考研英语（一）模拟试卷16

考研英语（一）模拟试卷16

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。）

HowdoyougettoCarnegieHall?Practice.Inagroundbreakingpaperpublishedin1993,

cognitivepsychologistAndersEricssonaddedacrucial[Cl]tothatoldjoke.

HowdoyougettoCarnegieHall?Deliberatepractice.It'snota[C2]change.

Thedifferencebetweenineffectiveandeffectivepracticemeansthedifferencebetween

mediocrityandmastery.Hundredsofthousandsofpeopletookmusiclessonswhenthey

wereyoungandrememberlittleornothing,giving[C3]tothenotionthat

learninganinstrumentiseasiestwhenyou'reakid.Theimportanlthingisnotjust

practicebutdeliberatepractice,"aconstantsenseof[C4],offocusingonone's

weaknesses,[C5]simplyfoolingaroundandplaying[C6]one's

strengths.Studiesshowthatpracticeaimedat[C7]weaknessesisabetter

[C8]ofexpertisethanrawnumberofhours;playingfor[C9]and

repeatingwhatyoualreadyknowisnotnecessarilythesameasefficientlyreachinganew

level.Mostofthepracticethatmostpeopledo[CIO]almostnoeffect.HSohow

doesdeliberatepracticework?AndersEricsson's1993paper[Cl1]bracing

reading.Hemakesitclearthatadutifuldaily[CI2]topracticeisnotenough.

Longhoursofpracticearcnotenough."Deliberatepractice,"Ericssondeclaressternly,"

[03]effortandisnotinherentlyenjoyable.'Havinggivenusfair[C14]

,herevealsthesecretofdeliberatepractice:relentlesslyfocusingonour

weaknessesandinventingnewwaysto[C15]themout.Itsoundssimple,even

obvious,butiCssomethingmostofus[C161.Whatwedon'tdois[C17]

lookforwaysthatwc'rcfailingand[C18]atthoseflawsuntilthey're

gone,thensearchformorewayswc'rc[C19].Butalmosttwodecadesof

researchshowsthat'sexactlywhat[C201themerelygoodfromthegreat.[298

words]

1、[Cl]

A、conclusion

modification

C>evaluation

D、foundation

标准答案:B

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

2、[C2]

A、minor

major

C、sudden

D^gradual

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

3、[C3]

A^rise

B、way

C、birth

D、lie

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查动词短语十句内语义。

4、[C4]

A^self-evaluation

self-control

C、self-sufficiency

D、self-defence

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查名词辨析十句内语义。

5、[C5]

A、apartfrom

B、togetherwith

C、orelse

D、ratherthan

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查句内逻辑。

6、[C6]

A、to

B、against

C、on

D、about

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查介词用法。

7、[C7]

A、exposing

B、exploiting

C、remedying

D、relieving

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词辨析。

8、[C8]

A、performer

B、predictor

C、practitioner

D、predecessor

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查句内语义+名词辨析。

9、[C9]

A、free

B、show

C、fun

D、real

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

10、[C10]

A、reverses

B、yields

C>offsets

D、incurs

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

11、[C11]

A、makesfor

B、answersfor

C、looksfor

D、takesfor

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查动词短语+上下文语义。

12、[C12]

A、engagement

B、commitment

C、agreement

D、involvement

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查名词辨析。

13、［C13］

A^repays

B、replaces

C、requires

D、restricts

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

14、［C14］

A、example

B、reason

C^warning

D、order

标准答案：C

知识点解析•：本题考查上下文语义。

15、［CI5］

A、leave

B、rule

C、figure

D、root

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查动词短语十句内语义。

16、［C161

hide

B、face

C、expect

D、avoid

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

17、［C17］

A、instantly

B、intentionally

C^initially

D、incidentally

标准答案：B

知识点解析♦：本题考查上下文语义。

18、[CI8]

A、hammeraway

B、turnaway

C^pindown

D、cutdown

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查动词短语。

19、[C19]

A、stirringup

tyingup

C、messingup

D、mixingup

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查动词短语。

20>[C201

A、distracts

B、discharges

C、deducts

D、distinguishes

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词辨析。

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Onecandredgeupancientinstancesof,rso"asasentencestarter.Inhis14th-century

poem"TroilusandCriseyde,"Chaucerlaunchedaversewith,"Soonadayhe...”But

formostofitslife,"so"hasprincipallybeenaconjunction,anintensifierandanadverb,

hidinginthemiddleofsentences.Whatisnewisitsstatusasthefavoredintroductionto

thoughts,itsencroachmentontheterritoryof"weli/1"oh,""urn"andsoon.Soitis

widelybelievedthattherecentascendancyof"so"beganinSiliconValley.Inimmigrant-

filledtechnologyfirms,itdemocratizedtalkbyreplacingaworldofpossibletransitions

withacatchall.And"so"suggestedakindofthinkingthatappealedtoproblem-solving

softwaretypes:conversationasalogical,unidirectionalprocess—ifthis,thenthat.This

logicalhinttonso"hasfolloweditoutofsoftware.Comparedto"well"and"urn,"

startingasentencewith"so"usesthewhiffoflogictorelayauthority.Whereas"well"

vacillates,nsoMdeclaims.Toansweraquestionwith"so'*bettersuitstheage,perhaps:an

ageinwhichFacebookandTwinerencourageordinarypeopleioslayonmessage;in

whichwearemovingtowarddeclamatoryblogsandawayfromdown-the-middle

reporting."So"alsoechoesthecreepinginfluenceofscience-anddata-drivenculture.It

wouldhavebeenunimaginableafewdecadesagothatordinarypeoplewouldquantify

dailyactivitieslikeeatingandsleeping.Butinthealgorithmictimesthathavecome,"so"

conveysanalgorithmiccertitude.Itsuggeststhatthereisarightanswer,whichthe

evidencedictatesandwhichmustnotbecontradicted.Amongitssynonyms,afterall,are

"consequently/'"thus"and"therefore."AndyetGalinaBolden,alinguisticsscholar

believesthatnso"isalsoaboutthecultureofempathythatisgainingsteamastheworld

embracestheincreasingcomplexityofhumanbackgroundsandgeographies.Tobegina

sentencewith"oh,"istofocusonwhatyouhavejustrememberedandyourown

concerns.Tobeginwith"so,"shesaid,istosignalthatone'scomingwordsarechosen

fortheirrelevancetothelistener.Theascendancyof"so,"Dr.Boldensaid,"suggeststhat

weareconcernedwithdisplayinginterestforothersanddownplayingourinterestinour

ownaffairs.""So"seemsalsotoreflectourtightrelationshipwithtime.Todaywelivein

fragments.Insuchaworld,Hso"defragments,withitspromisethatwhatiscomingnext

followswhatjustcame,saidMichaelErard,theauthorof"Um...:Slips,Stumbles,and

VerbalBlunders,andWhatTheyMean.*'Theriseof"so,"hesaid,is"anothersymptom

thatourcommunicationandconversationallivesarechoppedupanddiscontinuousin

actualfact,butthatwetryinseveralwaystosewthemtogether-or'so'themtogether,

asitwere-inordertocreateacontinuousexperience."Perhapswealllivenowinfear

thataconversationcouldsnapatanymoment,couldbeinterruptedbysomanyrival

offerings.With"so,"wcbegtobeheard.[510words]

21、Chaucer'spoemismentionedtoshowthatinancienttimes"so".

A、wasmainlylimitedtoliteraryuse

B、wasoccasionallyusedtobeginasentence

C、wasmainlyusedinthemiddleofsentences

D、wasfavoredasanintroductiontothoughts

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查写作目的。

22、Byansweringaquestionwith"so"insteadof"well",therespondermight

subconsciouslyintendtoshowthat.

A、heistheconversationdominator

B、heisskilledinusingnewmedia

C、hisanswerisawellgroundedone

D、hisanswerisdifferentfromothers)

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查概括引申。

23"Consequently","thus"and"therefore"aretypicallyusedtointroducestatements

thatare.

A、aboutscience

B、aboutimportantactivities

C、beyondsuspicion

D、opentoquestion

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查事实细节。

24、AccordingtoBolden,someonewhoturnsawayfrom"oh"to"so".

A、hasbecomemoreefficientinusingtheartofwordchoosing

B、hasgainedtheabilitytoimagineandshareothers'feelings

C^hasbecomelessfocusedonthepastwhilemoreonthefuture

D、hasbecomelessconcernedwithself-interestwhilemorewithinterpersonal

relationships

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查文中人物观点。

25、Accordingtotheauthor,thechangeintheusageofHso".

A^isaregrettabledeclineoflanguage

B、isanaturallanguagephenomenon

C、hascausedatechnologicalrevolution

D^haschangedourrelationshipwithtime

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查作者观点。

Computershavebecomeanextensionofus:thatisacommonplacenow.Butinan

importantwaywemaybebecominganextensionofthem,inturn.Computersaredigital

一thatis,theyturneverythingintonumbers;thatistheirwayofseeing.Andinthe

computeragewemaybelivingthroughthedigitizationofourminds,evenwhentheyare

offline:aslow-burningquantificationofhumanaffairsthatpromisesorthreatens,

dependingonyouroutlook,tocrowdoutothercategoriesoftheimagination,otherways

ofperceiving.Self-quantificationiseverywherenow.Therearetoolstomeasureand

analyzethestepsyoutakeinaday;theabundanceandideologicalorientationofyour

friends;theiniluenceofyourTwitterutterances;yourhappiness.WelcometotheAgeof

Metrics-ortotheEndofInstinct.Theonce-mysteriousformationoftastesisbecoming

aquantitativescience,asserviceslikeNetflixandPandoradeployalgorithmstopredict,

andshape,whatweliketowatch,listentoandread.Theseservicesarewonderful.They

alsorisklumpingusintoclustersofthelike-mindedanddeprivingusoftheself­

fortifyingactofchoosing.Itisonethingtoloveyourcountrybecauseyouhaveseenthe

worldandloveitstill;itisquiteanothertoloveitbecauseyouknownothingelse.What

willbethefateofcauses,likewomen'sempowerment,thatproducesomethingnoteasily

counted?Willmetricsencouragecharitiestoworktowardthemetric(acresreforested),

nottheunderlyinggoal(sustainability)?Focusingonthewrongmetricsalreadydistorts

policy-makingaroundtheworld,accordingtoafascinatingnewstudycommissionedby

theFrenchgovernment.Weusegrossdomesticproducttomeasureeverything.Itmakes

iteasytocompareeconomies,butitmakesusundervaluewhatcannotbemeasured,the

reportsaid.Treesarekilledbecausethesalesfrompaperarecountable,whileaforest's

worthisnot.Unemploymentgrantsarecutbecausetheircostisplain,whilethemental­

healthcostofidlenessisvague.Inshort,whatweknowinstinctively,datacanmakeus

forget.Butthecommission'ssolutionwasrevealingofourtimes:notmorebalance

betweenqualitativeandquantitative,butmoremetrics:newstatisticsonhumanwell­

beingandeconomicsustainabilitytocontendwithdataonproduction."Inthisworldin

whichwearesocenteredonmetrics,thosethingsthatarenotmeasuredgetleftoffthe

agenda,"Thecommission'schairman,JosephStiglitz,aNobellaureateineconomicssaid.

"Youneedametrictofightametric."Technologybringsevermoremetrics.Thestrange

thingisthatnothinginthempreventsusfromusingotherlenses,too.Butsomethingin

theculturenowmakesusbowbeforedataandsuspenddisbelief.Sometimesmetrics

blindustowhatwemigh:withfewermetricshaveseen.Thefuture'schallengetousmay

betodecidehowmetricsmightinformourdecisionswithoutbecomingthem.[488

words]

26、Thefirstparagraphmainlydiscusses.

A、thefeaturesofthecomputerage

B、thephenomenonofquantification

C、themutualinfluencebetweencomputersandhuman

D、thechangeintheworkingmodesofhumanminds

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查段落主旨。

27、ThelastsentenceofParagraph2isusedtodemonstratethatmetricsare.

A、preventingusfromusinginstinct

B、encouragingustoformdistinctivetastes

C、causingustofollowothersblindly

D^assistingustoformstrongbeliefs

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查写作目的。

28、"Thewrongmetrics'arebasicallywronginthattheyleadpolicymakersto.

ANemphasizecompetitionovercooperation

B、emphasizeeconomyovercharity

C>emphasizethecountableovertheuncountable

D、emphasizephysicalhealthovermentalhealth

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查因果细节。

29、AccordingtoJosephStiglitz,thesolutiontothewrongmetricsisto.

A^balancequalitativeagainstquantitative

B、developacomprehensivemetricsystem

C、belesscenteredonmetrics

D^combinedatawithinstinct

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查文中人物观点。

30、Concerningdecision-making,theauthormightsuggestusto.

A^dependoncultural-specificdata

believedataratherthaninstinct

C^avoidbecomingslavestometrics

D^makeuseoffewermetrics

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查准理引申。

Foryears,manyeducatorshavechampioned^errorlesslearning,"advisingteachers(and

students)tocreatestudyconditionsthatdonotpermiterrors.Theideaembeddedinthis

approachisthatifstudentsmakeerrors,theywilllearntheerrorsandbepreventedor

slowedinlearningthecorrectinformation.ButresearchbyNateKorncllatU.C.L.A.

revealsthatthisworryismisplaced.Infact,theyfound,learningbecomesbetterif

conditionsarearrangedsothatstudentsmakeerrors.Peoplerememberthingsbetter,

longer,iftheyaregivenverychallengingtestsonthematerial,testsatwhichtheyare

boundtofail.Inaseriesofexperiments,theyshowedthatifstudentsmakean

unsuccessfulattempttoretrieveinformationbeforereceivingananswer,theyremember

theinformationbetterthaninacontrolconditioninwhichtheysimplystudythe

information.Tryingandfailingtoretrievetheanswerisactuallyhelpfultolearning.In

oneoftheirexperiments,studentswererequiredtoIcampairsof"weakassociates,"

wordsthatarelooselyrelatedsuchasstar—night.Inthepretestcondition,studentsv/ere

giventhefirstwordofthepair(star-???)andtoldtotrytogeneratethesecondmember

thattheywouldhavetolaterremember.Theyhad8secondstodoso.Atthatpointthey

weregiventhetargetpairfor5seconds.Inthecontrolcondition,studentsweregiventhe

pairtostudyfor13seconds.Theteamfoundthatstudentsrememberedthepairsmuch

betterwhentheyfirsttriedtoreirieveihcanswerbeforeitwasshowntothem.Studyinga

pairfor13secondsproducesworserecallthanstudyingthepairfor5seconds,ifstudents

inthelatterconditionspenttheprevious8secondstryingtoretrieveorguesstheanswer.

Buttheeffectaveragedabout10percentbetterrecall,andoccurredbothimmediately

afterstudyandafteradelayaveraging38hours.Inanotherexperiment,studentswere

askedtoreadanessayandprepareforatestonit.However,inthepretestconditionthey

wereaskedquestionsaboutthepassagebeforereadingit.Askingthesekindsofquestion

beforereadingthepassageobviouslyfocusesstudents1attentiononthecriticalconcepts.

Tocontrolthis"directionofattention"issue,inthecontrolconditionstudentswereeither

givenadditionaltimetostudy,ortheresearchersfocusedtheirattentiononthecritical

passagesinoneofseveralways:byitalicizingthecriticalsection,byholdingthekey

termthatwouldbetested,orbyacombinationofstrategies.However,inallthe

experimentstheyfoundanadvantageinhavingstudentsfirstguesstheanswers.Of

course,thesearegeneral-purposestrategiesandworkforanytypeofmaterial,notjust

textbooks.Andremember,evenifyougetthequestionswrongasyouself-testyourself

duringstudytheprocessisstilluseful,indeedmuchmoreusefulthanjuststudying.

Gettingtheanswerwrongisagreatwaytolearn.[503words]

31、Theauthorintroduceshistopicby.

A^posingacontrast

B>makingacomparison

C^justifyinganassumption

D^explainingaphenomenon

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查写作方法。

32、Theexperimentaboutstar-nightisusedtoshowtheeffectof.

A^paired-associatelearning

B、dividingalearningprocessintosegments

C、learningbymakingmistakes

D、testinginlanguageteaching

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查写作目的。

33Whichofthefollowingisthebeststrategyinguidingstudentstocomprehendan

essay?

A、Askingthemquestionsbeforetheyreadit.

B、Helpingthemfocusonthecriticalpassages.

C^Givingthemadditionaltimetostudyit.

D、Teachingthemtousereadingstrategiescombinedly.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查布理引申。

34Itcanbeinferredwhatimpressesusmostisthose.

AxthatsatisfiedIK

B、thatfrustratedus

C、thatbroughtusgreatsuccess

D、thattookourlong-termeffort

标准答案：B-

知识点解析：本题考查唯理引申。

35、Thetextintendstotellusthat.

A、errorlesslearningproduceefficientstudents

B、gettingtheanswerwrongmakesbetterlearning

C^practicemakesperfectstudents

D、strategicsarcusefulinpromotinglearning

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查文章主旨。

NewYorkCityCouncilpassedthebanonsmokinginitsparksandonitsbeachesonthe

principlethatanonsmokershouldn'thavetoinhaleevenatinyamountofsecondhand

smoke,whetherinabarcraCentralParkmeadow.Butwhilethereisastrongpublic­

healthcaseforbanningsmokingindoors,thecaseforbanningitoutdoorsismuchweaker

—particularlywhenitrunstheriskofabacklashthatcouldunderminethebasicgoalsof

theantismokingmovement.True,thereisevidencethatbeingnearsomeonesmoking,

evenoutdoors,canresultinsignificantsecondhandsmokeexposure.Researchersat

Stanfordfoundthatlevelsoftobaccosmokewithinthreefeetofasmokeroutsideare

comparabletoinsidelevels.Butnoevidencedemonstratesthatthedurationofoutdoor

exposure—inplaceswherepeoplecanmovefreelyabout—islongenoughtocause

substantialhealthdamage.Butthathasn'tstoppedmanyopponentsofsmoking.Citing

newresearch,theyhavearguedthateventransientexposuretotobaccosmokecancause

severehealtheffectslikeheartdiseaseandlungcancer.Forexample,lastyearthe

surgeongeneral'sofficeclaimedthatHevenbriefexposuretosecondhandsmokecan

causecardiovasculardiseaseandcouldtriggeracutecardiacevents,suchasheartattack,"

andthat"inhalingeventhesmallestamountoftobaccosmokecanalsodamageyour

DNA,whichcanleadtocancer."However,thesurgeongeneral'sstatementconflatesthe

temporarynegativeeffectsofsecondhandsmokeonthecirculatorysystem,whichhave

beenshowntooccurwithshort-termexposure,withheartdisease,aprocessthatrequires

repeatedexposureandrecurringdamagetothecoronaryarteries.Italsoconflatesone­

timeDNAdamage,whichoccurswithanycarcinogenicexposure,withcancerrisk,

whichlikewisegenerallyrequiresrepeatedexposure.Moreover,banslikeNewYork's

mayactuallyincreaseexposurebycreatingsmoke-filledareasnearparkentrancesthat

cannotbeavoided.Tomakemattersworse,intryingtoconvincepeoplethateven

transientexposuretosecondhandsmokeisapotentiallydeadlyhazard,smoking

opponentsrisklosingscientificcredibility.Theantismokingmovementhasalways

foughtwithscienceonitsside,butNewYork'sbanonoutdoorsmokingseemstofulfill

itsopponents'chargethatthemovementisbeingdriveninsteadbyanunthinkinghatred

oftobaccosmoke.That,inturn,couldjeopardizemoreimportantfrontsinthe

antismokingfight,inparticularthe21statesthatstillallowsmokinginbarsand

restaurants.Abanonoutdoorsmokingmayprovideasymbolicvictory.Butfroma

publichealthperspective,it'spointless.Instead,antismokingorganizationsshouldfocus

onextendingworkplaceprotections,alreadyenjoyedbymillionsofNewYorkers,tothe

100millionAmericansstilldeniedtherighttoworkwithouthavingtobreathein

secondhandsmoke.[455words]

36、Theauthorbelieves:hatbanningsmokingoutdoors.

A^islesswelcomethanbanningsmokingindoors

B、violatesthebasicgoalsofantismokingmovement

C、willcheernonsmokersup

D^istobenefitthepublichealthgreatly

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查作者观点。

37Bycitingthesurgeongeneral'sstatement,theauthorintendstoexplain.

A^whysmokingoutdoorsshouldbebanned

B、thatoutdoorexposurecausessubstantialhealthdamage

C、thattheargumentofoutdoor-smoking-banadvocatesisnotsolid

D、howtheoutdoorsmokingbaninfactincreasessmokingexposure

标准答案：c-:

知识点解析：本题考查写作意图。

38、NewYork'sbanmightcausemorepeopleto.

A、beconvincedofthedangersofsmoking

B、realizethenatureoftheantismokingmovement

C、regardantismokingactivitiesasprejudice-driven

D^feelhatredtowardtobaccosmokers

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查准理引申。

39、Itissuggestedthattheeffortsofantismokingorganizationsshouldbedirected

to.

A、ensuringmostAmericansworkinsmokc-frccenvironment

B、furtherexpandingthecoverageofoutdoorsmokingban

C^achievingsubstantialvictoryagainstoutdoorsmoking

D、guidingthepublictorealizethedangersofsecondhandsmoke

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查事实细节。

40Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheNewYork'sbancanbebestdescribedas.

A、enthusiastic

objective

C、critical

D、puzzled

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查作者态度。

三、阅读(补全短文)(本题共5题，每题7.0分，共

5分。)

Inherinternationalbestsellingdeath-of-mannersdeclarationTalktotheHand,author

LynneTrussarguesthatcommoncourtesiessuchassaying"Excuseme"arcpractically

extinct.Therearecertainlyplentywhowouldagreewithher.Considerthatinonerecent

survey,70percentofU.S.adultssaidpeoplearerudernowthantheywere20yearsago.

Isitreallytrue?Reader'sDigestsentreporterstoNewYorktofindoutifcourtesytrulyis

dead.Theyperformedthreeexperiments:"doortests"(wouldanyoneholdoneopenfor

them?);"documentdrops**(whowouldhelpthemretrieveapileof"accidentally"

droppedpapers?);and"servicetests"(whichsalesclerkswouldthankthemfora

purchase?).41.AforeffortWhile90percentofNewYorkerspassedthedoortest,only

55percentdidwellinthedocumentdrop.Arepeoplelesslikelytohelpotherswhen

doingsotakesextraeffortortime?Notalways,thereportersfound.42.Partof

theJobNineteenofthe20clerkswhoweresubjectedtoservicetestspassed.Roger

Benjamin,themanagerandcoffeemasterataManhattanStarbucks,acknowledgedthat

thechaintrainsitsemployeestobecourteous.AndsomecoffeebartechnicianstheRD

reportersencounteredwentbeyondbasicniceties.43.MotherKnowsBestBy

far,themostcommonreasonpeoplecitedforbeingwillingtogooutoftheirwaytohelp

otherswastheirupbringing.44.WhatGoesAround...Anotherreasonpeopleare

quicktobecourteous:youdowhatyou'dwantotherpeopletodoifithappenedtoyou.

45.Excuses,ExcusesThereportersdidrunintoafewcourtesyfools.Justwhen

wcthoughtwe'dheardeveryexcuseinthebookfornothelping,alongcameanotherone.

Thankfully,suchresponsesweretheexception,nottherule,whichmakesNew

YorkCityaprettypoliteplace.It'scomfortingtoknowthatinaplacewheremillionsof

peoplejostleoneanothereachdayinapushtogetahead,they'reabletodoitwitha

smileandathank-you.Hey,iftheycanmakenicehere,theycanmakeniceanywhere.

[A]DennisKleinman,a57-year-olddoctorandwriter,usedonewordtosumupwhat

drovehisimpulsetohelp："Empathy."HecametotheaidofanRDreporterwhena

middle-agedwomanignoredapileofpapersinfrontofashoponManhattan'sEastSide.

"Thesamethinghappenstome,andIappreciateitwhensomeonetakes10to15seconds

oftheirvaluabletimetohelp,"hesaid.|B|ChristineDuBois,a49-year-oldsales

managerfromBayside,Queens,washeadedtothegymwhenshestoppedtoretrievea

pileofscatteredpapers."It'ssomethingthat'staughttoyouwhenyou'reyoung/'shesaid.

[C]"Youhavetofeedoffpeople'smood,"saidoneclerk."Yougooutofyourwayto

showcustomerstheydidusafavorbycominghere."[D]MargotZimmerman,a44-

year-oldcomputersaleswoman,wasonherwayintoaQueensStarbuckswhenareporter

droppedhisfolderofpapersrightatherfeet.Lookingdown,Zimmermanstepped

carefullyaroundthepapers,thenenteredtheshop."I'mprobablyoneofthemost

courteouspeople,"sheinsistedlater."Ipickupeveryotherperson'sdogpoop.Ihelpold

ladiesacrossthestreet.Butwhenhedroppedhispapers,hemadesuchaface."[E]"I'll

holdthedoorforwhoever'sbehindme,"saidPeteMuller,27,anaccountexecutivefrom

Brooklyn."ButI'mdefinitelymoreconsciousofwomen!"headdedwithasmile.[F]

Takethepregnantwomanwhothoughtnothingofbendingdowntohelpuswithour

papers.OrtheQueenswomannamedLizwhobalancedtwocoffees,herkeysandher

walletonatakeouttraywithonehand,whilepickinguppapersoffthewetpavement

withtheother.Herreasonforhelping?"Iwasthere,"shesaidmatter-of-factly.

41、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：小标题是Aforefforl,这是一个比较生僻的俚语，许多考生可能会不

知所云，但是标题后的内容对其进行了补充说明。对于简单的开门测试，90%的纽

约人都能逋过，然而对于稍有难度的文件掉落测试却只有55%的人能够通过。难

道这仅仅是因为后者需要付出额外的劳动和时间的原因吗：当需要耗费额外劳动和

时间的时候，难道人们就不愿意提供帮助了吗?记者发现情况并非如此。从以上内

容可以看出，此处最合适的例子应该是对两个疑问句予以否定回答的事例。[F]项

讲到两位女士，尽管她们当时行动不便，但还是尽力地帮助别人。这个例子说明许

多人并不会因为怕麻烦而拒绝提供帮助。

42、

标准答案：C

知识点解析：小标题是“份内之事”。标题后的内容指出，职员们都会说“谢谢”以感

谢顾客的光临，因为他们接受了培训，懂得顾客对他们的重要性。纵观各备选项，

只有[C]选项涉及到j'职员(clerk)与顾客(customers)的内容。该选项援引了职员说的

话，正好说明对顾客表示礼貌是员工的份内之事。

43、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：小标题是“妈妈就是权威”。标题后的内容指出，那些愿意提供帮助的

人使用的最普遍的理由是他们从小就接受长辈的礼仪教育(upbringing)。显然，选

项应该提到长辈对孩子的礼仪教育。［B|选项讲述的是一位女士说帮助别人是小时

候长辈告诉她应该做的事。这个例子符合小标题的内容，其中mother,

upbringing,taughttoyouwhenyou'reyoung形成了一个语义链，突出了该段的主

旨。

44、

标准答案：A

知识点解析：标题WhatGoesAround…意义不够明确，需要借助下文进行理解。

标题后的内容是人们表现出礼貌的另一个理由：如果这件事发生在你的身上，你希

望别人如何做那么你就应该如何做。很显然这是一种换位思考的品质。［A］选项先

指出丹尼斯帮助别人的理由是移情，然后进行举例，最后又援引丹尼斯的话进行解

释说明。他说：“同样地事情发生在我的身上，如果别人愿意帮助我，我会对此心

怀感激。”这正是一种换位思考的思维方式。

45、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：小标题是“借口，借口标题之后的内容是记者们确实遇见过几个不

懂礼貌的人，听到了各种不愿意提供帮助的借口，现在又听到了另一个更新鲜的借

口。这就表明下文应该给出不愿意提供帮助的人所依赖的借口。纵观各备选项，只

有［D］选项讲述了一位女士不仅不提供帮助，而且还为她的行为进行辩解。

四、阅读9翻译句子)(本题共5题，每题，0分，共5

分。)

How'sthisforacynicalviewofscience?(46)"Anewscientifictruthdoesnottriumphby

convincingitsopDoncntsandmakingthemseethelight,butratherbecauseitsopDoncnts

eventuallydie,andanewgenerationglowsupthatisfamilialwithit."Scientifictruth,

accordingtothisview,isestablishedlessbythenobleuseofreasonthanbythestubborn

exertionofwill.OnehopesthattheNobelPrize-winningphysicistMaxPlanck,the

authorofthequotationabove,waswritinginanunusuallydarkmoment.(47)Andyela

largebodyofDsychologicaldatasupDortsPlanck'sview：wehumansquicklydeveloDan

iirationalloyaltytoourbeliefs,andworkhardtofindevidencethatSUDDOHSthose

opinionsandtodisciedit,discountoravoidinformationthatdoesnot.Inthelaboratory,

thisislabeledconfirmationbias;observedintherealworld,it'sknownaspighcadcdness.

Scientistsarenotimmune.Inanexperiment,psychologistswereaskedtoreviewapaper

submittedforjournalpublicationintheirfield.Theyratedthep