2014北京第二外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学考研真题及答案

PAGE3PAGE机密★启用前北京第二外国语学院2014年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：812综合考试（英2） 满分：150分考试说明：请考生将答案写在指定答题纸上，若答在试卷上，则该科成绩无效。PartOne英美社会文化（50分）I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.(30分)Whatis“WASP”cultureandwhatare“threefaiths”modelintheU.S.?WhataresomeofthemajorpowersofeachofthethreebranchesoftheUSgovernment?WhyisCanadaregularlyratedashavingthebeststandardoflivingintheworld?WhoisJaneAustenandcanyounamesomeofthefamousnovelsofJaneAusten?WhatistheOpenUniversityinBritain?II.Writeashortessayofabout150wordsonthegiventopic.（20分）HowcanChineseCultureandWesternCulturebenefiteachother?PartTwo翻译（50分）英译汉（25分）Directions:TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.1.1.Thehubofpubliclifeisthe“PiazzaSanMarco”(St.Mark’sSquare)wheretouristsandcitizenssitontheterracesofthefamousFlorianandQuadricafestolistentothemusic,dreamandseethemosaicsofSt.Mark’sglowundertheraysofthesettingsun.TheQuadriismorepopularbuttheFlorianisthebest-knowncafe:foundedin1720,ithasreceivedByron,Goethe,MussetandWagnerwithinitsmirroredandallegory-paintedwalls.2.Butanyofthesegrandstandingapproacheswouldbeamistake.Onereasonishypocrisy.Francehasformidableforeign-intelligenceservicesthatspyonAmerica,foreconomicandpoliticaladvantage.MuchoftheintelligencethatAmericagathers—especiallyincounter-terrorism—issharedwithEuropeancountries.AndmuchoftheAmericanactivityinEuropehappensinpartnershipwithlocalagencies,eveninGermany.Someofthisco-operationmaybeofborderlinelegalityinthecountriesconcerned.Itsdisclosuremaybeembarrassingforpoliticiansthere.ButthatishardlyAmerica’sfault.Asecondreasonisself-interest.America’ssecurityumbrellaallowsEuropeancountriestofeelsafefrom,forinstance,thepossibilityoffutureRussianaggressionwhilespendinglittleondefence.America’sarmedforcesarealreadydrainingawayfromEuropebecauseofBarackObama’s“pivot”toAsiaandashortageofcash.ThelasttanksleftinApril.ApetulantEuropeanresponsetothespyrowrisksspeedingthepull-out.II.汉译英（25分）Directions:TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.峨眉山位于中国西南部的四川省，距成都156公里，走高速公路需1.5小时。主峰金顶绝壁凌空高差云霄，巍然屹立。登临其间，可西眺皑皑雪峰，东瞰茫茫平川，气势雄而景观奇，有云海、日出、佛光、圣灯四大奇观。中部群山峰峦叠嶂，含烟凝翠，飞瀑流泉，鸟语花香，草木茂而风光秀。它是我国著名的游览胜地，1996年被联合国教科文组织列入“世界自然与文化遗产”。我们应当倡导信息共享的秩序。互联网的本质属性就是传播信息、共享信息。当今时代，信息引导着资本，影响着决策，决定着交易。一个企业、一个机构，能否通过信息把握市场规律，预测市场前景，发现市场机遇，控制市场风险，是核心竞争力的重要方面。掌握信息的多寡也是一个国家软实力、影响力的重要标志。目前互联网上存在的许多问题，都与信息传播的不客观、不全面、不平衡、不对称密切相关。当今世界，20%的人口占有80%的信息资源，80%的人口只享用不到20%的信息资源，出现二八分立的格局，形成了严重的信息鸿沟。我们应当致力于打破信息壁垒，消除信息鸿沟，让信息在互联网上自由、安全、有序地流动，成为可以共享的财富，更好地造福社会、造福人类。PartThree写作（50points）Readthefollowingarticlethenfulfillthetasks.HowScienceGoesWrongScientificresearchhaschangedtheworld.NowitneedstochangeitselfAsimpleideaunderpinsscience:“trust,butverify”.Resultsshouldalwaysbesubjecttochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimplebutpowerfulideahasgeneratedavastbodyofknowledge.Sinceitsbirthinthe17thcentury,modernsciencehaschangedtheworldbeyondrecognition,andoverwhelminglyforthebetter.Butsuccesscanbreedcomplacency.Modernscientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying—tothedetrimentofthewholeofscience,andofhumanity.Toomanyofthefindingsthatfilltheacademicetheraretheresultofshoddyexperimentsorpooranalysis.Aruleofthumbamongbiotechnologyventure-capitalistsisthathalfofpublishedresearchcannotbereplicated.Eventhatmaybeoptimistic.Lastyearresearchersatonebiotechfirm,Amgen,foundtheycouldreproducejustsixof53“landmark”studiesincancerresearch.Earlier,agroupatBayer,adrugcompany,managedtorepeatjustaquarterof67similarlyimportantpapers.Aleadingcomputerscientistfretsthatthree-quartersofpapersinhissubfieldarebunk.In2000-10roughly80,000patientstookpartinclinicaltrialsbasedonresearchthatwaslaterretractedbecauseofmistakesorimproprieties.WhataloadofrubbishEvenwhenflawedresearchdoesnotputpeople’slivesatrisk—andmuchofitistoofarfromthemarkettodoso—itsquandersmoneyandtheeffortsofsomeoftheworld’sbestminds.Theopportunitycostsofstymiedprogressarehardtoquantify,buttheyarelikelytobevast.Andtheycouldberising.Onereasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Inthe1950s,whenmodernacademicresearchtookshapeafteritssuccessesintheSecondWorldWar,itwasstillararefiedpastime.Theentireclubofscientistsnumberedafewhundredthousand.Astheirrankshaveswelled,to6m-7mactiveresearchersonthelatestreckoning,scientistshavelosttheirtasteforself-policingandqualitycontrol.Theobligationto“publishorperish”hascometoruleoveracademiclife.Competitionforjobsiscut-throat.FullprofessorsinAmericaearnedonaverage$135,000in2012—morethanjudgesdid.EveryyearsixfreshlymintedPhDsvieforeveryacademicpost.Nowadaysverification(thereplicationofotherpeople’sresults)doeslittletoadvancearesearcher’scareer.Andwithoutverification,dubiousfindingsliveontomislead.Careerismalsoencouragesexaggerationandthecherry-pickingofresults.Inordertosafeguardtheirexclusivity,theleadingjournalsimposehighrejectionrates:inexcessof90%ofsubmittedmanuscripts.Themoststrikingfindingshavethegreatestchanceofmakingitontothepage.Littlewonderthatoneinthreeresearchersknowsofacolleaguewhohaspeppedupapaperby,say,excludinginconvenientdatafromresults“basedonagutfeeling”.Andasmoreresearchteamsaroundtheworldworkonaproblem,theoddsshortenthatatleastonewillfallpreytoanhonestconfusionbetweenthesweetsignalofagenuinediscoveryandafreakofthestatisticalnoise.Suchspuriouscorrelationsareoftenrecordedinjournalseagerforstartlingpapers.Iftheytouchondrinkingwine,goingsenileorlettingchildrenplayvideogames,theymaywellcommandthefrontpagesofnewspapers,too.Conversely,failurestoproveahypothesisarerarelyevenofferedforpublication,letaloneaccepted.“Negativeresults”nowaccountforonly14%ofpublishedpapers,downfrom30%in1990.Yetknowingwhatisfalseisasimportanttoscienceasknowingwhatistrue.Thefailuretoreportfailuresmeansthatresearcherswastemoneyandeffortexploringblindalleysalreadyinvestigatedbyotherscientists.Thehallowedprocessofpeerreviewisnotallitiscrackeduptobe,either.Whenaprominentmedicaljournalranresearchpastotherexpertsinthefield,itfoundthatmostofthereviewersfailedtospotmistakesithaddeliberatelyinsertedintopapers,evenafterbeingtoldtheywerebeingtested.Ifit’sbroke,fixitAllthismakesashakyfoundationforanenterprisededicatedtodiscoveringthetruthabouttheworld.Whatmightbedonetoshoreitup?Onepriorityshouldbeforalldisciplinestofollowtheexampleofthosethathavedonemosttotightenstandards.Astartwouldbegettingtogripswithstatistics,especiallyinthegrowingnumberoffieldsthatsiftthroughuntoldoodlesofdatalookingforpatterns.Geneticistshavedonethis,andturnedanearlytorrentofspeciousresultsfromgenomesequencingintoatrickleoftrulysignificantones.Ideally,researchprotocolsshouldberegisteredinadvanceandmonitoredinvirtualnotebooks.Thiswouldcurbthetemptationtofiddlewiththeexperiment’sdesignmidstreamsoastomaketheresultslookmoresubstantialthantheyare.(Itisalreadymeanttohappeninclinicaltrialsofdrugs,butcomplianceispatchy.)Wherepossible,trialdataalsoshouldbeopenforotherresearcherstoinspectandtest.Watchananimatedexplanationhere.Themostenlightenedjournalsarealreadybecominglessaversetohumdrumpapers.Somegovernmentfundingagencies,includingAmerica’sNationalInstitutesofHealth,whichdishout$30billiononresearcheachyear,areworkingouthowbesttoencouragereplication.Andgrowingnumbersofscientists,especiallyyoungones,understandstatistics.Butthesetrendsneedtogomuchfurther.Journalsshouldallocatespacefor“uninteresting”work,andgrant-giversshouldsetasidemoneytopayforit.Peerreviewshouldbetightened—orperhapsdispensedwithaltogether,infavourofpost-publicationevaluationintheformofappendedcomments.Thatsystemhasworkedwellinrecentyearsinphysicsandmathematics.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.Sciencestillcommandsenormous—ifsometimesbemused—respect.Butitsprivilegedstatusisfoundedonthecapacitytoberightmostofthetimeandtocorrectitsmistakeswhenitgetsthingswrong.Anditisnotasiftheuniverseisshortofgenuinemysteriestokeepgenerationsofscientistshardatwork.Thefalsetrailslaiddownbyshoddyresearchareanunforgivablebarriertounderstanding.Task1:Explaintheunderlinedwords.(10points)Asimpleideaunderpinsscience:“trust,butverify”.Toomanyofthefindingsthatfilltheacademicetheraretheresultofshoddyexperimentsorpooranalysis.Theopportunitycostsofstymiedprogressarehardtoquantify,buttheyarelikelytobevast.Andtheycouldberising.Inthe1950s,whenmodernacademicresearchtookshapeafteritssuccessesintheSecondWorldWar,itwasstillararefiedpastime.Astheirrankshaveswelled,to6m-7mactiveresearchersonthelatestreckoning,scientistshavelosttheirtasteforself-policingandqualitycontrol.Careerismalsoencouragesexaggerationandthecherry-pickingofresults.Littlewonderthatoneinthreeresearchersknowsofacolleaguewhohaspeppedupapaperby,say,excludinginconvenientdatafromresults“basedonagutfeeling”.Thehallowedprocessofpeerreviewisnotallitiscrackeduptobe,either.Allthismakesashakyfoundationforanenterprisededicatedtodiscoveringthetruthabouttheworld.Whatmightbedonetoshoreitup?Task2:Giveyourcommentsonthearticle.(20points)Task3:Whatdoyouthinkabouttherelationshipbetweenresearchandpersonalinterest?(20points)北京第二外国语学院2014年硕士研究生入学考试试卷B卷评分标准及参考答案考试科目：812综合考试（英2） 满分：150分PartOne英美社会文化（50分）I.（30points/6pointseach）1.“WASP”referstoWhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestant.“Threefaiths”refertothreebasicreligiousbeliefsinAmerica:Protestant,CatholicandJewish,theorderreflectingthestrengthinnumbersofeachgroup.ButanincreasingnumberofAmericansdidnotfitintoanyofthesecategories.2.Thethreebranchesaretheexecutive,thelegislativeandthejudicial.Eachbranchhaspowersthattheothersdonothaveandeachbranchhasawayofcounteractingandlimitinganywrongfulactionbyanotherbranch.3.Intermsofeconomicpower,itisamemberoftheBigSeven,theworld’sleadingindustrialnations.Canadaplaysanactiveroleininternationalaffairs.Itssceneryofmountains,oceansandforestsisspectacular.Ithasalivelyandrichculture.4.JaneAustenistheBritishfemalenovelistinthe19thcentury.Herfamousnovelsinclude“SenseandSensibility”,“PrideandPrejudice”,and“Emma”.5.TheOpenUniversityoffersanon-traditionalrouteforpeopletotakeuniversitylevelcoursesandreceiveauniversitydegree.Peoplecanregisterwithouthavinganyformaleducationalqualifications.Theyfollowuniversitycoursesthroughtextbookandothermeans.II.(20points)答案略PartTwo翻译（50分）英译汉（25分）圣马可广场是公众的生活中心，游客和市民常坐在广场内著名的弗洛里安和夸德里咖啡店里，聆听者店内的音乐，目睹着夕阳余晖下圣马可教堂熠熠生辉的马赛克墙面，恍然入梦。夸德里咖啡店虽名扬全城，却不及弗洛里安咖啡店声名显赫：在这家四壁明镜相嵌，（寓言）壁画环绕的百年老店内，自1720年开店以来，先后接待过拜伦，歌德，缪塞和瓦格纳等一大批文化名人。但是，这些高调的处理方法可能都错了。原因之一——虚伪。法国的外国情报系统极为强大，令人生畏，它为了经济、政治上的利益，也在监视美国。美国搜集的大部分情报都是与欧洲国家共享的，尤其在反恐方面。而且美国在欧洲的大部分行动，如果没有当地机构的合作是完成不了的，即便在德国也不例外。就相关国家而言，其中的部分合作是否合法可能还无法确定。其间种种一旦曝光，那些国家的政客可能就会因此深陷囧地。不过，这可算不上是美国的错。原因之二——自私自利。在美国的安全网保护之下，欧洲国家只需花费少量的国防开支，就可以高枕无忧，比如，不用担心俄国可能会在将来大举进犯。美国的武装力量已经从欧洲逐渐消失了，因为巴拉克•奥巴马的“战略轴心”转向了亚洲，而且美国缺乏资金。四月份的时候，最后一批坦克撤离了。欧洲要是这么任性地处理窃听风波，可能会加速美方撤离。汉译英（25分）156kilometers(1.5hourdrive)awayfromtheChengduCityintheSichuanbasin,southwestofChina,standstheMt.EmeiwithitssummitJinding(theGoldenTop)toweringaboverangeuponrangeofrollingmountainsstretchingwestward,allcoveredwithsnow,andinaneastwarddistancelyingawideexpanseofflatland.Itboastsofitsmountainousspectaclesofcloudssea,sunrise,andthemarvelousnaturalphenomenaof“Buddha’sHalo”and“HolyLamp”.Aswellasitsnaturallandscapesfilledwithlarge-green-woods,exuberantvegetation,flowers,streams,waterfallsetc.Asoneofthebest-knowntouristarractions,Mt.EmeihasbeenlistedasaWorldNaturalandCulturalHertageSitebytheUNSCO.Weshouldencouragetheestablishmentofanorderforsharinginformation.TheInternetwasdesignedfordisseminatingandsharinginformation.Informationchannelscapital,influencesdecision-makinganddeterminestransactions.Onefactorundergirdingthecompetitivenessofacompanyorinstitutioniswhetheritisabletounderstandmarketrules,predicttheoutlook,discoveropportunities,andcontrolmarketrisksthroughinformation.Theamountofinformationacountrycanobtainisanimportantsymbolofitssoftpowerandinfluence.TheInternetisrifewithproblems,allofwhicharerelatedtosubjectivity,bias,imbalancesandasymmetryofinformationdissemination.Twentypercentoftheworld’spopulationcontrols80percentoftheinformation,whiletheremaining80percentofthepopulationhasaccesstolessthan20percentoftheinformation.Thishasledtoalargeinformationgap.Weshouldstrivetobreakdowntheinformationbarrierandbridgetheinformationgap.WeshouldmakeinformationflowontheInternetfreely,safelyandinanorderlyway,andturnitintoatreasureforeveryone,thusbringingmorebenefitstosocietyandhumanity.PartThree写作（50points）Task1:Explaintheunderlinedwords.(10points)Asimpleideaunderpinsscience:“trust,butverify”.underpins:providesthefoundationforscienceToomanyofthefindingsthatfilltheacademicetheraretheresultofshoddyexperimentsorpooranalysis.academicether:academicatmosphereshoddyexperiments:dishonestexperimentsTheopportunitycostsofstymiedprogressarehardtoquantify,butthey