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概要写作备考策略与技巧

一、高考样题感悟

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,

thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.

Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameansto

blockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercould

openuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By

1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.Sodidthekingof

Englandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelived

withdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV»KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Upon

learningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath>thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattack

ofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.

Thoughthebeliefinthemerit(好处)ofdirtwaslong—lived»dirthasnolonger

beenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,

cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohcalth.Clcanwatersupplyandhandwashingarcpractical

meansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemoved

beyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothes

needtohewhiterthanwhite>clotheversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefor

dirt,however,gonetoofar?

Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervously

trytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespread

ofdiscase.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist(免疫学

家),encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.And

thelatter(后者)positionisgainingsomeground.

【参考范文】

Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点l)Foralongtimein

history,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirt

protectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)However,peoplebegantochangetheir

attitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffour

bodycankeepusheakhy.(耍点3)However,somescientistsbelieve(hatexposureto

somedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)

【范文点拨】

1.要点分析

⑴文章第一段就是木篇文章的主题句,点明了总的观点:However,thereis

nothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.换句话说:Differentpeoplehavedifferent

attitudestowardsdir【.再结合卜文内容可知Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudes

towardsdirtontheskin.范文中的要点「'Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirton

ourskin.”概括得非常精炼。

(2)第二段主要谈到了在16世纪,人们认为dir〔on(heskinwasameanstoblockout

disease,尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Thoughthebeliefin

themerit(好处)ofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasanice

neighboreversincethe18cenlury.可知,直到18世纪之前,人们都认为dirt是很

“友好的”,有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2"Foralongtimeinhistory,

peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotected

peoplefromgellingill.”很好地总结了这些要点。

⑶第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变”...sincethe18th

cenuiry.Sciemificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydinisgoodiohealth.0,再结合本段

最后部分Adverlisemenlsrepeatedlysell(heidea...可得出要点3uHowever,people

begantochangetheiraltitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthat

washingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.0。

(4)文章最后一段第一句指出,现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同;Onthe

contrary引出专家的观点,一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观

点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4uHowever,somescientistsbelievethat

exposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem”表达很确切。

2.要点连接

在写完了要点之后,下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接,

使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构,要点2和要点3在

观点上截然相反,因此,范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上

又存在不同,因此,还是月Howevero不过此处用Nevertheless可以避免三句话

内出现两次However。

3.关键词汇

第一段:fixed(确定的;不变的);第二段:means(手段,方法),blockout(挡

住),openup(打开),upon(.......之后,立即);第三段:long-lived(长期存在

的),selliheidea(说服某人接受某个观点);第四段:warnsboff(警告某人不要靠

近),position(观点),gainsomeground(取得优势)。

以上这些关键词对于整篇又章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键,如果不能准

确领会其用意,语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。所以,概要写作的基础是理解语

篇,而读懂语篇的基础是词汇,尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上,

综合运用语法与句法结构,按照行文逻辑组织语言,形成概要。

二、概要写作透析

该题提供一段350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该文写出一篇60词左右的内容概

要。其题型特点:

1.题型简介

⑴选材特点:所需阅读的短文词数在350以内;

(2)所选材料体裁没有限制,以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。

2.考查能力

⑴概要写作,简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括,写出文章的中心大意,也

可称之为摘要。写概要时,考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和

句表述出来,而不是抄袭乂章的原句,更不是把细节性信息作为中心,而是要通

过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换,对文章的具体信息进行概括,再

用合适的语言表述出来。

⑵这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力,同

时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能

力。因此,概要写作基于阅读理解和书面表达,是二者的有机结合体,是阅读理

解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。

三、“概要写作”备考策略与技巧

1.写作步骤

(1)细读原文:首先要仔细阅读短文,掌握文章主旨和结构,明确各段的大意。

⑵弄清要求:新高考的概要写作是写全文概要,不是写某一部分的概要,或者

就某些问题写出要点。

⑶列出要点:分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的

顺序。在此基础上选出与又章主题密切相关的部分。

(4)处理细节:概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。

⑸分清主次:安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写

主要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。

⑹注意衔接:要用适当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干

的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。

⑺灵活替换:不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完

全用自一的话语表达,至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一

些转换会更好。

2.万能模板

可用模板:要注意归纳和积累summary中常用的句式或模板。

A.议论文的概要通常可以如此开头:

Theessay/passage/authorhighlightstheimportanceofencouragementforstudents.

Theessay/passage/auihorarguesinsupportof...,staling(hat...

Theessay/passage/authorargues(hatwemustnotonlyvaluethosewhocomefirstor

arethebestinanyfieldbuttheotherswhoseeffortpushes(hemtosuccess.

Theessay/passage/authordiscussestheimpactofemails.

Theessay/passage/authorcomparesfriendshipwiththecomfortofhome.

Theessay/passage/authoroutlines(heharmfuleffectsofsmoking.

B.记叙文的概要可以从以下模板中选择:

Thepassage/storyisaboutamisunderstandingbetweenastudentandateacher.

Theauthortellsusastoryabouta.

Thepassageisastoryabout.

Accordingto(hepassage,theherointhestory.

C.通用型模板:

Accordingto(hepassage,weknow...

Thisarticleismainlyabout...

Thewriterstatesthat...

Ascanbelearnedfromthispassage...

Thepassagesaysthat...

Inthispassage»(hewritermainlytellsushisexperienceof...

另外,更具体一点:

⑴记叙文概要模板

a.点明写作目的类:

Thewritertellsus...(主题)byshowingusanexampleof...,who/which...(故事情节).

b.作者经历类:

Inthepassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceofdoingsthwhich...

c.他人经历类:

Thispassageismainlyaboutsb'sexperienceofdoing...

(2)议论文概要模板

Thearticlegivestheviewthat...should/shouldn't...(主题)...(补充论据).

Thepassagehighlightstheimportanceof...

Theauthorarguesihai...

(3)说明文概要模板

①现象揭示类:

Thisarticlepointsoulthecommonphenomenon(主题),which.”补充解释).

②利弊对比类:

Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.

A...whileB...

Thepassagediscussestheimpacl(影响)ofslh.Onthepositiveside...,butitmayalso...

③研究显示类:

Thestudyreveals(揭露

Thepurposeofthereportisloshowthat...

牢记口诀:缩长见短,省却细腻,即抛却繁琐细节,以短小精悍却全面到位的精

要句子概括全文。

计算词数:写完后,要核实一下是否符合规定的词数要求。

3.备考策略

⑴文体特点要把握:考生要尽量掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。

记叙文:what/who/when/where/why/how

议论文:opinion/idea4-argument(supportingideas/reasons)

说明文:phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffect)introductionofan

object(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitnewor

significant)

新I闻:afocusonthefirstparagraph»andthefirstorlastsentencesof(heother

paragraphs

⑵基础知识作铺垫:积累常见的同义短语和句型转换,掌握并运用单词、短语

和句型。“巧妇难为无米之炊”,即使有再好的写作技巧,如果没有相应的基础

词汇和句法知识,也很难写出概要写作的上乘之作。因此,考生要在基础词汇和

句法知识上下功夫,以不变应万变。

⑶课内外即时训练:考生在日常的英语学习中,要经常就所学英语课文逐段概

括段落大意或者复述课文,这在一定程度上能为概要写作打基础。

(4)保障多形式练习:有计划地进行适度练习有利于考生快速掌握概要写作的要

点,找到概要写作的感觉,冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考

阅读文章,进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按体裁和题材,分类训练篇章结构

的布局,增强对文章上下乂连贯性的把握。

⑸牢记高考评分原则:考生在平时的备考过程中要时刻心存高考评分原则利标

准,而且要在平时的训练口时刻运用高考评分原则和标准。

①对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;

②应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;

③上下文的连贯性:

④对各要点表达的独立性情况。

注意:理解准确,涵盖全部要求,完全使用自己的语言,准确使用相应的语法结

构和词汇,得分相应比较高。相反,如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原

文现象,得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。

4.方法技巧

(1)概要写作的总体注意事项

①文章概要须完整、清晰地表达原文的主要内容,不能遗漏主要内容。

②尽可能遵循原文的逻辑顺序。不要随意打乱原文顺序。

③尽量使用自己的语言。大要只是用原文中的词句堆砌。

④概要的文章长度是原文的五分之一左右,因此要尽可能压缩词句。

⑤各要点之间要有适当的衔接。

⑥各要点的表达要相对独立。

⑦熟悉各种体裁的概要写作特点。

⑵常用的20种概要写作技巧

①围绕文章中心②使用主题句

③提炼关键词④选取重要层面

⑤合并分层意思⑥转换视角

⑦省略细节⑧减少例子

⑨简化描述⑩避免重复

⑪主动与被动适时转换

⑫根据需要使用并列句或者复合句

⑬句子变为短语⑭短语变为词汇

⑮多用概括性词语,少用具体的描述性词汇

⑯使用连接词来过渡⑰改变单词词性

⑱三步法概括议论文⑲要素串连法概括记叙文

⑳用概括性文字概括说明文

【模拟训练】

Writing1

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Thebestthingyoucansayabouttheroofsofmostcitybuildingsisthatyoudon't

havetolookatthemmuch.Thafsverygood,sinceanurbanlandscapeviewedfrom

abovecanbeanunlovelything—blockafterblockoftarredblackrooftops,stickyin

summer,uglyyearround.Oratleastthafsthewayitusedtobe.

Buttheyaregoinggreennow.Environmentaldesignershavebeguntorealizethat

thetopsofbuildingsdon'thavetobewastelands.Indeed,theycanbegardens,planted

withgrasses,flowersandbushes.

Aplantedroofusuallycomesinoneoftwovarieties:extensiveorintensive.The

extensivetypeiswideandshallow,withasoildepthoflessthan8inches,ableto

supportsmallerplants.Theintensivetypemaybesmaller,butit'srelativelydeeper

andhometolargerplants.

Whateverthedesignis,greenroofsarenotsosimpleasordinarygardens.They

havemultiplelayersbeneaththesoil,includingadrainagelayer,waterproofing,

structuralsupport,andsoon.

Butthissystemcandoagreatdealofgood.Arecentpaperin(hejournalBio

Sciencetellsthatgreenroofscancontroltemperature,containwaterandcleantheair.

Andmostimpressively,theycancutheatlossfromabuildingby50%,lower

airconditioningcostsby25%,andreducetheurban-heated-islandeffectby2C.

Ofcourse,apartfromthesquarefeetgreenedandheatreduced,greenroofsare

evenmorevaluedsincepeoplecangainsomepsychologicalcomfortsimplybyhaving

aquietplacetogo.Asitoftenhappens,what'sgoodfbrtheplanetcanalsobegoodfbr

thespirit.

【参考范文】

Urbanroofsusedtobecoveredwith(ar,makingpeop'eratheruncomforlable.(要

点I)However,urbanroofstoday,usuallycomingintwotypes,aregoinggreen.(要点

2)Wideandshallow,theextensivetypeisgoodfbrsmallerplantswhiletheintensive

typeisdeepenoughtosupportlargerones.(要点3)Besides,greenroofshavemany

layers,whicharequitebeneficial.Notonlycantheycontroltemperature,contain

waterandcleantheair,buttheyalsohavepsychologicalbenefils.(要点4)(74words)

Writing2

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Insomeculturesitiscommonfortheextendedfamilytolivetogether,whilein

otherculturesitismorecommonforthenuclearfamily(parentsandchildrenonly)to

liveawayfromtheextendedfamily.Inmyculture,andinmyfamily,itisquite

commonfortheextendedfamilytolivetogether;mygrandmotherandoneofmyaunts

actuallyliveinthesamehousewithmyparentsandbrothersandsisters,andseveral

otherauntsandunclesliveonthesameblock.Thoughitmaynotalwaysbeperfect

whenanextendedfamilyislivingtogether,thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyliving

withtheextendedfamilyispreferabletolivingwithonlythenuclearfamily.

Onepossiblereasonisthatiftheextendedfamilylivestogether,itispossiblefor

thefamilymemberstohelpwiththeday-to-dayworkofthefamily,particularly

withraisingthechildren.Childrenrequirealotofattention,andittakesalotofworkto

raisethemwell.Grandparentswholiveaspartoftheextendedfamilycanbevery

helpfulwithalloftheworkthatittakestoraisechildren.Inaddition,grandparentscan

beveryhelpfulinensuringthechildrenasmuchattentionaspossible.

Moreimportantthanthehelpwiththedailyworkofrunningafamilyistheroleof

oldermembersoftheextendedfamily,suchasgrandparents,inmaintainingfamily

traditions.Grandparentswholivewiththe

youngergenerationareimportantbecausetheycanensurethattheyounger

generationknows(hefamilyheritage,where(hefamilycamefrom,andhowiigot(o

bethewaythatitis.Grandparentslivingwiththeextendedfamilycanalsobe

instrumentalinmaintainingfamilytraditionsandensuringthat(heywillbepassedon

tofuturegenerations.

【参考范文】

Insomeculturestheextendedfamilylivestogetherwhileinothersthenuclear

familyismorecommon.(要点1)However,makinganextendedfamilyunderthesame

roofcanbequitebeneficial.Extendedfamilymemberscanhelpwiththedailywork.

(要点2)Forinstance,grandparentsareofgreathelpinraisingthechildren.(要点3)

Moreimportantly,theycanensurethatfamilytraditionswillbepassedontothenext

generation.(要点4)(66words)

Writing3

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

BetweenDecember2015andlastmonth,Ihadattended4interviewswith

differentemployersandreceivedofferstostart,butIturnedthemalldown.Don'task

mewhy.Idon'tknowmyselfHowever,IbelieveGodledmeinmydecisionandI

stoodbyit.

Thefirstweekofthenewyear,Ireceivedaletterwhichgavememoreincome.I

completelyforgotIhadappliedforhelpandwassopleasedtoreceivethis.With

excitement,IwentbacktoworkthesecondweekofJanuary.Justlastweek

(01/02/2016),Iwascalledintoameetingwithmyemployer.Notonlydidthey

withdrawmypart-timecontract,but1wasofferedamoreseniorpositionwith

excellentpay.Theyexpectedaformalresponsefrommetomorrow(08/2/2016),to

startimmediately.IsthisnotGod'sdoing?Withinayear,fromaveryuncertain

situation,mystoryhasturnedaroundandmyfuturelooksmuchbetter.Iamnowable

tomaintainmydebtrepaymentswhichendthisAugust,andalsobuildupsome

savings.Icanalsogetacar,stockupmyfridgefromtoptobottomandkeepmyhome

warm24hoursif1wantio.Mylifeseemsiohavetakenadifferentpath(hisyearina

goodway.IcannowseeGod'shandineverythingIwentthroughandhowhehas

blessedme.

OnNewYear'sEve,ItoldmysiblingsjokinglythatIwasgoinginto2016witha

bang.Wealllaughedsomuchthatnight,notknowingthatmywisheswereaboutto

come(rueinabigway.Iamsogratefulthat1cannowfacemyfuturehappilyby

God'sgrace.Withmynewjob,goodhealth,(heroofovermyheadand(heattentionof

amanI'vegrowntolove,whatelsecouldIpossiblywant?PraiseGod,forhehas

donemewell.

【参考范文】

Inthepassage,thewritertalksaboutwhatshegotduringtheyearof2016.(要点

l)During(hefirstweekof2016,shereceivedaletterthatgavehermoreincome.(要点

2)Ahnostamonthlatershewasofferedaseniorposilion.(要点3)Atpresentshehas

somesavings,andgetstheattentionofamanthatshelovesandlivesabetterlife.(要

点4)SheowesallofthosetotheblessingofGod.(要点5)(72words)

Writing4

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Therearemanybenefitsofpublictransportation.For

example,publictransportationmakesiteasierforpeople

togetwheretheywantandneedtogo.Italsohelps

peoplesavemoney,asthecostofmaintainingaworking。

vehicleisoftenmuchmorethanthecostassociatedwith

publictransportation.Thefrequencyoftrafficjamsandaccidentsmayalsobereduced

whenapersonusespublictransportation.

Oneofthemainbenefitsofpublictransportationisthefactthatitmakesiteasier

forpeopletogetaround.Withoutpublictra

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