon

cold,tosmiling,yawningandothersimpleiiioluiaulions,lucmoUoiis（beingarounda

happypersontypicallymakesyoufeelhappy）.Andasitturnsout,beingaroundarude

personcanactuallymakeyourude.Buthow?|E|Anotherpathwaytocontagionis

unconscious:researchshowsthatwhenyouseeanotherpersonsmiling,ortappinga

pencil,forexample,mostpeoplewillmimicthosesimplemotorbehavioursandsmileor

tapapencilthemselves.Ifsomeoneweretoaskwhyyou'resmilingortappingyour

pencil,you'dlikelyanswer,"Ihavenoidea,"[F]Unfortunately,becausetherudenessis

contagiousandunconscious,it'shardtostop.Sowhatcanbedone?Wcneedtore­

examinethetypesofbehavioursthataretoleratedatwork.Moreseveredeviant

behaviours,suchasabuse,aggressionandviolence,arenottoleratedbecausetheir

consequencesareblatant.Whilerudenessofamoreminornaturemakesitsconsequences

alittlehardertoobserve,itisnolessrealandnolessharmful,andthusitmightbetime

toquestionwhetherweshouldtoleratethesebehavioursatwork.[G]Inaseriesof

studies,research