苏教版小学英语语法复习及练习

苏教版小学英语语法复习及练习亲爱的同学们，老师们，家长们：随着学期的推进，英语学习也进入了巩固与提升的关键阶段。语法作为语言的骨架，是我们准确理解和运用英语的基础。这份针对苏教版小学英语的语法复习及练习指南，旨在帮助同学们系统梳理所学知识，查漏补缺，提升语言运用能力。我们将沿着教材的脉络，结合实例与练习，一同回顾那些重要的语法点。一、名词(Nouns)名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词。在小学阶段，我们主要关注名词的单复数形式和所有格。1.1名词的单复数*规则变化：*一般情况下，直接加-s。例如：book→books,cat→cats。*以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词，加-es。例如：bus→buses,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes。*以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es。例如：baby→babies,family→families。*以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加-s。例如：boy→boys,toy→toys。*部分以o结尾的名词加-es，如：potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes。（小学阶段常见这两个）；多数加-s，如：photo→photos,zoo→zoos。*不规则变化：*这部分需要同学们特别记忆。例如：man→men,woman→women,child→children,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,mouse→mice,sheep→sheep,fish→fish(强调条数时，也可用fishes)。小练习1：将下列名词变为复数形式。1.apple→_______2.bus→_______3.baby→_______4.knife→_______(提示：以f/fe结尾，变f/fe为v加-es)5.child→_______1.2名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系，通常在名词后加's。*单数名词：Tom'sbook(汤姆的书)*复数名词以s结尾：thestudents'classroom(学生们的教室)*复数名词不以s结尾：children'stoys(孩子们的玩具)*共同所有：LucyandLily'smother(露西和莉莉的妈妈，指同一个妈妈)*分别所有：Lucy'sandLily'sbags(露西的包和莉莉的包，指各自的包)小练习2：用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.Thisis_______(Lily)pencil.2.The_______(teacher)officeisoverthere.3.Thesearethe_______(child)books.二、代词(Pronouns)代词用来代替名词，避免重复。小学阶段主要学习人称代词、物主代词和指示代词。2.1人称代词分为主格（作主语）和宾格（作宾语）。*主格：I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they*宾格：me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them例如：Heisastudent.(主格)Ilikehim.(宾格)2.2物主代词分为形容词性物主代词（后接名词）和名词性物主代词（单独使用，相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”）。*形容词性：my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their*名词性：mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs例如：Thisismypen.(形容词性)=Thispenismine.(名词性)2.3指示代词this(这个),that(那个),these(这些),those(那些)*this/these指离说话人较近的人或物。*that/those指离说话人较远的人或物。例如：Thisisadog.Thatisacat.Theseareapples.Thosearebananas.小练习3：用适当的代词填空。1._______(我)amastudent._______(我的)bagisred.2.Isthisbook_______(你的)?No,it's_______(她的).3._______(他们)areplayinggames.Ilike_______(他们).4._______(这些)aremypencils._______(那些)areyours.三、动词(Verbs)动词是表示动作或状态的词，是句子的核心。我们重点学习be动词、情态动词和实义动词的基本用法及时态。3.1Be动词(am,is,are)口诀：我(I)用am，你(you)用are，is连着他(he)、她(she)、它(it)。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。*肯定句：Iamhappy.Heisaboy.Theyarestudents.*否定句：直接在be动词后加not。Iamnotsad.Heisnot(isn't)tall.Theyarenot(aren't)here.*一般疑问句：将be动词提到句首。Areyouateacher?Isthisyourpen?肯定回答：Yes,Iam./Yes,itis.否定回答：No,I'mnot./No,itisn't.3.2情态动词(can,may,must等)情态动词后接动词原形，表示能力、许可、必须等。*can:能，会。Icanswim.Canyourideabike?(否定：can't/cannot)*must:必须。Youmuststudyhard.(否定：mustn't，表示“禁止”)3.3实义动词表示具体动作的动词，如：like,run,eat,play,go,have等。3.3.1一般现在时中的实义动词*当主语是第三人称单数（he,she,it,单个人名或事物）时，动词要加-s或-es。*一般加-s:play→plays,like→likes*以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的加-es:watch→watches,go→goes,do→does*以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i加-es:study→studies,fly→flies*其他人称（I,you,we,they）及复数名词作主语时，动词用原形。*否定句和疑问句要借助助动词do/does。*否定句：主语+don't/doesn't+动词原形。Idon'tlikecoffee.Hedoesn'tplayfootball.*一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+动词原形?Doyoulikeapples?Doesshegotoschoolbybus?肯定回答：Yes,Ido./Yes,shedoes.否定回答：No,Idon't./No,shedoesn't.3.3.2现在进行时表示正在进行的动作。结构：be动词(am/is/are)+动词-ing形式。*动词-ing的构成：*一般加-ing:play→playing,read→reading*以不发音的e结尾，去e加-ing:make→making,write→writing*重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母加-ing:run→running,swim→swimming,sit→sitting*标志词：now,look,listen等。例如：Iamreadingabooknow.Look!Theyareplayingbasketball.3.3.3一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。*be动词的过去式：am/is→was,are→were。*Hewasathomeyesterday.Theywerehappy.*实义动词的过去式：分为规则变化和不规则变化。*规则变化：*一般加-ed:work→worked,play→played*以e结尾加-d:live→lived,like→liked*以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i加-ed:study→studied,carry→carried*重读闭音节结尾，双写末尾辅音字母加-ed:stop→stopped,plan→planned*否定句和疑问句（实义动词）：借助助动词did。*否定句：主语+didn't+动词原形。Ididn'tgotoschoolyesterday.*一般疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形?Didyouseeafilm?肯定回答：Yes,Idid.否定回答：No,Ididn't.小练习4：用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1.I_______(be)astudent.Myname_______(be)Tom.2.She_______(like)singing.Sheoften_______(sing)inthemorning.3.Look!Thebird_______(fly)inthesky.4.They_______(play)footballyesterdayafternoon.5._______(do)you_______(go)totheparklastSunday?6.He_______(can)notswim,buthe_______(can)skate.四、形容词(Adjectives)和副词(Adverbs)4.1形容词形容词用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质、特征。*位置：通常放在名词前，be动词或系动词（如look,feel,seem）后。例如：aredapple(红苹果),Sheishappy.(她很高兴。)Helookssad.(他看起来难过。)*比较级和最高级（初步认知）：*一般在词尾加-er(比较级)和-est(最高级)。例如：tall→taller→tallest*以不发音的e结尾，加-r和-st。例如：nice→nicer→nicest*以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i加-er和-est。例如：happy→happier→happiest*部分双音节和多音节词前加more和most。例如：interesting→moreinteresting→mostinteresting*不规则变化：good/well→better→best,many/much→more→most,little→less→least,far→farther/further→farthest/furthest。4.2副词副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、方式、程度等。*许多副词由形容词加-ly构成。例如：quick→quickly,slow→slowly,happy→happily。*位置：一般放在动词后或句末。例如：Herunsfast.(fast本身就是副词)Shesingsbeautifully.小练习5：用括号内词的适当形式填空。1.Thisisa_______(big)apple.Thatoneis_______(big)thanthisone.2.Sheisa_______(good)singer.Shesings_______(good).3.Heruns_______(quick).Heisthe_______(quick)runnerinourclass.五、介词(Prepositions)介词表示名词或代词与句中其他词的关系，如时间、地点、方向等。小学阶段常见的介词有：in,on,at,under,behind,beside,near,between,from,to,with,for,about等。*时间介词：at(具体时刻，如at7o'clock),in(年、月、季节、上午/下午/晚上，如in2023,inMay,insummer,inthemorning),on(具体某一天，如onMonday,onJune1st)。*地点介词：in(在…里面),on(在…上面),under(在…下面),behind(在…后面),beside(在…旁边),near(在…附近),between(在…之间)。*其他：from…to…(从…到…),with(和…一起，用…工具),for(为了)。小练习6：用适当的介词填空。1.Mybirthdayis_______July.2.Wehavelunch_______12:00.4.Igotoschool_______myfriend.六、句子的种类(TypesofSentences)6.1陈述句(DeclarativeSentences)用来陈述事实或表达观点。分为肯定句和否定句。*肯定句：Sheisagirl.Ilikeapples.*否定句：Heisnotateacher.Theydon'tplaybasketball.6.2疑问句(InterrogativeSentences)用来提出问题。*一般疑问句：以be动词、情态动词或助动词do/does/did开头。Canyouhelpme?Isthisyourpen?Doyoulikeit?*特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词（what,who,where,when,why,how,howmany,howmuch等）开头。What'syourname?Wheredoyoulive?Howoldareyou?6.3祈使句(ImperativeSentences)用来表示命令、请求、建议等。通常以动词原形开头，主语you常省略。*肯定祈使句：Openthedoor,please.Standup.*否定祈使句：Don'topenthedoor.Don'tbelate.小练习7：按要求改写句子。1.Heisadoctor.(改为否定句)_______2.Theyplayfootballinthepark.(改为一般疑问句)_______3.Shegoestoschoolbybus.(对划线部分提问，划线部分：bybus)_______4.Closethewindow.(改为否定句)_______---综合练习一、选择正确的答案。1.Thisis_______book._______isonthedesk.A.my,YourB.mine,YoursC.my,Yours2.Myfather_______TVeveryevening.A.watchB.watchesC.watched3.Look!Thechildren_______intheplayground.A.playB.areplayingC.played4._______you_______tothezooyesterday?A.Do,goB.Did,goC.Did,went5.There_______somemilkintheglass.A.isB.areC.am6.Shecan_______Englishsongs.A.singB.singsC.singing7.Thisstoryis_______thanthatone.A.interestingB.moreinterestingC.mostinteresting8.Mybirthdayis_______thefirstofJune.A.inB.onC.at二、用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Ihavetwo_______(sister).Theyare_______(nurse).2.Tomusually_______(get)upatsixo'clock.Butyesterdayhe_______(get)upatseven.3.Listen!Someone_______(sing)inthenextroom.4.Howmany